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Indigenous peoples, ethnicity and Indigenous peoples, ethnicity and identities in contemporary censuses: A identities in contemporary censuses: A

global perspective global perspective source: source:

www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumformwww.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumform

.htm.htm

* * ** * *Robert McCaa Robert McCaa

University of Minnesota Population CenterUniversity of Minnesota Population [email protected]@umn.edu

* Commercial ** Commercial *IPUMS-InternationalIPUMS-International

www.ipums.org/internationalCensus microdata: 1960-presentCensus microdata: 1960-present

http://www.ipums.org/international

What is IPUMS-International? …a global collaboratory of What is IPUMS-International? …a global collaboratory of National Statistical Institutes & Universities to:National Statistical Institutes & Universities to:

» 1. 1. InventoryInventory the world’s census microdata, 1960+ the world’s census microdata, 1960+» 2. 2. ArchiveArchive census microdata and documentation census microdata and documentation

* * ** * *» 3. 3. IntegrateIntegrate census microdata, 1960+ census microdata, 1960+» a. use standards of UNSD, Eurostat, ISCO, ISCED, a. use standards of UNSD, Eurostat, ISCO, ISCED,

etc.etc.» b. facilitate comparative research in time and spaceb. facilitate comparative research in time and space

» 4. 4. AnonymizeAnonymize census microdata to preserve statistical census microdata to preserve statistical confidentiality, using highest standardsconfidentiality, using highest standards

» 5. 5. DisseminateDisseminate restricted access, custom extractsrestricted access, custom extracts to to approved researchers/research projects at no costapproved researchers/research projects at no cost

121001026007007200000112100001042220020260070072000001121000010432300100600700720000012123000000423002004007000000000000000000005230020020070000000000000000000062300200000700000000000000000000

What are “census microdata”?:What are “census microdata”?:anonymized, computerized census records of anonymized, computerized census records of

individuals, households & dwellingsindividuals, households & dwellings

Easier to integrate than tables.Easier to integrate than tables.Study any desired set of characteristics.Study any desired set of characteristics.

Facilitates comparative research.Facilitates comparative research.

IPUMS-International, September IPUMS-International, September 20062006

dark greendark green = = disseminatingdisseminatingmedium green = integratingmedium green = integrating

lightest greenlightest green = talking = talking

Mollweide projection

End of CommercialEnd of CommercialIPUMS-InternationalIPUMS-International

www.ipums.org/internationalwww.ipums.org/international

Indigenous Peoples in 2000 round Indigenous Peoples in 2000 round censuses censuses (14 countries)(14 countries)

Every country with an indigenous peoples question Every country with an indigenous peoples question is participating in IPUMS-International, except NZ is participating in IPUMS-International, except NZ

and AUand AU

Identities in contemporary censuses: Identities in contemporary censuses: questionnaires of 140 countries (97.1% of world pop.)questionnaires of 140 countries (97.1% of world pop.)

1.1. UN Statistics Division UN Statistics Division Principles and RecommendationsPrinciples and Recommendations: : “indigenous peoples”: nothing in 1997; 3 paragraphs in 2006“indigenous peoples”: nothing in 1997; 3 paragraphs in 2006

2.2. Examples: Canada, USA, India, South Africa, Zambia, etc.Examples: Canada, USA, India, South Africa, Zambia, etc.3.3. Identities: census practices in 140 countriesIdentities: census practices in 140 countries

7 dimensions of identities in contemporary censuses: 7 dimensions of identities in contemporary censuses: a.a. Nativity (country of birth)Nativity (country of birth) 131 countries 131 countries 88% pop. 88% pop. b.b. Citizenship Citizenship 101 101 45%45%c.c. Ethnicity/Ancestry/CultureEthnicity/Ancestry/Culture 66 66 46%46%d.d. Race Race 19 19 30%30%e.e. Indigenous peoples Indigenous peoples 14 14 12%12%f.f. Language Language 71 71 42%42%g.g. ReligionReligion 74 74 50%50%

4.4. Identities in IPUMS-International harmonized microdata for 13 Identities in IPUMS-International harmonized microdata for 13 countries--5 with “indigenous peoples”: Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, countries--5 with “indigenous peoples”: Brazil, Chile, Ecuador,

Mexico, and USA. Mexico, and USA.

1.1. UN Statistics Division, UN Statistics Division, Principles and RecommendationsPrinciples and Recommendations. .

Revisions 1 (1997) Revisions 1 (1997) and 2 (draft, 2006)and 2 (draft, 2006)

(5 slides) (5 slides)

a.a. Cautious about suitability and sensitivity of asking indigenous Cautious about suitability and sensitivity of asking indigenous people questions in a country’s census. people questions in a country’s census.

b.b. Special care to demonstrate to respondents that appropriate Special care to demonstrate to respondents that appropriate data protection and disclosure control measures are in place. data protection and disclosure control measures are in place.

c.c. Respondents should be informed of potential uses of the data. Respondents should be informed of potential uses of the data. d.d. Respondents should be involved in data collection: promotes Respondents should be involved in data collection: promotes

capacity building and facilitates data collection/dissemination.capacity building and facilitates data collection/dissemination. e.e. Increasing importance in the context of socio-economic Increasing importance in the context of socio-economic

situation, inequities, and policies affecting indigenous peoples. situation, inequities, and policies affecting indigenous peoples. f.f. Justification: environmental management, social organization, Justification: environmental management, social organization,

monitor human development, etc.monitor human development, etc.g.g. Data should be collected through self declaration with the option Data should be collected through self declaration with the option

of multiple criteria, recognizing the diversity of the sub-of multiple criteria, recognizing the diversity of the sub-population. population.

Rev 2 (2006): UNSD Rev 2 (2006): UNSD Principles and RecommendationsPrinciples and RecommendationsSection on “indigenous people” Section on “indigenous people”

2006: 3 paragraphs; 1997: not mentioned2006: 3 paragraphs; 1997: not mentioned

Rev 1 (1997): UNSD Rev 1 (1997): UNSD Principles and RecommendationsPrinciples and Recommendations on on identities (no section on indigenous peoples)identities (no section on indigenous peoples)

1.1. ““According to national need”: generally, these items are According to national need”: generally, these items are explained in short paragraphsexplained in short paragraphsa.a. Ethnicity/Ancestry/Culture: “Ethnicity/Ancestry/Culture: “No internationally relevant No internationally relevant

criteria can be recommended.”criteria can be recommended.” “ethnicity” not “ethnicity” not mentioned; “ethnic” occurs 29 times.mentioned; “ethnic” occurs 29 times.

b.b. Race Race --mentioned in paragraph on ethnicity--mentioned in paragraph on ethnicity

c.c. Language: “International comparability is not an issue.”Language: “International comparability is not an issue.”d.d. Religion: Religion: according to national needs, identify either 1) according to national needs, identify either 1)

religious or spiritual belief of preference, or 2) affiliation religious or spiritual belief of preference, or 2) affiliation with an organized groupwith an organized group

2.2. For purposes of international comparability—use international For purposes of international comparability—use international standard codesstandard codesa.a. Nativity (country of birth)Nativity (country of birth)b.b. Citizenship (country)Citizenship (country)

Broadly defined, ethnicity is based on a shared understanding of Broadly defined, ethnicity is based on a shared understanding of history and territorial origins (regional and national) of history and territorial origins (regional and national) of

an ethnic group or community as well as on particular cultural an ethnic group or community as well as on particular cultural characteristics such as language and/or religion.characteristics such as language and/or religion.

Respondents’ understanding or views about ethnicity, awareness Respondents’ understanding or views about ethnicity, awareness of their family background, the number of generations they have of their family background, the number of generations they have spent in a country, and the length of time since immigration are spent in a country, and the length of time since immigration are

all possible factors affecting the reporting of ethnicity in a census. all possible factors affecting the reporting of ethnicity in a census.

Ethnicity is multidimensional and is more a process than a static Ethnicity is multidimensional and is more a process than a static concept, and so ethnic classification should be treated concept, and so ethnic classification should be treated

with moveable boundaries.with moveable boundaries.--United Nations Statistics Division --United Nations Statistics Division

Draft Revision II Draft Revision II Principles and Recommendations Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censusesfor Population and Housing Censuses (June 12, 2006), 2.142 (June 12, 2006), 2.142




all possible factors affecting the reporting of ethnicity in a census.all possible factors affecting the reporting of ethnicity in a census.







all possible factors affecting the reporting of ethnicity in a census. all possible factors affecting the reporting of ethnicity in a census.




a.a. Cautious about suitability and sensitivity of asking ethnicity Cautious about suitability and sensitivity of asking ethnicity questions in a country’s census. questions in a country’s census.

b.b. Emphasizes increasing importance in the context of migration, Emphasizes increasing importance in the context of migration, integration and policies affecting minority groups. integration and policies affecting minority groups.

c.c. Special care to demonstrate to respondents that appropriate Special care to demonstrate to respondents that appropriate data protection and disclosure control measures are in place. data protection and disclosure control measures are in place.

d.d. Respondents should be informed of potential uses of the data. Respondents should be informed of potential uses of the data. e.e. Broadly defined based on shared history, territorial origins and Broadly defined based on shared history, territorial origins and

particular cultural characteristics such as language/religion. particular cultural characteristics such as language/religion. f.f. Justification: demographic trends, employment practices, Justification: demographic trends, employment practices,

income distributions, educational levels, migration patterns, income distributions, educational levels, migration patterns, family composition, social support, health conditions, etc.family composition, social support, health conditions, etc.

g.g. Data should be collected through self declaration with the option Data should be collected through self declaration with the option of multiple declarations.of multiple declarations.

Rev 2 (2006): UNSD Principles and RecommendationsRev 2 (2006): UNSD Principles and RecommendationsSection on ethnicity is greatly expanded; “ethnicity” Section on ethnicity is greatly expanded; “ethnicity”

occurs 16 times, “ethnic” 19 times.occurs 16 times, “ethnic” 19 times.

““Nationality” effects on fertility: Nationality” effects on fertility: the case of China, 2000: the case of China, 2000:

Average Number of Births by Women’s NationalityAverage Number of Births by Women’s Nationality

1. 13

1. 671. 841. 84

2. 072. 132. 142. 152. 172. 202. 312. 332. 432. 512. 542. 552. 582. 77

2. 953. 20

0

1

2

3

4

2. Examples: Canada, USA, India, South 2. Examples: Canada, USA, India, South Africa, Zambia, Hungary, etc.Africa, Zambia, Hungary, etc.


Note: analysis is based on national Note: analysis is based on national population census forms—does not population census forms—does not include special indigenous people include special indigenous people

censuses.censuses.

Canada Canada 2001. 2001.

4 questions 4 questions on on

indigenous indigenous peoples peoples (2 open-(2 open-ended)ended)

Indigenous People: USA 2001Indigenous People: USA 2001

India 2001, 5 questions:India 2001, 5 questions:religion, scheduled caste, scheduled tribe, religion, scheduled caste, scheduled tribe,

mother tongue, and other languages spokenmother tongue, and other languages spoken

Multiple meanings of Multiple meanings of “Ethnicity”:“Ethnicity”:

“If Zambian enter tribe, “If Zambian enter tribe, if not if not

mark major racial group”mark major racial group”

--Zambia, 2000.--Zambia, 2000.Other questions: Other questions:

Citizenship, Religion, Citizenship, Religion, Predominant Language, Predominant Language,

and 2and 2ndnd Language Language

South Africa, 2001, Identity questions: South Africa, 2001, Identity questions: “Population Group”, Language & Religion“Population Group”, Language & Religion

(plus citizenship and country of birth—not shown)(plus citizenship and country of birth—not shown)

Canada 2001. Many open ended questions:Canada 2001. Many open ended questions: …on ethnic or cultural groups of ancestors, …on ethnic or cultural groups of ancestors,

Canada 2001. Many open ended questions:Canada 2001. Many open ended questions: …on religion …on religion

Canada Canada 2001. 2001.

5 questions 5 questions on on

languages languages

Hungary 2000: 5 open ended questions on Hungary 2000: 5 open ended questions on nationalities, languages, and religion nationalities, languages, and religion

(“do not want to answer” is a valid answer)(“do not want to answer” is a valid answer)

3. Content analysis of census questions 3. Content analysis of census questions for 140 countriesfor 140 countries


Contemporary Census Contemporary Census QuestionnairesQuestionnaires

source: source: www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumform.htmwww.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumform.htm


Contemporary Census Contemporary Census QuestionnairesQuestionnaires

pinkpink = census form available: 140 countries = census form available: 140 countriesdark greydark grey = less than 1 million population (101 = less than 1 million population (101

places)places) light grey = no form available: 14 countrieslight grey = no form available: 14 countries

source: source: www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumform.htmwww.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/IPUMSI/enumform.htm


Nativity in contemporary Nativity in contemporary censusescensuses

dark green (131 countries) = country of birthdark green (131 countries) = country of birth pinkpink (9 countries)(9 countries) = no country of birth question = no country of birth question

light grey = no form available or less than 1 million pop.light grey = no form available or less than 1 million pop.

Citizenship or NativityCitizenship or Nativity yellow (101 countries) = citizenshipyellow (101 countries) = citizenship

dark green (131 countries) = nativity (country of dark green (131 countries) = nativity (country of birth)birth)

pinkpink (6 countries)(6 countries) = no nativity/citizenship question = no nativity/citizenship question light grey = not studiedlight grey = not studied

Ethnicity, Nativity or CitizenshipEthnicity, Nativity or Citizenship medium green (66 countries) = ethnicity (ex-USSR medium green (66 countries) = ethnicity (ex-USSR

= nationality)= nationality)dark green (131 countries) = country of birthdark green (131 countries) = country of birth

yellow (101 countries) = citizenshipyellow (101 countries) = citizenship pinkpink (3 countries) = no question; (3 countries) = no question; light grey = not studiedlight grey = not studied

Ethnicity in contemporary Ethnicity in contemporary censusescensuses

medium green (66 countries) = ethnicity/ancestrymedium green (66 countries) = ethnicity/ancestry/parents’ country of birth/culture/nationality /parents’ country of birth/culture/nationality

pinkpink = no ethnicity = no ethnicity questionquestion light grey = not studiedlight grey = not studied

Race or EthnicityRace or Ethnicity light green (19 countries) = race/tribe/caste/colorlight green (19 countries) = race/tribe/caste/color

medium green (66 countries) = medium green (66 countries) = ethnicity/ancestry/culture/etc.ethnicity/ancestry/culture/etc.

pinkpink = no question; = no question; light grey = not studiedlight grey = not studied

Indigenous People, Race or Indigenous People, Race or EthnicityEthnicity

brown (14 countries) = indigenous peoplebrown (14 countries) = indigenous people light green (19 countries) = race/tribe/caste/colorlight green (19 countries) = race/tribe/caste/color


pinkpink = no question; = no question; light grey = not studiedlight grey = not studied

Language, Indigenous, Race or Language, Indigenous, Race or EthnicityEthnicity

yellow (71 countries) = language/mother tongueyellow (71 countries) = language/mother tongue brown (14 countries) = indigenous peoplebrown (14 countries) = indigenous people

light green (19 countries) = race/tribe/caste/colorlight green (19 countries) = race/tribe/caste/color medium green (66 countries) = medium green (66 countries) = ethnicity/ancestry/culture/etc.ethnicity/ancestry/culture/etc.

pinkpink = no question; = no question; light grey = unknownlight grey = unknown

Religion, Language, Indigenous, Race or Religion, Language, Indigenous, Race or EthnicityEthnicity

red (74 countries) = religionred (74 countries) = religion yellow (71 countries) = language/mother tongueyellow (71 countries) = language/mother tongue

brown (14 countries) = indigenous peoplebrown (14 countries) = indigenous people light green (19 countries) = race/tribe/caste/colorlight green (19 countries) = race/tribe/caste/color


pinkpink = no question; = no question; light grey = unknownlight grey = unknown

4. Ethnicity in IPUMS-International 4. Ethnicity in IPUMS-International samples for 47 censusessamples for 47 censuses

(4 slides)(4 slides)

IPUMS-International: 47 high precision samples IPUMS-International: 47 high precision samples 13 countries, ~140 million person records13 countries, ~140 million person records

** = question on indigenous peoples = question on indigenous peoples

**Brazil: 1960-2000, 5% long-form cluster samplesBrazil: 1960-2000, 5% long-form cluster samples

*Chile: 1960-2000, 10% systematic household samples*Chile: 1960-2000, 10% systematic household samples

China: 1982, 0.1% systematic household sampleChina: 1982, 0.1% systematic household sample

Costa Rica: 1963-2000, 10% systematic household samples Costa Rica: 1963-2000, 10% systematic household samples

Colombia, 1964-93, 10% systematic household samplesColombia, 1964-93, 10% systematic household samples

*Ecuador, 1962-2001, 10% systematic household samples*Ecuador, 1962-2001, 10% systematic household samples

France, 1960-1990, 5% systematic household samples France, 1960-1990, 5% systematic household samples

Kenya, 1989-99, 5% systematic household samplesKenya, 1989-99, 5% systematic household samples

*Mexico, 1960-2000, 1-10% samples (cluster for 2000)*Mexico, 1960-2000, 1-10% samples (cluster for 2000)

South Africa, 1996-2001, 10% systematic household samplesSouth Africa, 1996-2001, 10% systematic household samples

*USA, 1960-2000, 1-5% stratified random samples*USA, 1960-2000, 1-5% stratified random samples

Venezuela, 1971-1990, 10% systematic household samplesVenezuela, 1971-1990, 10% systematic household samples

Vietnam, 1989-1999, 3-5% systematic household samplesVietnam, 1989-1999, 3-5% systematic household samples

IPUMS-International Ethnicity and IPUMS-International Ethnicity and Language Variables (1 of 2)Language Variables (1 of 2)

--frequent, but not comparable--frequent, but not comparable

IPUMS-International Ethnicity and IPUMS-International Ethnicity and Language Variables (cont’d).Language Variables (cont’d).

IPUMSI - Variables.htm

IPUMS-International Principles and PracticesIPUMS-International Principles and Practices

Principles:Principles:1.1. Retain all significant detailRetain all significant detail2.2. Harmonize everythingHarmonize everything3.3. Use composite coding scheme of multiple digitsUse composite coding scheme of multiple digits

a.a. First digit stands for concepts common to many censusesFirst digit stands for concepts common to many censusesb.b. Last digit for concepts that are rarely foundLast digit for concepts that are rarely foundc.c. Zero indicates that a concept is not in a censusZero indicates that a concept is not in a census

In practice, with respect to identity variables In practice, with respect to identity variables 1.1. Many have meaning only in a national context and therefore are Many have meaning only in a national context and therefore are

harmonized only within country:harmonized only within country:indigenous people, race, ethnicity, tribes, color, etc.indigenous people, race, ethnicity, tribes, color, etc.

2.2. Others may be integrated across countries:Others may be integrated across countries:

religion, country of birth/citizenship, and languagereligion, country of birth/citizenship, and language

Additional IPUMS documentation:Additional IPUMS documentation: IPUMSI - INDIG Codes.htm

IPUMSI - RACE.htmIPUMSI - RACE Codes.htm

IPUMSI - RELIG.htmIPUMSI - RELIG Codes.htm

5. In conclusion5. In conclusion Identities in 2010 round of censuses:Identities in 2010 round of censuses:

increasing complexity,increasing complexity,increasing volume of data, increasing volume of data,

and increasing access to microdataand increasing access to microdata

Thank you.Thank you.

enumeration forms at:enumeration forms at:www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/

IPUMSI/enumform.htmIPUMSI/enumform.htm

* * * * * ** * * * * *Contact: Contact: [email protected]@umn.edu