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Chapter Seven Introduction to
Policing
Patrol Operations:
The Traditional Approach
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The Traditional Patrol Method:
1. Random a routine patrol (AKA
preventative patrol).2. Rapid response to citizens 911
calls.
3. Retroactive investigation of past
crimes by detectives (CID).
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911 Policing
• Only half of 911 calls result in a unit being
dispatched
• Seventeen percent of calls are transferred to anotheragency
• In only 25% of weapons present calls are weapons
actually present-people report weapons becausethey think they will get a response quicker
• Eighteen percent of calls get an urgent response
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Evaluating the
Effectiveness of Patrol
Does a high crime rate meanthe police are ineffective?
Can you really find the police at the donut shop
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Studies of Rapid Response:
Quick response time does have some
impact on crime solving.
Three basic components:
1. Time between crime and call to police
2. Dispatch time3. Response time
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Retroactive Investigation
Traditionally almost all felonies and somemisdemeanors were investigated by CID.
93 percent of all CID effort was not
productive. One study indicated half of all CID to be
replaced without influencing a crime
clearance rates. In single most important factor is
information victim supplies to responding patrol.
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Activities of patrol
officer
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Samuel Walker 1829
1. Deterrence of crime.
2. Maintaining feeling of publicsecurity.
3. 24-hour availability of service.
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American Bar Association
1. Deter crime maintaining
visible presence.2. Maintaining public order.
3. Quick response to violationsor emergencies.
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American Bar Association
1. Identify and apprehendcriminals.
2. Aid individuals.3. Facilitate movement of traffic
and people.
4. Create a sense of security inthe community.
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0 W. Wilson
Thought police should give impression ofomnipresence.
Emphasize to the rational distribution of patrol officers according to workloadformula.
His writings were “Bible of policing.” Many things wrong and based on faulty
assumptions.
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Gay, Schell and Schack
defined patrol activity in the
four categories:
1. Calls for service 25 %.
2. Preventative patrol 40 %.
3. Officer initiated activities (tickets)
15%.4. Administrative task 20 %.
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Patrol Activity Studies:
Show that vast majority of police
calls are not criminal in nature.
Very few were violent crime.
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The Kansas City Study: 1972
Random police patrol was increased,remained the same, or eliminated in various
areas throughout the city. First major study of patrol tactics.
Results indicated patrol type did not have
impact on crime. Found 50 % of police officers’ time was
uncommitted and could be used moreeffectively.
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Kansas City Experiment
The experiment was designed to answer the following questions:
Would citizens notice changes in the level of police patrol?
Would different levels of visible police patrol affect recorded crime or the outcome of
victim surveys?
Would citizen fear of crime and attendant behavior change as a result of differing patrol
levels?
Would their degree of satisfaction with police change?
The design took three different police beats in Kansas City, and varied patrol routine in
them. The first group received no routine patrols, instead the police responded only to
calls from residents. The second group had the normal level of patrols, while the third
had two to three times as many patrols.
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Patrol:
Two major deployments for patrol aremotorized patrol and foot patrol.
In the 1960s and 1970s foot patrols
considered wasteful, at the time there wereno portable radios.
By the 1980s virtually all police werevehicle patrol.
Vehicle patrol has been criticized “a man inthe car is isolated from the community.”
P t l
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Patrol
Agencies have different staffing levels and
deploy manpower in different ways
• In D.C. there are 6.7 officers per thousand
and D.C. has one of the highest crime rates in
the nation
• In San Jose there are 1.6 officers per
thousand
• National average is 2.3 per thousand
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Patrol Effectiveness
Is a higher patrol-population effective?
• Cities with higher crime rates often have
higher ratios but still have high crime rates
• Agencies use different scheduling techniques
to meet calls for service (CFS)
• Low income areas usually have a higher
officer ratio than high income
• Certain areas of most cities generate a
disproportionate level of CFS (80-20 rule)
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Types of Patrol
•
More than 80% of all patrol is vehicle oriented• Only 4% is foot patrol- now is usually seen in
community policing programs
•
Almost 5% is done with motorcycles• Almost 5% is bicycle patrol
• Horse patrol and water patrol accounts for the
remainder
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One or Two• Cities are moving away from two men units to save
money• Almost 90% of all units are one man cars
• Police Unions oppose one man cars for reasons of
safety
• Some reports indicate one man units make more
cases and have fewer resisting arrest cases
• To staff one unit 24/7 it takes 4.8 officers
• Newark N.J. found 19% of beats not staffed due to
manpower shortages
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Returned to Foot Patrol
Foot patrol research indicates:
1. When foot patrols added levels of feardecreased.
2. When patrol is withdrawn fear significantlyincreases.
3. System satisfaction of police increases with the patrol.
4. Police had more interaction with neighborhoodresidents.
5. Foot patrol police have greater job satisfaction,less fear, and higher morale.
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Styles of Policing and
ManagingAmount of work done by police officers
depends on their style-is public contact
officer initiated or response to a CFSLoose supervision of officers can lead to
laxness
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CID
Job to solve or clear reported crimes.
Organized two ways centralized or
decentralized:
– centralized all detectives operate a central
office and specialized particular types of crime.
– decentralized detectives work out precinct andhandle a variety of crime.
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Detectives mystique
The idea that detective work as glamorous
exciting and dangerous.
In reality a majority of time is filling our
reports and interviewing victims.
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Traffic operations
1. Elimination of accidents
2. Identification of traffic problems and
hazards
3. Regulation of parking
4. Investigation of traffic accidents
5. Public education (includes tickets)
6. Arrest offenders
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Special police operations
Swat - first was Philadelphia
1960s.
Today about 90% of police
agencies have a paramilitary unit.
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Emergency service units
Increasingly popular
Often merges with fire department
Services include search and rescue,
HazMat, bomb squad, and other first
responder services
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Chapter Eight Introduction to
Policing
Patrol Operations:
A New Approach
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Alternatives to Traditional
Patrol Directed patrol-officers are given specific
duties when not responding to calls
– Assignments based on crime analysis, specific problems, or complaints
– Proven very effective
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Alternatives to Traditional
Patrol Split force patrol-one portion of patrol force
handles dispatch goals the other are on
directed patrol – Also proven very effective especially in
improved productivity
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Alternatives to Traditional
Patrol Differential response to calls for service-not
all calls for service to 911 are responded to
by police – Rated for importance or severity
– Less serious calls are handled alternativemethods
Unit sent later Report taken at precinct
Report taken by nonsworn officer
Appointment made for reportedly taken
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Alternatives to Traditional
Patrol Differential response to calls for service
– While research indicates effectiveness improves
community dissatisfaction is a possibility – Allocation of natural resources should depend
on effectiveness not public relations
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Alternatives to Traditional
Patrol Managing Criminal Investigations(MCI)
– Expands role of patrol officers to include
investigative responsibilities Handles follow-up
Locating interviewing victims and witnesses
Detecting evidence
Prepares initial investigative report – Designing a new method to manage
investigations using a screening method
Solvability factors
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Alternatives to Traditional
Patrol Managing Criminal Investigations(MCI)
– Grading based according to solve ability
Is there a witness
Is suspect known
Can suspect the identified
Is victim cooperative
– MCI allows investigators to put more time and
effort into very important cases
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Alternatives to Traditional
Patrol A small number of criminals are responsible
for most of predatory street from the U.S.
Repeat offender programs (ROPS). First police identify criminals that maintain
surveillance and attend to catch the criminalin the act.
Second they use case enhancement toensure proper handling of the offender bythe criminal justice system.
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Alternatives to Traditional
Patrol Case Enhancement – a liaison is established
with the district attorney’s office to alert the
importance of the case coming from acareer criminal. This assures zealous efforts
by the prosecutor and maximum sentencing
by the judge.
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New, Proactive Techniques
Uniformed tactical operations-officers are
relieved from traditional patrol
responsibilities to concentrate on proactivecrime control. Units often saturated area
experiencing crime problems, make
numerous pedestrian and vehicle stops, andmake numerous field interrogations.
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New, Proactive Techniques
Field interrogations (FI) – a contact
with a citizen initiated by a patrol
officer who stops, questions, andsometimes searches because the officer
has a reasonable suspicion that subject
may have committed, or maybe
committing, or about to commit a
crime.
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New, Proactive Techniques
Aggressive patrol tactics-uniform tactical
operations use this tactic where they stop
numerous people and vehicles attempt to discoverevidence of crime.
– Often causes community unrest and charges of citizen’s
rights violations
– Used highly effectively in the 1990s in New York Cityin addition with zero tolerance policies. Even minor
offenders were frisked and checked. While crime rates
plummeted tensions between the minority community
and the New York police skyrocketed.
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New, Proactive Techniques
Saturation patrol - another uniform tactical
operations utilizing a larger number of
uniform officers than normal to a particulararea to deal with particular crime
– Also highly effective
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New, Proactive Techniques
Decoy operations:
– Blending-officers dressed in civilian clothes to
blend into an area or in and unmarked car – Decoy-officers stress and play the role of
potential victims or as a fellow criminal
Most effective in larceny investigations
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New, Proactive Techniques
Stakeout operations:
– A group of heavily armed officers waiting for
anticipated crime to occur usually a robbery Sting operations:
– Major technique used in recent years usingvarious undercover methods to apprehend
criminals usually involved in burglaries andthefts
– Example-pawn shop run by undercover officersthat buys stolen property
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New, Proactive Techniques
Code enforcement-a method whereby
police, fire, building, and zoning
departments work together to address crimeareas usually crack houses
Efforts against drunk drivers-usually utilize
checkpoints or roadblocks – Often used to detect other crime
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New, Proactive Techniques
Undercover operations-where an
investigator assumes a different identity to
obtain information. – Used a lot by police both locally federally and
increasingly by private security
Shrinkage-term used to describe the difference
between inventory on hand and inventory on paper.
Usually shrinkage occurs through employee theft
and shoplifting.
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New, Proactive Techniques Entrapment-defined as inducing an
individual to commit a crime he or she didnot contemplate for the sole purpose of
criminal prosecution – Jacobsen vs. the United States, 1992-limits the
extreme use of entrapment. It established:
officer should be able to articulate legitimate law
enforcement purpose Avoid using persistent or coercive techniques
Officer should be able to demonstrate the defendantwas disposed to commit the criminal act prior togovernment involvement
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Traffic Stops
All Images © Microsoft Corporation
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5 Reasons for Vehicle Contacts
1. Issue citation
2. Issue warning
3. Aid motorist4. Investigate suspicious vehicle
5. Investigate suspected criminalactivity unrelated to vehicle
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Objectives of Vehicle Contact
1. To protect yourself and others2. To protect property, vehicles
3. To ensure due process1. Clearly ID self as officer
2. Verbally notify of suspectedoffense
3. Advise rights
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Most important thing:
ALWAYS call in license plate,location of stop, and other
information to dispatch
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Pull Over Placement
• Choose good stop position
– Consider:
• Lighting• Traffic hazard
• Environmental hazards
• Interference by spectators
– Have car move if necessary
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Wash’s 2nd Rule
• If you think you need back up – call for it and wait.
“Discretion is the better part of valor”
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Vehicle Positions
• Inline – use in narrow space – All lights on
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Vehicle Positions
• Off-Set – use in wide space – Offers safe path to other vehicle
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Vehicle Positions
• Left Angle – use in wide space – Offers safe path to other vehicle
– Offers Cover – Limits use of light for concealment
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Approach Concerns:
• Concealment vehicles: vans, rvs
• Multiple occupants
• Vehicle believed to be leaving anycrime
• Suspicious behavior
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Approach Concerns:
• Options:
– Bring driver back to you
– Use back up
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Driver Side Approach:
• Most common
• Convenient
• Limits escape options• Immediate access to driver – DUI
• Dangerous traffic – more likely to be hurt by other car than driver
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Tactical Driver Side Approach:
• Off set vehicle
• Allows for you to see driver from
their mirror but they cannot see you
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Passenger Side Approach:
• Big element of surprise
• Go around back of own car
• Increased cover and escape optionsfor officer
• Decreases driver contact
• Dangerous to reach across car
B i i D i B k
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Bringing Driver Back:• Increasingly popular
• You can order passengers back as well
• Maximizes view
• Limits concealment• Easy weapon access for officer
• Psychological advantage
• Separates the driver from the passengers
• Puts driver in harms way - DUI
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Do’s and Don'ts
• Be aware of other threats• Keep gun hand free
• Don’t close or lock door
• Have occupants keep hands where youcan see them
• Check trunk
• Stay in blind spot, use cover of lights
• Use flashlight to view interior
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Do’s and Don’ts
• Stay behind door
• Have them hand license out to you
• Explain everything
• Ask “Is there a lawful reason you were…”
• Walk back keep - attention on occupants
• Tickets – don’t take eye off car
• Return the same way
• NEVER REACH IN CAR
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Do’s and Don’ts
• DON’T say “have a nice day!” (may betaken wrong) try “drive safe”
• Night time:
– Do not cross headlights
– Flashlight in weak hand
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High Risk Contacts
• Once called “felony stops”
• Factors:
– High potential for bodily harm – Greater threat to public safety
– Arrest needs heavy control of
subjects
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Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 66
Vehicle Positions
• High Risk
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High Risk Contacts
• 3 Important Objectives: – Communication
– Coordination – Control
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Communication
• CYMBLE• Color
• Year
• Make
• Body
• License
• Equipment
• Radio all possible relevant info• Be sure to CONSTANTLY
communicate to other officers
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Coordination
• Do not approach alone• Contact Officer: controls contact
• Cover Officer: keeps eyes on car
• Arrest Officer: searching,interviewing and cuffing
• Traffic Officer: maintains perimeter• Forward Observer: avoids crossfire
and provides 411 (optional position)
l
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Control
• Coordinate efforts before starting• 35-50 ft distance
• Use proper techniques – cuffing, etc.• Clear, consistent, & concise
communication
• Verbalize specific commands
• Use appropriate level of force
Clear Vehicle
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Clear Vehicle• On approach assume “plus one”
mentality
• Options for dealing with occupant
refusing to cooperate – Time/wait
– Talk/bluff
– Negotiations – Call tactical/SWAT
– Tactical approach
L b
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Lab
• Each person will rotate through positions of team
• Others will remain quiet, pay attention
and behave!• RPD is a BIG supporter of program –
you must make a good impression!
• LAB GRADE: team will deal withunknown and be evaluated. They willalso write a police report on situation.
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Traffic Stops
Kansas City Experiment
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Kansas City ExperimentMajor findings
itizens did not notice the difference when the frequency of patrols was changed.
creasing or decreasing the level of patrol had no significant effect on resident and
mmercial burglaries, auto thefts, larcenies involving auto accessories, robberies, or
andalism – crimes.
he rate at which crimes were reported did not differ significantly across the experimentaleats.
itizen reported fear of crime was not affected by different levels of patrol.
itizen satisfaction with police did not vary.
Conclusions drawn
The Kansas city police department drew the conclusion that routine preventive patro
in marked police cars has little value in preventing crime or making citizens feel safe
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