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Geography Form 2
Stephanie Ellul
Ms.S.Ellul Form2
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1. Discovering the Atlas
Atlases are books of maps
that show physical
territories, regional details,
place names, etc.
Most Atlases are divided
into three parts:
a) The first few pages are devoted to the special information which consists
of:
The titles of the Map and the page number where they are to be found.
Tables of climatic data eg: temperature, and figures of certain places.
Short notes.
b) The second part consists of different types of maps.
Maps generally include:
1. name of place depicted at the top of the page
2. scale of map
3. grid for locating places
4. specific features (e.g. sea level, location, place names)
Some types of maps included in the Atlas:
1. A physical map uses symbols to show where mountains, deserts, forests,
and other features of the land are.
2. A political maps show places where people live.
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3. A road map shows where roads
and streets are in a certain place.
c) The third part of the Atlas consists
of the INDEX. The index is always
found at the end of the atlas.
All atlases have an index while only
some atlases include a glossary.
Activity:
1. What is the name of your Atlas?
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Look through the second part of your Atlas and say on which pages
you find:
a. The map of British Isles___________
b. The map of East Europe and Turkey ___________
c. The map of South Asia ___________
d. The map of New Zealand ___________
e. The map of South America ___________
3. Why is it important to have an Atlas?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(10 marks)
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The best way to find the location of something in an Atlas is to use the Index.
The Index can be found at the back of the Atlas. Find the Index in your Atlas.
Salavat Russia 49 J5 53 19N 55 54E
Salavat is at 53 degrees, 19 minutes north and 55 degrees, 54 minutes east
A. Find the following:
1. Aachen is at ______ degrees, _______ minutes ________ and ________
degrees, _______ minutes ________
2. Selma is at ______ degrees, _______ minutes ________ and ________
degrees, _______ minutes ________
3. Provo is at ______ degrees, _______ minutes ________ and ________ degrees,
_______ minutes ________
4. Walsall is at ______ degrees, _______ minutes ________ and ________
degrees, _______ minutes ________
5. Sinai, Mount is at ______ degrees, _______ minutes ________ and ________
degrees, _______ minutes ________
6. Wuxi is at ______ degrees, _______ minutes ________ and ________ degrees,
_______ minutes ________
(3 marks)
Grid square
on page
Latitdues/Longitude Name of
place Country it is
located in
Page number of
Atlas
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2. Representing dimensions on maps
We use maps because although we know that
Malta is found in the Mediterranean Sea, if we
are in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean with no
computers to pin point our exact location, how
are we going to find Malta in the
Mediterranean sea?
Of course the answer is with MAPs. Maps have the advantage to locate any
place that we want. However do all maps contain the same detail?
In reality large maps contain much more detail than small maps. Large maps
are therefore called: large scale maps
Each map/picture must have a scale in the form of a ratio.
To fully understand ratio, we can turn them into fractions, for example 1:18
is 1/18. These fractions are called representative Fractions.
Important: We have to remember that the SMALLER the ratio the BIGGER the
size of the map/picture.
A a
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A. Go through some of the maps in your Atlas and write down 12 examples of
different scales. Write also the equivalent representative fraction as is
shown in the example that follows.
(3 marks)
B. Suppose you have 5 maps of Europe on the following scales. Arrange the
maps in descending order of size, starting from the largest and ending with
the smallest:
1. Map of Europe on scale 1:5,000,000 _____
2. Map of Europe on scale 1:10,000,000 _____
3. Map of Europe on scale 1:1,000,000 _____
4. Map of Europe on scale 1:50,000,000 _____
5. Map of Europe on scale 1:2,000,000 _____
(2.5 marks)
Map of: Page in Atlas: Scale
Ratio R.F.
Example: France 42 1:5,000,000 1/5,000,000
1
2
3
4
5
6
A
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C. Find the map of the Mediterranean Region in your Atlas. Write down the
answers to the following questions:
1. What is the given scale of the map? _______________________
2. If the scale is larger, will the map contain less or more details? ____________
3. If the scale is smaller, would the map of Malta in it be smaller or larger?
______________
(1.5 marks)
3. Latitudes and Longitudes
Fill in the blanks with the following words:
vertically, equal, East, pole, half, London, West, parallel, horizontally,
Prime Meridian, North, Greenwich, South, equator.
Latitudes are lines, drawn on maps running
from __________ to __________. The principal of
Latitude is the 0° called the __________. The
equator is the largest circle running around
the earth. One needs to remember that all
circles run __________ to the equator and to
each other.
Longitudes are lines that run from __________ to
__________ each joining at the North and South
_________. The lines of longitude only form
_________ circles. The lines of longitude are all
_________ in size. The principal line of longitude
is called the ________ __________ which passes
through __________. It is also known as
__________.
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The most important lines of Latitudes are:
Tropic of Cancer (23°30’N)
Tropic of Capricorn (23°30’S)
Arctic Circle (66°30’N)
Antarctic Circle (66°30’S)
(7 marks)
4. Google Earth
Google earth navigators:
i. Background
Overview
Google Earth allows you to travel the world through a virtual globe and view
satellite imagery, maps, terrain, 3D buildings, and much more.
Lines of longitude appear __________ Lines of latitude appear __________
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Although the options within Google Earth are endless, here are a few things
you can do:
Discover the Earth: Fly to any location in the world, learn about a city and
its geographic features, find local businesses, and create tours.
Explore the Sky: Enjoy the wonders of the heavens and learn about our
solar system.
Dive in the Ocean: Go beneath the surface and visit the depths of the
ocean and explore the planet's deepest underwater canyons. Learn
about ocean observations, climate change, and endangered species.
You can even discover new places to surf, dive and fish.
Walk on the Moon: Take tours of landing sites narrated by Apollo
astronauts and view 3D models of landed spacecraft.
Visit Mars: Travel the Red Planet and explore NASA's latest imagery of our
galactic neighbor.
Features
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1. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ____________________
4. ____________________ 5. ____________________ 6. ____________________
7. ____________________ 8. ____________________ 9. ____________________
10. ___________________ 11. ___________________ 12. ___________________
13. ___________________ 14. ___________________ 15. ___________________
16. ___________________ 17. ___________________ 18. ___________________
(3 marks)
ii. Install it
a. Download the latest version of Google Earth from the following location:
http://dl.google.com/earth/client/current/GoogleEarthWin.exe
b. Double-click the file and go through the installation process
c. You should now be able to run Google Earth by going to Start > Programs >
Google Earth and clicking on the Google Earth icon.
iii. Basics
Each time you start Google Earth, the Earth appears in the main window. The
area that shows the Earth is called the 3D viewer.
Navigating
The navigation controls appear in the top
right corner of the 3D viewer.
To view and use the navigation controls,
move the cursor over the top right corner of
the 3D viewer. The navigation controls
automatically appear whenever you do
this; they fade from sight when you move
the cursor elsewhere.
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Finding places
You can search for specific locations using the Fly
To tab in Google Earth. To do this, enter the
location in the input box and click on the Search
button. Each tab of the Search panel displays an
example of a search term
Creating maps
a) Click on the My Places button under the
search box.
b) Click the Create Map button.
c) Add a title and description for your map. You
can make your map public or unlisted. We'll
make ours public so that it shows up in search
results.
iv. Learning Tools
What can you learn on Google earth?
1. Creating Polygons and paths
2. Creating tours
3. Measuring distance and area
(3 marks)
v. Quiz
1. What is the feature in this picture?
a. Places Panel
b. Navigating Controls
c. Status Bar
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2. Which one of the three basic tools will require you to use most of Google
Earth features?
a. Finding places
b. Navigating
c. Creating maps
3. The picture shows Google Earth …..
a. Measurements tools
b. Polygon and Path tools
c. Touring tools
(3 marks)
5. The Mediterranean Region
The Mediterranean region is defined as
countries bordering the Mediterranean
Sea between about 27° to 47°N and
10°W to 37°E. The Mediterranean, which
literally means the “sea between lands”,
offers favourable environmental
conditions, such as:
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
(3 marks)
Since earliest, the Mediterranean region is the birthplace of some of the
oldest, most deeply rooted cultures and civilisations of our planet (Egyptian,
Greek, Roman and Arab).
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The Mediterranean Sea:
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
(3 marks)
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The region includes the Northern countries such as: Albania, Bosnia-
Hergovina, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Monaco, Serbia-
Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain; and the South-Eastern Countries such as:
Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Morocco, Libya, Palestinian Authority,
Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey.
1. Define the Mediterranean Region?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. The Mediterranean Region offers favourable environmental conditions.
What are they?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. By how many countries is the Mediterranean Sea surrounded?
_________________________________________________________________________
4. How many visitors is the Mediterranean Region hosting?
_________________________________________________________________________
5. The Mediterranean Sea is linked to many Seas. Mention ONE of these Seas.
_________________________________________________________________________
(5 marks)
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6. Internal Structure of the earth
Fill in the blanks with the following words:
Inner Core, Oceanic Crust, Continental Crust,
Outer Core, Upper Mantle, Lower Mantle, Atmosphere
(3.5 marks)
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7. Plate tectonics
Fill in the blanks with the following words:
Subduction, earthquake, Lateral Slipping Plate Movement, continental,
Seafloor spreading, Oceanic Plate and Continental Plate, Two Continental
Plates, zone of divergence, Convergent Plate Movement, Two Oceanic Plates,
oceanic, Divergent Plate Movement
TYPES OF PLATE MOVEMENT: Divergence, Convergence, and Lateral Slipping
At the boundaries of the plates, various deformations occur as the plates
interact:
1. _____________ _______ ______________:
___________ ____________ is the movement of
two ___________ plates away from each
other, which results in the formation of new
oceanic crust (from magma that comes
from within the Earth's mantle). Where the
oceanic plates are moving away from each
other is called a ______ ___ _____________ .
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2. _____________ _______ ______________:
When two plates collide, some crust is destroyed in the impact and the
plates become smaller. The results differ, depending upon what types of
plates are involved.
_________ _______ _____ _____________
________ - When a thin, dense oceanic
plate collides with a relatively light, thick
continental plate, the oceanic plate is
forced under the _____________ plate; this
phenomenon is called _______________.
______ ____________ ________- When two oceanic plates collide, one may
be pushed under the other and magma from the mantle rises, forming
volcanoes in the vicinity.
______ ____________ ________ - When two
continental plates collide, mountain
ranges are created as the colliding crust is
compressed and pushed upwards.
3. ________________ _____________ _______ ______________:
When two plates move sideways against each other, there is a tremendous
amount of friction which makes the movement jerky. The plates slip, then
stick as the friction and pressure builds up to incredible levels. When the
pressure is released suddenly, and the plates suddenly jerk apart, this is an
________________.
(6 marks)
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8. Geological development of the Mediterranean Sea
Today the Mediterranean Sea is a
large inland body of water. The only
outlet to the oceans of the world is
through the western portal adjacent
to Gibraltar.
The Mediterranean Sea is but a
remnant of a great seaway, the
Tethys that formed a continuous
passageway between the Indo-
Pacific and the Atlantic. This seaway
separated Africa from Eurasia
throughout the Mesozoic (Age of
Dinosaurs) and continued as a barrier
until some 18 to 14 million years ago when the eastern connection with the
Indian Ocean closed forming the Mediterranean.
The geologic history of the Mediterranean
The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth
of 1,500 m and the deepest recorded point is
5,267 m in the Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea.
The geologic history of the Mediterranean is
complex. It was involved in the tectonic break-up and then collision of the
African and Eurasian plates and several smaller microplates. This process was
driven by the differential seafloor spreading along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge,
which led to the closure of the Tethys Ocean.
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__________________________________: Fill in the blank boxes with the words underneath
latitudes, longitudes, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Central America, Caribbean,
Africa, Antarctica, Arctic Region, New Zealand, Pacific Islands, Middle East, Australia.
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_____________________________________________: Mark 10 European Countries on the map
1. Albania
2. Andorra
3. Armenia
4. Austria
5. Azerbaijan
6. Belarus
7. Belgium
8. Bosnia & Herzegovina
9. Bulgaria
10. Croatia
11. Cyprus
12. Czech Republic
13. Denmark
14. Estonia
15. Finland
16. France
17. Georgia
18. Germany
19. Greece
20. Hungary
21. Iceland
22. Ireland
23. Italy
24. Kosovo
25. Latvia
26. Liechtenstein
27. Lithuania
28. Luxembourg
29. Macedonia
30. Malta
31. Moldova
32. Monaco
33. Montenegro
34. The Netherlands
35. Norway
36. Poland
37. Portugal
38. Romania
39. Russia
40. San Marino
41. Serbia
42. Slovakia
43. Slovenia
44. Spain
45. Sweden
46. Switzerland
47. Turkey
48. Ukraine
49. United Kingdom
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_____________________________________________: Fill in the blank boxes with the words underneath
France, Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Turkey, Greece, Italy.
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9. Volcanoes
A volcano is a landform
(usually a mountain) that
opens downward to a pool
of molten rock (magma)
below the surface of the
earth. As pressure in the
molten rock builds up it
needs to escape
somewhere. So it forces its
way up to the narrow cracks
in the earth's crust. Once the
magma erupts through the
earth’s surface it is called
lava.
There are around 1510
'active' volcanoes in
the world. We currently
know of 80 or more
which are under the
oceans.
Did you know?
The name "volcano" has its origin from the name of Vulcan, a god of fire in
Roman mythology.
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What is the Ring of Fire?
Over half of the world’s volcanoes arise in a belt around the Pacific Ocean
called the Ring of Fire.
Volcanic Eruptions
As well as the danger from the hot lava, an erupting volcano can trigger life
threatening things. List THREE of these life threatening things:
___________________
___________________
___________________
(1.5 marks)
Mention THREE effects of Volcanoes on people and the environment:
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
(1.5 marks)
10. Volcanic activity around the Mediterranean Region
On 14 April 2010 the Icelandic volcano
Eyjafjallajökull erupted after having been
dormant for just under 200 years. All of a
sudden a commercial catastrophe hit
Europe and all air traffic completely shut
down. As a result thousands of
passengers got stranded around the
globe. Volcanic ash clouds have not
affected Europe in such an immediate
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way in living memory and to most people this is an extraordinary event.
However, looking at the historical record volcanic eruptions have affected
Europe and other parts of the world in significant ways and sometimes even
altered the course of history.
Antiquity
During antiquity, there are two volcanic eruptions that affected Europe that
stand out. The first is the Bronze Age eruption of the Thera in the eastern
Mediterranean and the second the eruption of the Vesuvius and the
destruction of Pompeii.
Eruption of Thera
The island of Thera is what remains of a large volcano that erupted more
than 3600 years ago (ca. 1600 BC). Thera was not uninhabited when it
erupted and sported a major urban settlement that was probably similar size
to Pompeii. The town and its population were closely linked to the Minoan
civilisation that had developed on the island of Crete and flourished from
approximately the 27th century BC to the 15th century BC.
The Minoan civilisation came to an abrupt end when Thera erupted violently
around 1600 BC. Earthquakes preceding the eruption must have rocked the
buildings on Crete and throughout the region. This in turn led to a collapse of
Minoan society and many of the survivors fled Crete to settle on the Greek
Mainland, Egypt and other parts of the eastern Mediterranean.
Vesuvius and Pompeii
The eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD is probably the best know volcanic eruption
in world history. It buried the Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum. In
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terms of size, this eruption pales in
comparison to the Thera eruption
1700 years earlier. In other words, the
Thera eruption was 20 times more
powerful than Vesuvius in 79 ADThe
heavy ash falls buried Herculaneum
under 20 metres of ash and Pompeii
under 4 metres, preserving them
perfectly for posterity. Over time, the two towns were forgotten but
rediscovered in the 18th century.
The real significance of Pompeii, Herculaneum and the Vesuvius eruption is
that the towns offer a snapshot of Roman life in the 1st century, frozen at the
moment it was buried on that fateful day in 79 AD. Vesuvius is perhaps the
best known and most depicted volcano in Western culture.
11. Earthquakes
An earthquake is a shaking of
the ground caused by the
sudden breaking and
movement of tectonic plates.
The edges of the tectonic plates
are marked by faults (or
fractures). Most earthquakes
occur along the fault lines when
the plates slide past each other
or collide against each other.
The shifting masses send out shock waves that may be powerful enough to:
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1. alter the surface of the Earth, thrusting up cliffs
and opening great cracks in the ground.
2. cause great damage,
collapse of buildings
and other man-made
structures, broken power and gas lines, landslides,
snow avalanches, tsunamis (giant sea waves) and
volcanic eruptions.
Important terms
_________________ = is the planar (flat) surface along which there is a slip
during an earthquake.
______________ = the location below the earth’s surface where the
earthquake starts.
______________ = the location on the surface of the earth directly above
the hypocenter.
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____________ = one
of a series of minor
tremors occurring
after the main shock
of an earthquake.
_____________ _________ =
Seismic waves are the
vibrations from earthquakes
that travel through the Earth;
they are recorded on
instruments called
seismographs.
_____________ _________ = A scale used to express the total amount of
energy released by an earthquake. Its values typically fall between 0 and
9, with each increase of 1 representing a 10-fold increase in energy.
(3 marks)
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Earthquake devastation
Earthquakes with magnitude of about 2.0 or less are usually called
___________ earthquakes; they are not commonly felt by people and are
generally recorded only on _________ seismographs.
Earthquakes with magnitudes of about 4.5 or greater are __________ enough
to be recorded by _________ seismographs all over the world.
(2 marks)
Great earthquakes, such as the 1964 Good Friday earthquake in Alaska, have
magnitudes of 8.0 or higher.
On the average, one earthquake of such size occurs somewhere in the world
each year.
Did you know ...............
The seismicity in the Mediterranean has been documented for over 2000
years.
Many important cities in the Middle East have been destroyed by
earthquakes and sometimes tsunamis.
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12. Mediterranean countries which experience earth tremors
The entire north side
of the Mediterranean
Basin is earthquake
prone. The basin
consists of a series of
deep trenches
between Africa and
Europe. The trenches
are products of the
processes involved in
plate tectonics. The
trenches were part of
the ocean floor until
about 67 million years
ago when the African
and Eurasian plates
began moving
together.
When the collision
intensified about 40
million years ago, it
formed the Alps from
part of the sea floor.
Finally about six million
years ago, the plates
closed off the
Mediterranean basin
at both ends—at
Gibraltar and the
northwest end of the
Red Sea. The entire
Mediterranean Basin
dried up except for a
few small salt lakes.
Then about 5.3 million
years ago, a horrific
series of earthquakes
along east-west faults
at Gibraltar suddenly
opened and the
ocean began to flow
into the
Mediterranean Basin.
For about 100 years,
ocean water
cascaded into the
basin until it filled to
sea level, forming the
Mediterranean Sea.
Volcanic activity also
occurs across the
region. For example,
the islands of Corsica,
Sardinia and Sicily
were created in large
part by volcanic
activity around the
collision zones of the
Mediterranean plates.
Mount Etna is but one
of several volcanoes
located on the island
of Sicily and has had
more than 200
recorded eruptions,
the most recent in
2001.
http://gisetc.com/european-earthquake-risk-concentrated-around-the-
mediterranean/
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13. The reasons why people live in high risk tremors areas
In many places, where natural hazards occur with varying frequency, people
appear to go on living there and in quite large numbers. Why? It must be the
pluses far outweigh the minuses.
People make decisions on the basis of:
o _________________________________ – how often will I be at risk? The climate
is good (warm enough and wet enough), soil is fertile, the natural resources
for fishing, farming are there to make a good living
o ______________________ – the family has always lived there, there is a
community, work, it is a pleasant place to be, do not have a choice or do
not see themselves as having one, lack of education to do other work.
There are things that can be done to reduce the risk.
o _____________________ – work, from farming, tourism maybe, fishing, it is
where property is owned.
(3 marks)
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The advantages of living near volcanoes:
The soil is excellent. Lava breaks down over time
to produce the most fertile soil on earth. e.g.
around Vesuvius where much of Italy’s tomato
crop is grown.
Along plate edges, geothermal power is often a
cheap and clean source of power – e.g. Iceland
Usually, there are sufficient signs to move to safer places, so while property
could be as risk, increasing people are less so, e.g. Mount Pinatubo in the
Philippines in 1991 was the 2nd largest eruption in the 20th century but only
300 died because of mass evacuation of the area.
Tourism is a strong pull, e.g. in Uganda, a
country trying hard to increase its tourist
industry, the volcanic region around Mt Elgon
is being heavily promoted for its landscape,
huge waterfalls, wildlife, climbing and hiking
and its remote 'get away from it all' location.
The advantages of living in earthquake zones:
o Many earthquake areas are close to the coast – the climate is good,
fishing and farming are easy. Many of these places like Japan get daily
earthquakes and they have learnt to deal with them. They cause little or no
damage as they adjust building methods for example. The big ones are
very infrequent – 1906 and 1989 in San Francisco, so people believe they
can manage.
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14. The Water cycle and the Hydrological Cycle
The water cycle is the cycling of water between the Earth’s waters,
atmosphere, and land.
The first step of the water cycle starts with the sun. This causes evaporation of
water from the Earth’s surface. As the air rises, it cools. The water vapor
condenses into tiny droplets of water. The droplets crowd together and form
a cloud. This is called condensation. The tiny droplets join together and fall as
precipitation to the ground. The water soaks into the ground and collects in
rivers and lakes. Precipitation can take the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail or
freezing rain.
(3 marks)
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15. The three types of rainfall
(3 marks)
There are three common types of rainfall:
Convectional rainfall
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Frontal rainfall
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Relief rainfall
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
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16. Supply and the distribution of water
Precipitation is the main source of water for drinking purposes. A percentage
of rainfall evaporates soon after it falls, a percentage runs off the ground to
join streams and rivers and a percentage seeps through the ground to join
underground supplies.
What is precipitation?
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
(1 mark)
Sources of water supply consist of surface water and underground water.
What is surface water?
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
What is underground water?
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
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_________________: There are two types of
springs. A main spring is usually deep and
connects to the aquifer layer. A shallow
or simple spring connects to underground
surface water.
_______________: Wells are different to
springs as the ground has to be bored to
reach the water. Springs occur naturally.
The upper part of a well must be lined to exclude surface water entering it as
it may be polluted.
Water to be used in a public water
supply is required to be fit for
drinking. This implies that it poses no
danger to health, and it should be
colourless, clear, odourless,
sparkling and pleasant to taste.
There are different techniques used
for the treatment of water.
(2 marks)
They are:
Storage: Water is stored in reservoirs where contaminants/impurities settle
to the bottom (sedimentation).
Filtration: Water is passed through sand or a fine wire mesh to remove
particles. Rapid sand filters act as a physical filter, leaving the water in
need of chemical treatment. Slow sand filters provide physical and
chemical action. In a slow sand filter water slowly percolates down
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through the sand. The slow sand filter produces high quality water, which
needs little further processing.
Sterilisation: Water must be sterilised before it can be consumed by
humans. Chlorine is added to the water for public supply, but this isn't
always feasible for small installations.
Maltese Rocks
Rocks can be:
________________ - able to hold fluid in the pores (gaps) of the rock.
________________ - allow fluid to pass through.
________________ - a rock that will not allow fluid to pass through it.
(1.5 marks)
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17. Use and misuse of water
Use the following websites to answer the questions:
http://www.k5geosource.org/1content/1sc/water/
http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/teacher_resources/webfieldtrips/water/
http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/GlobalWaterFootprint
1. Why is water a vital resource?
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(1 mark)
2. Explain the possible domestic, agricultural, industrial and economic uses of
water.
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3. List THREE ways how you can reduce water consumption at home.
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4. Describe potential sources of pollution to our drinking supplies and make
suggestions how these problems can be properly managed.
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(2 marks)
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18. Deserts
Deserts are biologically rich habitats with a vast array of animals and plants
that have adapted to the harsh conditions there. Some deserts are among
the planet's last remaining areas of total wilderness. Yet more than one billion
people, one-sixth of the Earth's population, actually live in desert regions.
Deserts are part of a wider
classification of regions
called "drylands." These
areas exist under a moisture
deficit, which means they
can frequently lose more
moisture through
evaporation than they
receive from annual
precipitation.
Three major types of desert
Deserts cover more than one fifth of the Earth's land, and they are found on
every continent. A place that receives less than 10 inches (25 centimeters) of
rain per year is considered a desert. There are three types of deserts on the
basis of their location in the temperature zones.
a) ________________________________ are
located between 10 ° and 30 °N and S of
the equator on the western margin of the
continents in the trade wind belt. The
diurnal (daily) range of temperature is high.
The trade winds are off-shore here, e.g.,
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Atacama Desert in S. America, Arabian and the Thar Desert in Asia,
Kalahari Desert in Africa, and the Western Australia desert.
b) _______________________
are located in the
temperate belt in the
interior of contents. They
are away from the
influence of the sea. They
are surrounded by high
mountains; therefore, they
are in the rain shadow
area. Annual range of
temperature is high, e.g.,
in Gobi desert, Tibet.
c) _____________ are located in
the Frigid Zone. They are
extremely cold and dry.
Precipitation is in the form
of snow. Annual range of
temperature is high, e.g.,
Greenland, Antarctica.
And despite the common conceptions of deserts as dry and hot, there are
cold deserts as well. The largest hot desert in the world, northern Africa's
Sahara, reaches temperatures of up to 122 degrees Fahrenheit (50 degrees
Celsius) during the day. But some deserts are always cold, like the Gobi desert
in Asia and the desert on the continent of Antarctica.
(3 marks)
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Read the definitions below, and then label the major deserts on the world map
1. Atacama - running down the western coast of South
America.
2. Australian - hot deserts covering much of western and
central Australia.
3. Iranian - northeast of the Arabian peninsula and west of the
Thar desert.
4. Kalahari - covering much of the south-eastern tip of Africa.
5. Namib - running down the south-western coast Africa.
6. Arabian - covering most of the Arabian peninsula.
7. North American - rain shadow deserts in south-western
North America, in the USA and Mexico.
8. Patagonian - in south-eastern South America.
9. Saharan - a huge desert covering much of northern
Africa - the biggest desert in the world.
10. Takla Makan-Gobi - a continental desert in central Asia.
11. Thar - in northwest India.
12. Turkestan - in southern Russia .
(6 marks)
Geography Form 2
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19. The Sahara Desert and its economic activity
The Sahara, with a size of 8.6 million km², is the world's largest desert, covering
large parts of North Africa. Around 4 million people live here.
Its maximum length is 4,800 km, running from west to east, and up to 1,200 km
from north to south.
Sahara is very dry but there is an annual rainfall in most regions, although just
a few dozens of millimetre. It has a subtropical climate in its northern parts,
and a tropical one in the south. Winters in the north are cold to cool; in the
south, mild. Summers are hot all over the desert.
Sand sheets and dunes represent about 25% of the Sahara; the other parts
are mountains, stoney steppes and oases. Pyramidal dunes can be as high as
150 metres, while mountainous sand ridges as high as 350 metres.
There are several rivers running through the Sahara, of which the Nile River
and Niger River are the only permanent ones. The rest being seasonal,
involves that most of the time, there is only a dry river bed, which may carry
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water for brief periods following uncommon rainfalls. There may be years in
between this happening.
Metallic minerals are very important to most Saharan countries. Algeria and
Mauritania have several major deposits of iron ore, while smaller deposits are
found in Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Western Sahara and Niger. Copper is found
in Mauritania and manganese in Algeria.
Of the Sahara's around 4 million people, most live in Mauritania, Western
Sahara, Algeria, Libya and Egypt. Dominant groups of people are Sahrawis,
Tuareg and Negroids. The largest city is Nouakchott, Mauritania's capital.
20. Life in the desert and the Oasis
About 1 billion people live in deserts. Many of these people rely on centuries-
old customs to make their lives as comfortable as possible
Civilizations have adapted their clothing to the hot, dry conditions of the
Sahara and Arabian deserts. Clothing is versatile and based on robes made
of rectangles of fabric. Long-sleeved, full-length, and often white, these robes
Geography Form 2
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shield all but the head and hands from the wind, sand, heat, and cold. White
reflects sunlight, and the loose fit allows cooling air to flow across the skin.
These robes of loose cloth can be adjusted
(folded) for length, sleeves, and pockets,
depending on the wearer and the climate. A
thobe is a full-length, long-sleeved white
robe. An abaya is a sleeveless cloak that
protects the wearer from dust and heat. A
djebba is a short, square pullover shirt worn
by men. A kaffiyeh is a rectangular piece of
cloth folded loosely around the head to
protect the wearer from sun exposure, dust,
and sand.
Besides animals like camels and goats, a variety of desert vegetation is found
in oases and along the shores of rivers and lakes. Figs, olives, and oranges
thrive in desert oases and have been harvested for centuries. Some desert
areas rely on resources brought from more fertile areas—food trucked in from
distant farmlands or, more frequently, water piped from wetter regions. Large
areas of desert soil are irrigated by water pumped from underground sources
or brought by canal from distant rivers or lakes.
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Oases in desert climates
have been popular spots
for tourists for centuries.
Spas ring the Dead Sea, a
saline lake in the Judean
Desert of Israel and
Jordan. The Dead Sea has
had flourishing spas since
the time of King David.
Deserts can hold economically valuable resources that drive civilizations and
economies. The most notable desert resource in the world is the massive oil
reserves in the Arabian Desert of the Middle East. More than half of the
proven oil reserves in the world lie beneath the sands of the Arabian Desert,
mostly in Saudi Arabia. The oil industry draws companies, migrant workers,
engineers, geologists, and biologists to the Middle East.
Rain is usually the main source of water in a desert, but it falls very rarely.
Many desert dwellers rely on groundwater, stored in aquifers below the
surface. Groundwater comes from rain or other precipitation, like snow or hail.
Underground water sometimes rises to the surface, forming springs or seeps. A
fertile green area called an oasis, may exist near such a water source. About
90 major, inhabited oases dot the Sahara. These oases are supported by
some of the world’s largest supplies of underground water. People, animals,
and plants all surround these oases, which provide stable access to water,
food, and shelter. When groundwater doesn’t seep to the surface, people
often drill into the ground to get to it.
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Crossword
8.
6.
3.
5.
1.
2.
4.
7.
Across:
1. An area of land where little
precipitation occurs.
2. Cold deserts are located in this
zone.
3. An area in a desert where
there is water and plants.
4. These minerals are very
important to most Saharan
countries
Down:
5. An example of this type of desert
is the Gobi desert, in Tibet
6. The largest desert in Africa.
7. This is a rectangular piece of
cloth folded loosely around the
head to protect the wearer from
sun exposure, dust, and sand.
8. Is usually the main source of
water in a desert, but it falls very
rarely.
(4 marks)
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Notes:
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