Genitourinary System
• Urinary System for Male & Female• Reproductive System for Male
Purpose of the Urinary System
• Regulate composition of the extracellular fluids of the body
• Removes harmful substances in urine– Nitrogenous wastes– Excess electrolytes
Purpose of the Urinary System
• Hormones– Kidneys secrete Erythropoietin• Acts on bone marrow to stimulate production of red
blood cells
Structures of the Urinary System
How it works
• Renal Artery– Carries blood that contains waste to the Kidneys
• Renal Vein– Carries clean blood away from Kidneys
• Urine– Formed from the waste left by the blood
How it works
How it works
• Nephron– 1 million nephrons– Constant adjustment & regulation of contents of
blood plasma• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-Ub0Df4
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How it Works
• Renal Pelvis– Urine is moved to once clean blood leaves Kidney
• Ureters: – 10-12in long, use peristaltic waves to move urine
from Kidney to Bladder
How it Works
How it works
• Bladder– Temporary reservoir– Rugae-expand as bladder fills
• Urethra– Women 1.5 inches– Men 7-8 inches
How it works
How it works
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJVbFIIycKo
Male Reproductive System
• Purpose– Produce, maintain & transport sperm– Produce the male hormone testosterone
Anatomy
• Scrotum: external sac– Holds two testes:
secrete testosterone • Each has numerous small
tubes called seminiferous tubules which produce sperm
Anatomy
• Epididymis: single tightly coiled tube laying over the superior surface of each testis– Stores sperm once it leaves the seminiferous
tubules
Anatomy
• The Epididymus forms into the Vas Deferens: carries the sperm to the Seminal Vesicle
Anatomy
• The Vas Deferens joins the seminal vesicle– Nutrients to maintain sperm viability– Produces approximately 60% of the seminal fluid
• Ejaculatory Duct: at the end of the seminal vesicle & Vas Deferens
Anatomy
• Ejaculatory duct passes through the Prostate Gland – Secretes alkaline substance, accounts for about
30% of seminal fluid– Protects sperm from acidity of vagina
Anatomy
• Bulbourethral Glands: produce alkaline fluid necessary to keep sperm alive
Anatomy
• During Ejaculation– Sphincter at base of bladder closes• Preventing urine from being expelled with semen• Preventing semen from entering the bladder
Anatomy
• Penis– Glans penis: enlarged tip of the penis– Urethral orifice (meatus)– Prepuce (foreskin)
Vocabulary
• Andr/o• Balan/o• Epididym/o• Perine/o• Prostat/o• Spermat/o, sperm/o
• Varic/o• Vas/o• Vesicul/o• Orch/o, orchi/o,
orchid/o, test/o
Anorchidism
• Congenital absence of one or both testes
Aspermia
• Failure to form or ejaculate semen
Balanitis
• Inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis
Epispadias
• Malformation in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis
Hypospadias
• Developmental anomaly in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis, or in extreme cases, on the perineum
Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
• Repeated inability to initiate or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse
Hydrocele
• Accumulation of serous fluids in a saclike cavity, especially the testes and associated structures
Phimosis
• Stenosis or narrowing of preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis
Testicular Torsion
• Testicles become lose and twist on themselves cutting off blood flow
• This is an emergency– Surgery within 5 hrs to
save testicle
Clamydia
Gonorrhea
Specialties
• Urology: branch of medicine concerned with male & female urinary disorders & diseases & male reproductive system
• Urologist: Physician who specializes in genitourinary disorders
Specialties
• Nephrology: Branch of medicine concerned with diseases of the Kidneys
• Nephrologist: Physician who specializes in diseases of the Kidneys
Cystitis
• Bladder infection– Often caused by pooling of urine in the bladder
leading to a bacteria breeding ground
Pyelonephritis
• Bacteria invades the renal pelvis and kidney tissue– Often resulting from and untreated bladder
infection
Symptoms of Pyelonephritis
• Pyuria: Large quantities of white blood cells in the urine
• Hematuria: Red blood cells in the urine
Glomerulonephritis
• Condition that causes the glomerular walls to become inflamed
Nephrolithiasis
• Stones (calculi) may form in any part of the urinary tract (urolithiasis), but most arise in the kidney – Dissolved urine salts begin to solidify
Nephrolithiasis
• Colic: intense throbbing pain caused by the movement of the stone through the urinary tract
• Urine backflows into the renal pelvis causing them to dilate (reflux)
Nephrolithiasis Treatment
• Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): calculi are pulverized using ultrasonic waves
• Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL): Cut into skin and use a nephroscope to remove stone
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
• Prostate gland enlarges and decreases the urethral lumen
Cryptorchidism
• Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac prior to birth– Often descend by the end of the first year
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
• The tubular portion of the nephron is injured by a decrease in blood supply or after ingestion of toxic chemicals
Anuria
• Absence of urine production or urinary output
Bladder Neck Obstruction (BNO)
• Blockage at base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra
Chronic Renal Failure
• Renal failure that occurs over a period of years, in which the kidneys lose their ability to maintain volume and composition of body fluids
Dysuria
• Painful or difficult urination, commonly described as a “burning sensation” while urinating
Urinary Issues
• Enuresis: Involuntary discharge of urine • Frequency: Voiding urine at frequent intervals• Hesitancy: Involuntary delay in initiating
urination
Nocturia
• Excessive or frequent urination after going to bed
Oliguria
• Diminished capacity to form and pass urine, resulting in inefficient excretion of the end products of metabolism
Urgency
• Feeling of the need to void immediately
Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)
• Screening test that assesses the rectal wall surface for lesions or abnormally firm areas that might indicate cancer
Electromyography (EMG)
• Measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra
Testicular self-examination (TSE)
• Self-examination of the testes for abnormal lumps or swelling in the scrotal sac
Urethroscopy/Cystoscopy
• Endoscopy of the urethra or urinary bladder using a specialized endoscope, typically for lithotripsy
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
• Test that determines the amount of urea nitrogen, a waste product of protein metabolism, present in a blood sample
Culture and Sensitivity (C&S)
• Test that determines the causative organism of a disease and how the organism responds to various antibiotics
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
• Blood test used to detect prostatic disorders, especially prostatic cancer
Semen Analysis
• Test that analyzes a semen sample for volume, sperm count, motility, and morphology to evaluate fertility or verify sterilization after a vasectomy
Urinalysis (UA)
• Battery of tests performed on a urine specimen, including physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation
Voiding cystourethrography
• Radiological examination of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging
Dialysis
• Medical Procedure used to filter toxic substances from the patient’s bloodstream, such as excess electrolytes and nitrogenous wastes
Hemodialysis
• Method of removing waste substances from the blood
Peritoneal
• Removal of toxic substances from the body by perfusing the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution
Circumcision
• Removal of all or part of the foreskin, or prepuce, of the penis
Orchidectomy
• Removal or one or both testes, also called orchiectomy
Urethrotomy
• Incision of the urethral sticture
Vasectomy
• Excision of all or a segment of the vas deferens
Abbreviations
• BUN• C&S• ED• GU• HTN
• K• Na• pH
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