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Xtjjojm Bdi`; DPBJNCDJPXOSG OJ CNSPI XOCI
Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci;
Xdvdxctssonjs nj Jtxsojm Giknx Spt`djps
Cixlns Dxjdspn Gnxi Sij`
LG'9028 Djmlosb Xbdpnxoc OQ
Tjoqdxsopy na Cnspi Xoci
Ktjd 84, 866?
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 9
Ihspxicp
Dpbjncdjpxosg os pbd tlpogipd nhspicld anx stccdssatl gtptil tj`dxspij`ojm ignjm
btgij hdojms* Op os cxtcoil pn xdcnmjo{d ldqdls na dpbjncdjpxosg oj sncodpy oj nx`dx pn
dlogojipd ij` snapdj vxdkt`ocds ij` jdmipoqd cnj`tcps hdp}ddj oj`oqo`tils oj pbd ctxxdjp
gtlpoctlptxil coqolo{iponj* Is dqdxy spt`y nj btgij hdbiqonx ij` ctlptxd, pbos sthkdcp
gippdx xdvxdsdjps i aiscojipojm ij` cngvldr cbilldjmd anx xdsdixcbdxs ij` pbd xdstlps }oll
biqd vn}dxatl d`tciponjil ivvlociponjs* Pbos spt`y anctsds nj i qdxy ogvnxpijp Cnspi
Xocij vnvtliponj }bocb os xdtoxd` pn hd dsvdcoilly i}ixd pn}ix`s pbos osstd; Jtxsojm
spt`djps* Op }is antj` pbip oj Cnspi Xoci dpbjncdjpxosg os vxdsdjp oj i bomb ldqdl, ij` op }oll
`dpdxonxipd pbnsd atptxd vxnadssonjils tilopy na sdxqocd*
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 8
Ojpxn`tcponj
Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci os jnpocdihld pbxntmbntp ops bospnxy ij` ops ctlptxd* Oj
pbos cntjpxy, pbd o`djpopy na pbd ojbihopijps xdlods nj pbd `oaadxdjcds pbip pbdy stvvnsd`ly
biqd }opb npbdx cntjpxods* Ilpbntmb cngvixosnj }opb npbdxs os i cnggnj `ospojcpoqdjdss
spxtcptxd ojspoptpd` oj ill jiponjs sdla'cnjcdvponj, Cnspi Xocij cisd os svdcoil oj pdxgs na
pbd ojsojtipd` ydp jnp pnpilly drvlocop stvdxonxopy ignjm ops jdombhnxs* Pbd bdombp na ops
vdnvlds n}j'`dclixd` tjotdjdss ldi`s Pocns pboje pbdgsdlqds is svicd` ntp axng pbdox
mdnmxivboc lnciponj is Cdjpxil Igdxocijs* Cnspi Xocij bospnxy anctsd` spt`ods ixd
jtgdxnts ij` pbdy vxnqo`d qdxy ogvnxpijp ojanxgiponj ihntp bn} ops dpbjncdjpxosg os
gijoadspd`* Anx ojspijcd, Bolptjdj Hodsij{, Hodsij{, ! [thxos Hodsij{ `dclixd` oj pbdox
spt`y pbip,
Gnsp Pocns ixd i}ixd na, ij` napdj nqdxdspogipd, pbd ctlptxil ij` vbysocil
`oaadxdjcds hdp}ddj pbdgsdlqds ij` pbd gnsp cnjsvoctnts gojnxopods
Oj`oijs, hlices na pbd ]dsp Oj`oij ijcdspxy, Jociximtijs, ij` Cbojdsd*
Ilpbntmb pbdy moqd lov sdxqocd pn pnldxijcd, gijy cnjso`dx gdghdxs na
pbdsd mxntvs jnp njly `oaadxdjp htp ilsn ojadxonx* "9???, v* 996/
Pbos ojanxgiponj moqds i hxni`dx `dscxovponj na dpbjncdjpxosg cbixicpdxospocs nj Cnspi
Xocijs* Gijy na pbdg hdlodqd pbip pbdy hdlnjm pn i `oaadxdjp xicd ivixp axng pbnsd
gojnxopods ojso`d ij` ntpso`d pbd cntjpxy* Iccnx`ojm pn npbdx spt`ods atxpbdx gdjponjd` oj
pbd jdrp sdcponj, pbos stvdxonxopy addlojm cnggnjly antj` nj gijy Cnspi Xocijs os
xdlipd` pn i `ospnxp ogimd pbdy biqd na pbdgsdlqds is `oaadxdjp pn pbd npbdxs* Gnloji
"8663/ olltspxipds pbos osstd }opb i kntxjil ixpocld antj` oj Li Jiconj nj Adhxtixy 89sp
na
9???* Pbd ixpocld os tj`dx pbd popld Pocns bicoi dl 8666 ij` op bis i vbnpnmxivb sbn}ojm
antx gn`dls tsd` pn vnxpxiop Cnspi Xocij vnvtliponj* Pbd ojpdxdspojm aicp ihntp pbos vocptxd
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 3
os pbip pbnsd antx gn`dls }dxd }bopd, ij` dqdj p}n na pbdg biqd hlnj` biox "v* 9/* Pbd
nhsdxqiponj pbip pbd itpbnx gi`d nj pbos ixpocld os pbip op `o` jnp sbn}d` vdnvld axng npbdx
dpbjoc hicemxntj` stcb is Oj`omdjnts nx Hlice pn xdvxdsdjp Cnspi Xocij vnvtliponj* Is i
xdstlp, op os cldix pbip gijy vdnvld sdd pbdgsdlqds is }bopd vdnvld ij` bn} op os xdaldcpd`
ij` tstilly xdojanxcd` nj vnvtlix gd`oi* Pbos ogimojixy }bopdjdss os spxnjmly xdlipd` pn
cbixicpdxospocs moqdj drcltsoqdly pn Cnspi Xocijs, stcb is vdicdatl vdnvld, bix` }nxedxs,
`dgncxips, dpc* Jnjdpbdldss, op os ogvnssohld anx i sncodpy pn hd axdd na dpbjncdjpxosg
hdcitsd op os antj` oj ill ctlptxds na pbd }nxl` htp oa op os piedj pn pbd drpxdgd, op hdcngds i
qdxy `ijmdxnts adiptxd* @n`` "9??9/ spipd`, Nj pbntsij`s na nccisonjs pbxntmbntp
bospnxy, dpbjncdjpxosg bis ld` pn }ixs, piednqdxs, ij` bnsp na jdmipoqd hdbiqonxs "v*49/*
Pbdxdanxd, op os cldixly cnjaoxgd` pbip bomb ldqdls na dpbjncdjpxosg iaadcp ojpdxctlptxil
vdxsnjil xdliponjsbovs ij` op bis xiosd` qonldjp hdbiqonxs ignjm btgij hdojms*
Vxnvdx btgij ojpdxicponj os cxtcoil anx ill pbnsd vxnadssonjils oj pbd bdipb aodl`, oj
nx`dx pn xdicb pbd xdtoxd` cnggopgdjp pn ill vdnvlds }dll hdojm* Jtxsojm vxnadssonjils oj
Cnspi Xoci ixd aicojm pbd `oaaoctlp pise na moqojm bdilpb issospijcd pn tsdxs nj i atll'pogd knh
hisos* Pbts, pbdsd svdcoilosps ixd svdj`ojm gnxd pogd }opb vdnvld axng pbd giojspxdig pbij
npbdx gd`ocil vxnadssonjils* Gnxdnqdx, Jtxsojm vxnadssonjils, is btgij hdojms pbip hdlnjm
pn i moqdj sncodpy }opboj i svdcoaoc ctlptxd, vnssdss i cdxpioj ldqdl na dpbjncdjpxosg dqdj oa
pbdox vxnadssonj xdtoxds pbdg pn hd vixpoctlixly sdjsopoqd pn}ix`s `oaadxdjp ctlptxd vdnvld*
Cnjsdtdjply, op os isstgd` pbip oa bomb ldqdls na dpbjncdjpxosg ixd antj` nj pbdsd
locdjsdds, pbd sdxqocd pbip pbdy moqd }oll hd jdmipoqdly iaadcpd`* Pbos cxopocil soptiponj vtps
byvnpbdpocilly oj `ijmdx gijy vipodjps oj i qopil gngdjp na pbdox loqds* Oj npbdx }nx`s,
dpbjncdjpxosg pn i cdxpioj vnojp bixgs somjoaocijply pbd civicopy na pbos vnvtliponj pn
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 0
ojpdxicp }opb vdnvld na npbdx ctlptxds ij` dpbjoc hicemxntj`s pbip ixd jdcdssopipojm
atj`igdjpil bdilpb stvvnxp*
@dsvopd pbd somjoaocijp cnjpxohtponj pbip bospnxy xdsdixcbdxs vxnqo`d nj pbd
`osctssd` ctlptxd5 nj'aodl` ij` tv`ipd` spt`ods nj pbos gippdx }dxd jnp antj`* Oj i``oponj, i
qdxy bombly ojpdxctlptxil cnjpicp drvnsd` vixp na Cnspi Xocij vnvtliponj, stcb is Jtxsojm
vxnadssonjils, biqd jnp hdojm i sthkdcp na spt`y vxnvnsd` hy vxdqonts ojqdspomipnxs*
Atxpbdxgnxd, `td pn pbd cxtdlpy, ojpnldxijcd, ij` `oscxogojiponj pn}ix`s sdqdxil dpbjoc
mxntvs ij` `oaadxdjp vdnvld oj mdjdxil, pbos spt`y }oll sdxqd pn gdistxd ij` djtgdxipd
pbd cbixicpdxospocs na Cnspi Xocij dpbjncdjpxosg oj i mxntv na sdjonx Jtxsojm Giknx
spt`djps na pbd Tjoqdxsopy na Cnspi Xoci "TCX/* Op os }nxpby pn gdjponj ilsn pbip pbd
cnjso`dxd` vnvtliponj os pbd hommdsp oj pbd Jtxsojm Scbnnl bospnxy ij` pbdy ixd ill Cnspi
Xocijs* Oj pbd vxdsdjp xdsdixcb vivdx, pbd anlln}ojm tdsponjs ixd pn hd ijs}dxd`;
Bn} dpbjncdjpxoc ixd pbd Jtxsojm spt`djps> ]bip cbixicpdxospocs na Dpbjncdjpxosg ixd vxdsdjp oj Jtxsojm Spt`djps> Bn} Dpbjncdjpxosg cij iaadcp jdmipoqdly oj pbd tilopy na sdxqocd pbip
Jtxsojm vxnadssonjils moqd>
Pbdox ldqdl na dpbjncdjpxosg ij` gnsp cnggnj cbixicpdxospocs }oll hd `dscxohd`, ij` op }oll
hd drvliojd` oa pbdsd cbixicpdxospoc iaadcp jdmipoqdly pbd tilopy na sdxqocd pbip pbos cxopocil
vnvtliponj os hdojm pxiojd` pn vxnqo`d* Pbd jdrp sdmgdjp os `dqnpd` pn lncipd dpbjncdjpxosg
pxiops oj ill pbd antj` `ipi vxdvixd` hy xdsdixcbdxs oj Cnspi Xocij bospnxy*
Xdqod} na Lopdxiptxd
Dpbjncdjpxosg os i `oaaoctlp pnvoc pn ijily{d `td pn pbd cngvldropy na btgij
hdbiqonx* Pbos cnjcdvp os tstilly cnjatsd` }opb pdxgs loed xicosg ij` rdjnvbnhoi ij` pbdy
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 4
giy hd cnjjdcpd` }opb sdqdxil isvdcps nx jdmipoqd sygvpngs na i moqdj ctlptxd* Pn drvlioj
hxodaly, Xicosg os hisd` oj pbd vbysocil `oaadxdjcds `td pn bdxd`opy, loed pbd cnlnx na pbd
seoj5 nj pbd npbdx bij`, Rdjnvbnhoi os i mdjdxilo{d` bipd pn anxdomjdxs "Vdxxnp ! Vxdos}dxe,
9?=?/* Jnjdpbdldss, dpbjncdjpxosg os `daojd` hy Vdxxnp ij` Vxdos}dxe is ij ippopt`d na i
mxntv na ippxohtpojm pbdgsdlqds i cdjpxil vnsoponj oj pdxgs na stvdxonxopy, kt`mojm jdmipoqdly
npbdx mxntvs pbip ixd `oaadxdjp "9?=?, v* 40/* Gnxdnqdx, oj pbd cisd na dpbjncdjpxosg pbos
cngvixosnj }opb npbdx mxntvs os spxocply oj pdxgs na ctlptxd5 pbip os, i moqdj mxntv giy biqd
`oaadxdjp cnlnxs ij` jiponjilopods htp pbdy sbixd i ctlptxd pbip os nqdxdspogipd` ihnqd npbdx
ctlptxds* Btgij hdojms axng ijy ctlptxd, biqd pbdox n}j }bogsocil hoisd` qiltds pn kt`md
npbdx ctlptxds dqdj oa pbdy pxy pn hd nhkdcpoqd* Pbts, op os hdlodqd` pbip dqdxy btgij hdojm os
dpbjncdjpxoc pn i cdxpioj ldqdl* Oj aicp, @n`` "9??9/ `dscxohds pbos osstd is i tjoqdxsil
pdj`djcy pbip os vixp na pbd ippopt`d syspdg sngdpogds ltxeojm oj ojpdxctlptxil
cnggtjociponj clogipds "v* 88/* Dpbjncdjpxosg hdcngds, bdjcd, bixgatl njly oa op os
vxdsdjp oj bombdx ldqdls* Cnjqdxsdly, oj pbd cisd na pbd vxdsdjp tilopipoqd xdsdixcb, oj }bocb
i pdsp "Sdd Ivvdj`or/ `dsomjd` hy @n`` "9??2/ }is tpolo{d` anx gdistxojm pbip svdcoaoc
ldqdl, op os qdxy ogvnxpijp pn pied ojpn iccntjp pbip cdxpioj qixoihlds ilpdx pbd drvdcpd`
xdstlps* Pbd vixpocovijps na tijpopipoqd spt`ods }oll aied sngd na pbd dqiltiponj spipdgdjps
pn aop ojpn pbdox n}j sncoil `dsoxiholopy scild, dqdj oa pbdy ejn} pbip pbd xdsvnjsds ixd
ijnjygnts* Iccnx`ojm pn D`}ix`s, i sthkdcps xdsvnjsds giy hd ailsoaod` oj stcb i }iy
pbip bd nhpiojs dopbdx i bombdx nx i ln}dx scnxd nj i vixpoctlix qixoihld pbij bd }ntl` oa bos
xdsvnjsds }dxd cngvldpdly icctxipd* Pbd vbdjngdjnj `dscxohd` hy D`}ix`s os ejn}j is
Sncoil @dsoxiholopy Qixoihld* Pbd itpbnx gieds i `ospojcponj hdp}ddj aieojm mnn` ij`
aieojm hi` oj bos atxpbdx drvlijiponj nj pbd Sncoil @dsoxiholopy Qixoihld; Aieojm mnn`
xdadxs pn pbd pdj`djcy pn cxdipd i gnxd aiqnxihld ogvxdssonj "/ pn moqd sncoilly `dsoxihld
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 1
xdsvnjsds pn opdgs oj sdla'`dscxovponj5 nj pbd npbdx bij`, ij oj`oqo`til giy ilpdx bos
xdsvnjsds oj nx`dx pn cxdipd ij i`qdxsd ogimd na bog nx bdxsdla "9?4=, vv* 43'40/* Pbd
Sncoil @dsoxiholopy Qixoihld os, ip pbos pogd, njd na aicpnxs pn hd cnjso`dxd` ojpn pbd
cngvldropy na dpbjncdjpxosg ijilysos*
Pbd spt`y nj dpbjncdjpxosg gi`d hy Vdxxnp ij` Vxdos}dxe "9?=?/ `dscxohds pbd
`dmxdds na dpbjncdjpxosg ij` op bis ilsn i }o`d drvlijiponj nj pbos pnvoc5 pbdxdanxd, pbdox
}nxe os mnojm pn hd pbd hisoc sntxcd anx pbd ijilysos na pbd spt`ods nj Cnspi Xocij
dpbjncdjpxosg oj pbos xdsdixcb* Iccnx`ojm pn pbd itpbnxs, Aoxsp @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg ncctxs
}bdj op hdcngds dqo`djp nj vdnvlds hdbiqonx ij` hdlodas5 oj aicp, op os drvlocoply drvxdssd`
hy pbd mxntv oj jtgdxnts }iys* Sdcnj` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg pieds vlicd }bdj op ivvdixs
pn hd ojjncdjp ij` ogvlocop oj sncodpy* Anx ojspijcd, i mxntv na vdnvld addl bnjnxd` hdcitsd
npbdx ctlptxds ixd `dqno` na pbdox vxoqoldmds, }bocb tstilly ixd gdxdly ctlptxd `oaadxdjcds
loed pdcbjnlnmy, xdlomonj, dpc* Pbdxdanxd, Sdcnj` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg ivvdixs pn hd
bixgldss htp op cntl` hd piedj is naadjsoqd* Pbox` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg os, nj pbd npbdx
bij`, ij ivvixdjp i`goxiponj anx pbd pixmdp ctlptxd, oj }bocb vxiosds op hisocilly hdcitsd na
pbd sogolixopods pbip hnpb ctlptxds sbixd* Oj npbdx }nx`s, Pbox` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg
hdbiqonx jdqdx alippdxs npbdx ctlptxds ojspdi` na pbd n}j, dqdj oa op sddgs npbdx}osd* Aojilly,
Qdxhil Xdkdcponj os ij dldgdjp sbixd` }opb xicosg ij` os cnjso`dxd` hy vsycbnlnmosp M*]*
Illvnxp is njd na pbd ojopoil spimds na vxdkt`ocd* Qdxhil Xdkdcponj cnjsosps na jdmipoqd
lijmtimd imiojsp vdnvld axng npbdx ctlptxds oj pbdox ihsdjcd "Vdxxnp ! Vxdos}dxe, 9?=?, vv*
44'41, 16/* Iccnx`ojm pn pbd Ojpdxctlptxil Cnggtjociponj Cntxsd Ijpbnlnmy, Cnspi Xocij
ctlptxd os i aicd'siqojm ctlptxd oj }bocb cnjaxnjpiponj os iqno`d`, ij` op bis ldi` pn
oj`oxdcp }iys na cnggtjociponj stcb is pileojm hdboj` sngdhn`ys hice, mnssovojm
"866?/* Pbos ctlptxil pxiop stmmdsps pbip Qdxhil Xdkdcponj os ilsn i cnjqdjponjil ippxohtpd oj
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci =
pbd sthkdcp vnvtliponj* Spt`ods nj Cnspi Xocij bospnxy, oj xdliponj pn dpbjncdjpxosg, ixd
cxopocil ij` }dll `nctgdjpd` }opb bospnxocil aicps ij` pbdy ixd ixxijmd` oj cbxnjnlnmocil
nx`dx iccnx`ojm pn pbd `dqdlnvgdjp na pbos cntjpxys ctlptxd*
Dpbjncdjpxosg pxdj`s ixd antj` oj Cnspi Xoci hdanxd oj`dvdj`djcd ij` op hdmojs
axng pbd lncil dlopd jiponjilosg5 bn}dqdx, op os tjcdxpioj oa pbip dpbjncdjpxosg os spoll vxdsdjp
oj ntx ctlptxd* Jiponjilosg os oj pbos cisd pbd hdmojjojm na Cnspi Xocij dpbjncdjpxosg5 oj
aicp, hnpb pdxgs ixd lojed` pn i cdxpioj vnojp dsvdcoilly oa }d xdadx pn dpbjncdjpxosg }opboj i
moqdj jiponj* Oj pbos isvdcp, Icti "8668/ bop pbd gixe }bdj bd spipd` pbip dpbjncdjpxosg
bis ops xnnps oj pbd jojdpodpb cdjptxy }bdj Cnspi Xocij dlopds }ijpd` pn biqd ij oj`dvdj`djp
jiponj ij`, oj nx`dx pn icbodqd op, pbdy vnxpxiyd` Cnspi Xoci is i hdppdx spipd pbij ill npbdx
Cdjpxil Igdxocij spipds oj vixpoctlix pbij Jociximti "vv* 9?9'882/* Vtpjig "9???/ imxdd`
}opb pbd pbdnxy ij` i``d` pbip op sdxqd` ilsn pn vdxvdptipd dcnjngoc bodxixcby ij` vnlopoc
drcltsonj ojso`d pbd cntjpxy oj drcbijmd na i }bopd Dtxnvdij xicd ogimd anx ill Cnspi
Xocijs* "vv* 93?'921/ Pbd cxopocosg vxdsdjpd` oj hnpb xdsdixcbds os `dgnjspxipd` hy pbd tsd
na }nx`s loed ogimojixy ij` o`dil pn xdadx pn pbdsd spipdgdjps gi`d hy dlopds* Bolptjdj
Hodsij{, Hodsij{, ij` [thxos Hodsij{ "9???/ drvliojd` pbip ad} Svijosb bo`ilmns }djp pn
cnlnjo{d pbos lij`, oj i``oponj, @dsvopd cnlnjoil bo`ilmns vxo`d oj pbdox jnhld spipts ij`
vtxd Svijosb hlnn` "/ ojpdxxicoil gorojm }is ogvxdssoqdly xivo` "/ ojanxgil tjonjs
hdp}ddj Svijosb gdj ij` Oj`oij ij` Hlice }ngij }dxd cnggnj "v* ?=/* Cnjsdtdjply,
op os qilo` pn cxopoco{d stcb spipdgdjps hdcitsd na pbd dqo`djp `oqdxsopy ij` gorojm na
ctlptxds pbip pbos cntjpxy bnspd` sojcd pbip dixlodx dxi* Gnxdnqdx, Vtpjig "9???/ is }dll is
Icti "8668/ `o` jnp xdqosd pbd ctxxdjp soptiponj na Cnspi Xocij dpbjncdjpxosg htp pbdy
logopd` pbdox xdsdixcb oj pbd jojdpodpb cdjptxy* Hnpb spt`ods ixd ilsn }dll `nctgdjpd` }opb
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 2
ixpoclds vthlosbd` ij` vxnjntjcdgdjps gi`d oj pbip vdxon`* Pbd vxdsdjcd na bomb
dpbjncdjpxosg os dqo`djp oj pbd visp htp spt`ods cijjnp vxnqd oa op os vxdsdjp oj ntx `iy*
Ijnpbdx p}n xdsdixcbds nj Cnspi Xocij ctlptxd cnjaoxg i spxnjm lncil
dpbjncdjpxosg `dsvopd pbd mxdip cbijmds oj pbd p}djpodpb cdjptxy* Iccnx`ojm pn pbd hnne
O`djpo`i` jiconjil y cighon ctlptxil dj Cnspi Xoci `txijpd li sdmtj`i gopi` `dl somln
RR, dpbjncdjpxosg bis hddj antmbp }opb cdxpioj gnqdgdjps pbip biqd hddj stccdssatl htp
jnp daadcpoqd djntmb imiojsp pbd ojqdjpd` }bopd o`djpopy na Cnspi Xocijs "Gnloji
Kogjd{, 8663/* Atxpbdxgnxd, Cnspi Xocij vdnvld bi` pn `dil }opb ij drcdssoqd cbijmd oj i
qdxy sbnxp pogd, oj pdxgs na ij ogvldgdjpiponj ij` ogvnsoponj na pbd Tjopd` Spipds ctlptxd,
ilnjm }opb pbd vxnloadxiponj na civopilosg ij` oj`oqo`tilosg* Stcb cbijmds pxommdxd` i
`oaadxdjp cnjcdvponj na Cnspi Xoci hy pbdox n}j copo{djs* Pbdxdanxd, jiponjilosg pbip }is
pbd aoxsp `dpdcpd` pxommdx na dpbjncdjpxosg bis `dcxdisd` hdcitsd na ij ixosdj gospxtspatl
vnvtliponj na pbd vnlopocil, dcnjngoc, ij` sncoil nx`dx na pbd cntjpxy* Gnloji "8663/
stmmdsps pbip Cnspi Xocij ctlptxd ij` o`djpopy loqd` i pxitgipoc pxijsanxgiponj pbip bis jnp
hdojm `omdspd` ydp hy pbd ojbihopijps* Dqdj pbntmb vnlocods stvvnxp ij` i`qncipd anx
ctlptxil `oqdxsopy, oj pbd ydix 8666, pbd bombdsp oj`drds na vnqdxpy ixd lncipd` oj
oggomxijps cnggtjopods, "dsvdcoilly Jociximtijs/ Mtijicispd, Vtjpixdjis, ij` Logj
}dxd pbd xdso`djps ixd cnjso`dxd` `oaadxdjp oj pdxgs na ctlptxd ij` xicd "v* 34/* ]opb pbdsd
spipospocs, pbd }xopdx ogvlods pbip mdjdxilly dpbjoc qixodpy os sngd}bip xdkdcpd` oj pbd
cntjpxy* Nj pbd npbdx bij`, Bolptjdj Hodsij{, Hodsij{, ij` [thxos Hodsij{ "9???/, iaaoxg
gnxd `oxdcply, pbd drospdjcd na i mdjdxilo{d` bomb ldqdl na dpbjncdjpxosg oj pbd vxdsdjp* Pn
olltspxipd pbos vnojp, pbd itpbnxs naadx i xdqdilojm drigvld,
Gijy npbdx Cdjpil Igdxocijs icctsd pbd Pocns na "/ addlojm stvdxonx oj
vixp hdcitsd pbdox seoj os lombpdx* Oj`dd`, Cnspi Xocij snccdx aijs napdj pitjp
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci ?
pbdox Cdjpxil Igdxocij nvvnjdjps is oj`ons* Ij` gijy Pocns xdadx pn
Cdjpxnigxoci is oa op `o` jnp ojclt`d Cnspi Xoci, tstilly cngvixojm pbd
xdmonj tjaiqnxihly pn pbdox n}j cntjpxy* "vv* 96?'996/
Op os `dgnjspxipd`, is i xdstlp, pbip hdcitsd na vxnantj` cbijmds nj sncodpy, pbd ogimojixy
}bopdjdss ij` jnp pbd Jiponjilosg na pbd `osctssd` ctlptxd os pbd citsd na pbd ctxxdjp
bomb ldqdl na dpbjncdjpxosg*
Spt`ods biqd `dgnjspxipd` pbip pbdxd os icptilly i cnggnjly svxdi` bomb
dpbjncdjpxosg }opb `ddv xnnps oj pbd visp5 jdqdxpbdldss, jn naaocoil spt`y anctsd` oj
dpbjncdjpxosg ldqdls }is antj`* Xdvnxpdxs anctsd` spxocply oj Cnspi Xocij bospnxy xipbdx
pbij ij icptil xdqosonj nj vdnvlds dpbjncdjpxosg* Cldixly, op os cxtcoil pn biqd hicemxntj`
ojanxgiponj ihntp bn} pbos ctlptxd bis `dqdlnvd` axng pbd hdmojjojm oj pbd jojdpodpb
cdjptxy htp pbd ldqdl oj }bocb dpbjncdjpxosg bis hddj isstgd` hy Cnspi Xocijs }is jnp
`dpdxgojd` hy i tijpopipoqd ojqdspomiponj* Bn}dqdx, Gnlojis ij` Bolptjdj Hodsij{,
Hodsij{, ij` [thxos Hodsij{s xdsdixcbds nj lncil ctlptxd na pbd p}djpodpb cdjptxy, ixd i
qdxy ogvnxpijp xdadxdjcd na }bip op cntl` hd antj` oj ij dqdjptil tijpopipoqd xdsdixcb*
Atxpbdxgnxd, jn ojqdspomiponj na pbos jiptxd }is pxicd` oj pbd visp pbip cntl` biqd bdlvd`
pbd vxdsdjp spt`y* Jn xdsdixcbdxs, oj aicp, biqd ydp anctsd` oj stcb i cxopocil vnvtliponj is
Jtxsojm spt`djps* Pbd gnsp ogvnxpijp isvdcp na pbd cbnsdj vnvtliponj os pbdox atptxd
xdsvnjsoholopy oj Cnspi Xocij sncodpy* Tjloed Gd`ocil @ncpnxs, Jtxsojm svdcoilosps ixd
xdtoxd` pn svdj` lixmd igntjp na pogd moqojm vdxsnjilo{d` issospijcd pn dqdxy tsdx bdilpb
jdcdssopods* Nj pbd vxnadssonjil vxnaold vthlosbd` hy pbd naaocoil bngdvimd na Jtxsojm
Scbnnl na Tjoqdxsopy na Cnspi Xoci "8662/, jtxsds gtsp biqd bomb'tilopy seolls nj btgij
ojpdx'`dilojms, i hxni` sdxqocd moqdx cbixicpdx, xdsvdcp anx Pbd Tjoqdxsil Btgij Xombps,
ij` ijily{d ij` xdcnmjo{d bdipb cixd vxonxopods oj pbdox lihnx* Cnspi Xoci, is gijy npbdx
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 96
cntjpxods, os anxgd` }opb vdnvld axng sdqdxil ctlptxil cnjpdrps ij` jiponjilopods* Iccnx`ojm
pn pbd naaocoil bngdvimd na Jtxsojm Scbnnl na Tjoqdxsopy na Cnspi Xoci "8662/,
vxnadssonjils gtsp cnjpxohtpd pn bdilpb cixd na vdnvld oj `oqdxsd ctlptxil cnjpdrps* Pn stg
tv, ill lopdxiptxd ijily{d` cnjpxohtpd` mxdiply oj pbd drigojiponj na dpbjncdjpxosg5 oj
i``oponj, pbd itpbnxs ilsn xdcnggdj`d` atxpbdx spt`y oj pbd sthkdcp* Iccnx`ojm pn pbd
tilopods ij` `dscxovponjs pbip itpbnxs tjcnqdxd` ihntp pbd `osctssd` ctlptxd ij` ops
dqnltponj, dpbjncdjpxosg os vxdsdjp htp op os jnp ejn}j oj }bip ldqdl bis hddj dghxicd` hy
pbd sthkdcp vnvtliponj*
Gdpbn`nlnmy
Pbd anlln}ojm os i tijpopipoqd spt`y }opb pbd nhkdcpoqd na `dscxohojm pbd ldqdl na
dpbjncdjpxosg pbip Jtxsojm spt`djps biqd ij` }bip cnggnj cbixicpdxospocs ixd vxngojdjp*
Gnxdnqdx, spipospoc dqiltiponj }is ivvlod` pn icbodqd ill pbd `dsoxd` `ipi icctxipdly*
Ijily{ojm pbd sigvld, op os drvdcpd` pn `dpdxgojd i mdjdxilo{d` pxdj` na pbd vnvtliponj*
Vnvtliponj
Pbd vnvtliponj os i mxntv na njd btj`xd` ij` dombp spt`djps na }bocb p}djpy dombp
ixd gild ij` pbd xdgiojojm, adgild tj`dxmxi`tipds* Pbd imd xijmd os dspihlosbd` axng
p}djpy njd pn p}djpy dombp ydixs nl`, }opb ij iqdximd imd na p}djpy pbxdd ydixs nl`* Pbos
vnvtliponj hdlnjms pn pbd lisp ydix mdjdxiponj "aoapb ydix/ na pbd spt`y vxnmxig na Jtxsojm
Locdjsd Giknx ip pbd Tjoqdxsopy na Cnspi Xoci, Xn`xomn Aicon Cigvts na Sij Vd`xn, Sij
Kns*
Sigvld
@td pn iqioliholopy, i mxntv na 8= spt`djps biqd hddj cbnsdj pn xdvxdsdjp pbd
sthkdcp vnvtliponj na pbos xdsdixcb* Pbdsd clissgipds }dxd xij`ngly voced` hnpb }ngdj
ij` gdj ij` pbdy ixd ill Cnspi Xocij*
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 99
Ojspxtgdjp
Iccnx`ojm pn pbd cnxxdcp `ipi mipbdxojm ij` pbd tdsponj na pbd spt`y, ij
dpbjncdjpxosg pdsp `dsomjd` hy Exdmm Bnn`, lncipd` nj Cixldy @n``s hnne; Pbd
@yjigocs na Ojpdxctlptxil Cnggtjociponj "9??2, v* 811/, }is dgvlnyd` oj pbos
ojqdspomiponj "Sdd Ivvdj`or/* Pbd tpolo{d` pdsp cnjsosps nj i Loedxp scild pbip gdistxds pbd
ldqdl na imxddgdjp na sdqdjpddj moqdj spipdgdjps* Ill spipdgdjps biqd aoqd nvponjs }opb ops
cnxxdsvnj`ojm scnxd ixxijmd` is anlln}s; Spxnjmly Imxdd7 4 vnojps, Imxdd7 0 vnojps,
Jdtpxil7 3 Vnojps, @osimxdd7 8 vnojps, ij` Spxnjmly @osimxdd7 9 vnojp* Oa pbd pnpil
scnxd igntjps pn 34 vnojps ij` hdln}, pbd xdstlp os Ln} Dpbjncdjpxosg ij` oa op i``s pn
04 vnojps ij` ihnqd, pbd xdstlp os; Bomb Dpbjncdjpxosg*
Vxncd`txds
Pbd vxncd`txds pbip }dxd anlln}d` }opb pbd cnlldcpd` `ipi }dxd aoj`ojm pyvocil
vippdxjs na hdbiqonx, `dpdxgojd }bdpbdx pbd sigvld sbn}s Bomb nx Ln} Dpbjncdjpxosg,
nhpiojojm vdxcdjpimds, ij` cngvixojm vippdxjs }opb pbd lopdxiptxd xdqod}d`* Pbd ojspxtgdjp
ilsn cnjsosps na p}n sdcponjs; aoxsp vdxsnjil ojanxgiponj "imd, sdr, dpbjoc hicemxntj`/ ij`
pbd sdcnj` vixp, pbd dpbjncdjpxosg pdsp*
Xdstlps ij` @osctssonj
Pbd xdstlps na pbd dgvlnyd` ojspxtgdjp }dxd oj djpoxd imxddgdjp }opb pbd vtxvnsd na
ijs}dxojm pbd gioj tdsponjs na pbos spt`y* @dsvopd na Sncoil @dsoxiholopy Qixoihld, }bocb
oj sdqdxil cisds vliyd` ij ogvnxpijp xnld nj sigvld vixpocovijps `osbnjdsp xdsvnjsds, pbd
ojspxtgdjp vxnqo`d` pbd drvdcpd` daadcp nj `dpdxgojojm icctxipd pxdj`s ij` cbixicpdxospocs
na dpbjncdjpxosg ignjm pbd spt`od` vnvtliponj* Gnxdnqdx, pbd vdxcdjpimds nj tijpopy na
}ngdj ij` gdj nj pbd sigvld xdgiojd` o`djpocil pn pbd njd nj pbd vnvtliponj* Pn hd
vxdcosd, p}djpy aoqd vnojp jojd vdxcdjp "84*?$/ na Jtxsojm Giknx spt`djps ixd gdj, }bocb
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 98
os dricply pbd sigd vdxcdjpimd na gdj pbip hdlnjm pn pbd vnvtliponj* Pbd gnsp cnggnj
aicpnx na imd "gn`d/ oj pbd sigvld os ilsn o`djpocil pn pbd imd iqdximd na pbd vnvtliponj,
}bocb os p}djpy'pbxdd ydixs nl`* Atxpbdxgnxd, pbd ojspxtgdjp dgvlnyd` naadxd` pbd
vnssoholopy na i `ddvdx drigojiponj nj dpbjncdjpxosg oj pbd spt`od` sigvld stcb is pbd
o`djpoaociponj na cxtcoil pxiops* Is i xdstlp, pbd aoj`ojms mipbdxd` gipcbd` pbd vxnkdcpd`
vxdcosonj na pbos spt`y* Pbdsd aicps, ilnjm }opb pbd cnjsconts `dsomj na pbd sdldcpd`
ojspxtgdjp, cnjpxohtpd` pn icbodqd i siposaicpnxy xdvly pn pbd gioj ojtoxy na pbos
ojqdspomiponj*
Iccnx`ojm pn Vdxxnp ij` Vxdos}dxe, dpbjncdjpxosg cnjsosps nj vxiosojm njds n}j
ctlptxd ihnqd npbdxs hy pbd ixhopxixy tsd na jdmipoqd kt`mgdjp imiojsp `ossogolix ctlptxds
"9?=?, v* 40/* Iccnx`ojm pn pbos spt`y, Jtxsojm Giknx vnvtliponj sbn}d` go`
dpbjncdjpxosg ldqdl, }bocb }is ij tjdrvdcpd` xdstlp "Sdd Aomtxd 9/*
Aomtxd 9* Xdstlps nj Ldqdls na Dpbjncdjpxosg* Pnpil scnxds oj pbd Loedxp scild pbip ixd 34
vnojps ij` hdln} oj`ocipd Ln} Dpbjncdjpxosg, oa pbdy ixd axng 34 pn 04 vnojps, pbd xdstlp
os Go` Dpbjncdjpxosg, ij` oa pbdy ixd 04 vnojps ij` ihnqd, pbd ijs}dx os Bomb
Dpbjncdjpxosg
Ldqdl na Dpbjncdjpxosg Ln}dsp Gn`d Bombdsp Gn`d Pnpil Iqdximd
Bomb Dpbjncdjpxosg 01
Go` Dpbjncdjpxosg 09,94
Ln} Dpbjncdjpxosg 82
Sntxcd;Loedxp scild i`gojospdxd` pn 8= vixpocovijps*
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Pbd bombdsp ij` pbd ln}ds
p}n vdnvld pbd dricp xipd
dpbjncdjpxosg ldqdl }is d
vxnadssonjil vxnaold "Dsct
iqdximd "09*94$/ na sig
dpbjncdjpxoc }opb ij Ojp
mdjdxil vnojp qod}, oj
Dpbjncdjpxosg }bold npb
sdqdj vixpocovijps ntp na p
Aomtxd 8* Vdxcdjpimds nj
iccnx`ojm pn pbd xdstlps ij
Sntxcd;Loedxp scild i`gojIs sddj nj Aomtxd 8, pbd
vdnvld/ ixd ln}'dpbjncdjpx
ojaltdjcd` pbos cxopocil vn
`oaadxdjp gijoadspiponjs n
tdsponjs na pbd ojspxtgdj
na Dpbjncdjpxosg "9?=?,
Dpbjncdj
gn`d nj aomtxd 9 }dxd nhpiojd` oj p}n ojs
oj dopbdx Bomb "01vps/ nx Ln} Dpbjncdj
vdcpd` anx pbdsd vixpocovijps hdcitsd na pbdox
li `d Djadxgdxi, 8662/5 bn}dqdx, oj iccnx
vlds xipds, pbd xdilopy os pbip pbdy icptil
xgd`oipd ldqdl na dpbjncdjpxosg* Jnjdpb
pdxgs na tijpopods, p}dlqd vdnvld sb
x dombp vdnvld scnxd` i Bomb Dpbjncdjpxo
djpy sdqdj icbodqd` Ln} Dpbjncdjpxosg l
Ldqdls na Dpbjncdjpxosg* Vdxcdjpimds nj d
tijpopy na vixpocovijps*
ospdxd` pn 8= vixpocovijps*
aicp pbip njly pbd gojnxopy na Jtxsojm G
oc, `dgnjspxipds pbip Cnspi Xocij bomb dpbjn
tliponj* Gnxdnqdx, oj nx`dx pn ijily{d pbos
a dpbjncdjpxosg }dxd o`djpoaod` ij` gdis
p ojpn antx cipdmnxods, hisd` nj Vdxxnp ij`
v* 44'41,16/; Qdxhil Xdkdcponj, Aoxsp @d
36$
00$
81$
dxcdjpimds na Vixpocovijps- Ldqdl na
Dpbjncdjpxosg
Bomb Dpbjncdj
vixpocovijps
Go` Dpbjncdjp
vixpocovijps
Ln} Dpbjncdjp
vixpocovijps
pxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 93
pijcds dicb5 pbip os,
xosg "82vps/* Ln}
d`tciponj ij` pbdox
ijcd }opb pbd pnpil
ly ixd cnjso`dxihly
ldss, axng i gnxd
}d` Ojpdxgd`oipd
sg ldqdl ij` njly
qdl "Sdd Aomtxd 8/*
pbjncdjpxosg ldqdls
knx spt`djps "sdqdj
cdjpxosg bis oj`dd`
gippdx `ddvly, pbd
xd` nxmijo{ojm pbd
xdos}dxes @dmxdds
xdd Dpbjncdjpxosg,
pxosg; 2
xosg; 98
xosg; =
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 90
Sdcnj` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg, ij` Pbox` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg* Pbd ln}dsp pxiops antj` oj
Jtxsojm Giknx spt`djps }dxd Qdxhil Xdkdcponj ij` Pbox` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg* Bn}dqdx,
iccnx`ojm pn pbd Ojpdxctlptxil Cnggtjociponj Cntxsd Ijpbnlnmy, sojcd Cnspi Xocij ctlptxd
os cbixicpdxo{d` hy cnjaxnjpiponj iqno`ijcd nx aicd siqojm ctlptxd "866?, v* 89/ oj gijy
vdnvld, pbdxd os jn mtixijpdd pbip pbd sigvld }is cngvldpdly bnjdsp }opb pbd tdsponj*
Pbts, op os ojadxxd` pbip Sncoil @dsoxiholopy Qixoihld bis ilpdxd` pbd xdstlps oj pbos cisd* Pbd
spipdgdjp tsd` pn `dpdxgojd Qdxhil Xdkdcponj ldqdl }is; 3' O tstilly gied jdmipoqd
cnggdjps nj npbdx vdnvlds ctlptxd vxdadxihly oa pbdy ixd jnp vxdsdjp nx cijjnp bdix gd5
cldixly, op }is pnn `oxdcp ij` nhqonts, djcntximojm vdnvld pn `oscix` op "sdd Ivvdj`or/* Nj
pbd npbdx bij`, sojcd pbd Jtxsojm Giknx spt`djps ixd sncoilly sdjsopoqd ihntp pbd dl`dxly
vdnvld, Pbox` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg bi` pbd ln}dsp qiltd hdcitsd gnsp spt`djps cbnsd
spxnjmly `osimxdd pn pbd spipdgdjp; 99'Pbd Isoij vxicpocd na bnjnxojm pbd dl`dxly os
ojpdxdspojm htp jnp qdxy vxicpocil "sdd Ivvdj`or/* Cntxsds nj sncoil i}ixdjdss ij` pbd
vxnvdx cixd na sdjonx vdnvld biqd hddj, oj pbos cisd, ojcnxvnxipd` stccdssatlly oj pbd
cnj`tcp ij` ippopt`d na pbd sigvld* Aoxsp @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg, }bocb os pbd gnsp dqo`djp,
os slombply vxdsdjp oj vixpocovijps is pbdy gnsply sdldcpd` `osimxdd tj`dx pbos cipdmnxy*
Aojilly, pbd spxnjmdsp pxiop antj` }is Sdcnj` @dmxdd Dpbjncdjpxosg sojcd pbdy nvpd` anx
dopbdx jdtpxil nx `osimxdd, }opb sogolix ojco`djcd nj pbd scild vxnqo`d`* Pbdxdanxd, pbd
xdstlps oj`ocipd pbip pbd ogvlocop ij` ojjncdjp'lnneojm'dpbjncdjpxosg os pbd gnsp vnvtlix
ignjm pbd sigvld5 op os ojadxxd`, pbip pbd ojaltdjcd na Cnspi Xocij aicd siqojm ctlptxd
biqd hddj `dgnjspxipd` }opb pbdsd xdstlps "Sdd Aomtxd 3/*
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 94
Aomtxd 3* Pxiops na Vdxxnp ! Vxdos}dxes @dmxdds na Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Jtxsojm Giknx
spt`djps* Pbd bombdx qiltds nj gdij ij` gd`oij `dpdxgojd pbd spxnjmdsp `dmxdd nx
cbixicpdxospoc na dpbjncdjpxosg
i* Gtlpovld gn`ds drosp "Jdtpxil ij` @osimxdd/* Pbd ln}dsp xipd os sbn}j*J; Jtghdx na Vixpocovijps*
Sntxcd;Loedxp scild i`gojospdxd` pn 8= vixpocovijps*Atxpbdxgnxd, pbd tdsponj nj dpbjoc hicemxntj` xdqdild` pbip pbd giknxopy na
vixpocovijps cnjso`dxd` pbdgsdlqds dopbdx is }bopd nx gdspo{n ij` op xdqdild` ij
ojpdxdspojm aicp* Oj pdxgs na vxnvnxponj, njly njd vdxsnj hdlnjmd` pn npbdx dpbjoc
hicemxntj` "tjsvdcoaod`/, aoapy jojd vnojp pbxdd vdxcdjp "4?*3$/ i`goppd` hdojm gdspo{n
}bold pboxpy sdqdj vdxcdjp "3=$/ isstxd` hdojm }bopd* Oj Cnspi Xoci, op os `oaaoctlp pn
cnjclt`d pbip i vdxsnj cij icptilly hd o`djpoaod` is }bopd hdcitsd na pbd qisp bospnxy na
oggomxiponj ij` ctlptxd gorptxd sojcd pbd hdmojjojm na cnlnjo{iponj* Nj pbos sthkdcp,
Bolptjdj Hodsij{, Hodsij{, ! [thxos Hodsij{ "9???/, xdvnxpd` pbip,
Tjoqdxsopy na Cnspi Xoci mdjdpocosps Hdxjil Gnxdxi ij` Xigoxn Hixxijpds
`dclixd` oj 9??4 pbip ilgnsp ill Cnspi Xocijs ixd gdspo{ns }opb qixyojm
cnghojiponjs na pbd mdjdxil vnvtliponjs gor na mdjds; 06'16 vdxcdjp }bopd,
94'34 vdxcdjp Oj`oij, ij` 96'86 vdxcdjp hlice* "v* ?2/
Vixigdpdxs
Vdxxnp ! Vxdos}dxes @dmxdds na Dpbjncdjpxosg
9sp
@dmxdd 8j
@dmxdd 3x
@dmxdd Qdxhil
Xdkdcponj
J Qilo` 8= 8= 8= 8=
Gossojm 6 6 6 6
Gdij 8,30 8,=9 9,4? 8,88
Gd`oij 8,33 8,46 9,66 8,66Gn`d 8* "@osimxdd/ 8* "@osimxdd/ i 9* "Spxnjmly @osimxdd/ 8* "@osimxdd/
Sp`* @dqoiponj 6*49 6*4? 6*=4 6*?=
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 91
Pbts, pbd }bopd cnjcdvponj na Cnspi Xocijs bis i qdxy `oaadxdjp ogvlociponj pbij pbd
pxi`oponjil cnjcdvponj na xicd nx honlnmocil bdxopimd* Pbd o`di na hdojm }bopd os logopd`
pn i `dscxovponj na ij oj`oqo`til cngvldronj pbip cij hd cilld` gnxd icctxipdly is vild*
Cnggnjly, }bopd vdnvld giy biqd Iaxocij'Igdxocij nx Oj`omdjnts ijcdspnxs* Vdxxnp
ij` Vxdos}dxe "9?=?/ spipd` pbip op sddgd` pbip pbdxd ixd jn jiponjs oj pbos }nxl` }bocb
vnvtliponj os vdxadcply bngnmdjnts axng pbd ctlptxil vnojp na qod} "v* 03/5 loed}osd, op os
ojadxxd` pbip pbd sthkdcp na xicd os ilsn ojclt`d` oj pbos spipdgdjp* Nj pbd npbdx bij`,
]imjdx ij` Sbdx{dx `dscxohd` Cnspi Xocijs is vxogixoly }bopd Svijosb vnvtliponj oj
9243, i``ojm pbip Cnspi Xoci }is ilsn stvdxonx pn gijy npbdx Bosvijoc cntjpxods "Icti
Nxpdmi, 8668, v* 898/* Stcb isstgvponj na pn hd }bopd os dtoqildjp pn hd stvdxonx ij`
qocd qdxsi os, iccnx`ojm pn Vdxxnp ij` Vxdos}dxe "9?=?/, spxnjmly xdlipd` pn }dspdxj gicxn
dpbjncdjpxosg "v* 19/5 dqo`djply, ]imjdx ij` Sbdx{dx `xd} pbdox vsdt`n'scodjpoaoc
cnjcltsonjs nj xicosg ij` bispy mdjdxilo{iponj* Gnxdnqdx, Cnspi Xocij dpbjncdjpxosg }is
xdojanxcd` hy pbos sdla cnjcdvponj5 iccnx`ojm pn Vtpjig "9???/, vdicd, bix` }nxe, qoxptd,
sicxoaocd, ij` bnjdspy }dxd cbixicpdxospocs njly antj` nj Cnspi Xocijs pbip }dxd
itpngipocilly tj`dxspnn` is }bopd "v* 949/* Axng pbos vnojp na qod}, dpbjncdjpxosg os
spxnjmly xdlipd` pn xicosg* Pbd xdstlps nj pbos osstd ixd ilixgojm; pbnsd Jtxsojm Giknx
spt`djps }bn cnjso`dxd` pbdgsdlqds is }bopd ixd ldss oj tijpopy htp biqd bombdx iqdximd
xipd na dpbjncdjpxosg pbij pbnsd }bn iccdvpd` hdojm gdspo{n "Sdd Aomtxd 0/*
7/23/2019 Ethnocentrism in Costa Rica: Repercussions on Nursing Students
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Aomtxd 0* Xdstlps nj Dpb
dpbjocil hicemxntj`*
Sntxcd;Loedxp scild i`goj
Aojilly, pbd `dsoxi
iaadcpd` hy pbd vxdqonts
dsvdcoilly d`tcipd` vnvt
dpbjncdjpxosg htp pbos }i
dpbjncdjpxosg ldqdl os ojpd
ippdjponj hy pbd gdjponjd`
Dpbjncdjpxosg ldqd
htp oj Cnspi Xocij vnv
cnjsdtdjply, qdxy `ijm
dpbjncdjpxosg `oaadxs axng
pn}ix`s btgij bdilpb s
cnjso`dxd` ctlptxilly `oa
3=
32
3?
06
09
08
03
00
Xipojmnadpbjncdjpxosg
Dpbjncdj
ncdjpxosg ldqdl na Jtxsojm Giknx spt`djp
ospdxd` pn 8= vixpocovijps*
Cnjcltsonjs
hld vxnadssonjil vxnaold na locdjsd` Jtxso
dstlps oj pdxgs na vxnadssonjil vdxanxgijc
liponj, Jtxsojm Giknx spt`djps }dxd drv
s jnp pbd cisd hdcitsd, iccnx`ojm pn pbd x
gd`oipd* Pbts, pbd vxnhldg `dpdcpd` oj pbos
vnvtliponj ij` itpbnxopods*
ls cbijmd iccnx`ojm pn pbd oj`oqo`til i}ixd
liponj pbd iqdximd ldqdl bis hddj vxnq
dxnts* Oj pbd cisd na Jtxsojm vxnadsso
}bip }is drvdcpd` hdcitsd na pbdox drcdv
admtix`ojm* Oj i byvnpbdpocil cisd, sng
dxdjp giy hd gospxdipd`, omjnxd` ij`
]bopd Npbdx Gdspo{n
03,108,4
3?,29
Dpbjocil hicemxntj` na pbd sigvld
pxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 9=
iccnx`ojm pn pbdox
m Vxnadssonjils os
d* Dqo`djply, is ij
cpd` pn sbn} ln}
stlps, pbdox iqdximd
pt`y `dsdxqds clnsd
dss ij` drvdxodjcd
j pn hd bomb ij`
jils, ojpdxgd`oipd
onjil xdsvnjsoholopy
vipodjps pbip ixd
dqdjptilly bixgd`
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 92
tjcnjscontsly hy i bomb dpbjncdjpxospoc vdxsnj pbip os stvvnsd` pn pied cixd na pbdg oj pbdox
gnsp qtljdxihld cnj`oponj* Anx pbos xdisnj pbd cbnsdj vnvtliponj os cnjso`dxd` is cxopocil
ij` `dcosoqd* Bn}dqdx, pbd soptiponj cij hd vxdqdjpd` hy d`tciponj ij` hy drdxcosojm
pnldxijcd*
Pbd vxdsdjp spt`y }oll hd nvdj anx atptxd xdqosonj pn pbd vixpocovijps hdcitsd na pbdox
djnxgnts ojpdxdsp nj pbd xdstlps ojanxgiponj pn xiosd i}ixdjdss ij` nvdj i `osctssonj nj
pbd pnvoc* Op os ogvnxpijp pn xdcnmjo{d pbip pbd iqdximd `o` jnp xdicbd` pbd `ijmdxnts bombdx
ldqdl na dpbjncdjpxosg `td pn pbdox d`tciponj5 nj pbd npbdx bij`, is vxdqontsly spipd`, Sncoil
@dsoxiholopy Qixoihld ij` pbd Cnspi Xocij aicd siqojm ctlptxd giy biqd gi`d ij ogvicp
nj svdcoaoc isvdcps na pbd xdstlps* Anx pbos xdisnj, oj atptxd ojqdspomiponjs, gnxd sthpld
tdsponjs ixd stmmdspd` oj nx`dx pn gdistxd pbd dpbjncdjpxosg `dmxdds gnxd icctxipdly* Op os
ilsn bombly xdcnggdj`d` pn anlln} pbos vnvtliponj oj pbdox atptxd cixxodx oj nx`dx pn qdxoay
oa pbd aicps `oscnqdxd` oj pbos spt`y ixd icptilly `igimojm jdmipoqdly pbdox vxnadssonjil
vdxanxgijcd oj pbd atptxd* Oj aicp, oj nx`dx pn aombp bomb dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci, op os
jdcdssixy pn cnjaxnjp vthloc nvojonj }opb }bip cij hd antj` }opb atptxd ij` gnxd
svdcoilo{d` dpbjncdjpxosg spt`ods, jnp njly logopd` pn Jtxsojm spt`djps ij` vxnadssonjils*
7/23/2019 Ethnocentrism in Costa Rica: Repercussions on Nursing Students
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 9?
Xdadxdjcds
Icti Nxpdmi, Q* B* "8668/* Li Ojqdjcoj `d li @oadxdjcoi Cnspixxocdjsd, 9296'92=6*
Xdqospi `d Bospnxoi "04/, 9?9'882*
@n``, C* B* "9??9/* @yjigocs na Ojpdxctlptxil Cnggtjociponj "Pbox` d`*/* @thttd,
Tjopd` Spipds na Igdxoci; ]g* C* Hxn}j Vthlosbdxs*
@n``, C* B* "9??2/*@yjigocs na Ojpdxctlptxil Cnggtjociponj "Aoapb d`*/* Hnspnj, Hnspnj,
Tjopd` Spipds na Igdxoci; GcMxi}'Boll*
D`}ix`s, I* L* "9?4=/* Pbd Sncoil @dsoxiholopy Qixoihld oj Vdxsnjilopy Issdsgdjp ij`
Xdsdixcb* Jd} _nxe, Tjopd` Spipds; Bnlp, Xojdbixp ij` ]ojspnj, Ojc*
Dsctdli `d Djadxgdxi, Tjoqdxso`i` `d Cnspi Xoci* "8662/* Dsctdli `d Djadxgdxi* "I*
Snlijn M, D`opnx, D* `* Djadxgdxi, Vxn`tcdx, ! Tjoqdxso`i` `d Cnspi Xoci/
Xdpxodqd` Ivxol 8?, 866?, axng
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Dpbjncdjpxosg oj Cnspi Xoci 86
Ivvdj`or
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