ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS
ii
Published by the
National Statistics Office
Lascaris,
Valletta CMR 02
Malta
Tel. : (+356) 21223221/5
Fax: (+356) 21248483/21249841
e-mail: [email protected]
website: http://www.nso.gov.mt
CIP Data
Environment Statistics. – Valletta: National Statistics Office, 2002
x, + 70pp
ISBN 99909-81-84-1
For further information, please contact:
Environment & Regional Statistics Unit
National Statistics Office
Lascaris
Valletta CMR 02
Malta
Tel: (+356) 25 99 76 42
Our publications are available from:
The Data Shop Department of Information
National Statistics Office 3 Castille Place
Lascaris Valletta CMR 02
Valletta CMR 02 Malta
Malta Tel: (+356) 21 22 49 01
Tel: (+356) 21 23 92 25 / (+356) 25 99 72 10 Fax: (+356) 21 23 71 70
Fax: (+356) 21 24 98 41
Printed in Malta by Interprint Limited
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS
iii
CONTENTS
FOREWORD vii
INTRODUCTION ix
POPULATION 1
LAND USE 10
CLIMATE 17
WATER 30
BATHING WATER QUALITY 37
WASTE 41
TRANSPORT 45
ENERGY 48
AIR QUALITY 58
INDICATORS 61
GLOSSARY 63
CO
NT
EN
TS
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS
iv
LIST OF CHARTS
Chart 1. Monthly distribution of the tourist days stayed ......................................................... 1Chart 2 Monthly distribution of the tourist days stayed: 2000 ............................................... 4Chart 3 Change in the total population density by district .................................................... 4Chart 4 Change in total population by district ....................................................................... 6Chart 5 Estimated Maltese population change ........................................................................ 7Chart 6 Births........................................................................................................................... 8Chart 7 Deaths......................................................................................................................... 8Chart 8 Spatial distribution of irrigated land ......................................................................... 10Chart 9 Spatial distribution of dry land ................................................................................. 13Chart 10 Spatial distribution of waste land ............................................................................. 14Chart 11 Land holdings tilled by part-time farmers ................................................................ 14Chart 12 Land holdings tilled by full-time farmers.................................................................. 15Chart 13 Land use in the Maltese Islands: 2000 ..................................................................... 15Chart 14 Mean monthly rainfall from 1841 to 2000 .............................................................. 17Chart 15 Luqa yearly lowest temperatures .............................................................................. 20Chart 16 Luqa yearly number of days with wind gusts > / = 34KT ....................................... 27Chart 17 Water production by source ..................................................................................... 31Chart 18 Water production from pumping stations ................................................................ 31Chart 19 Water production from springs ................................................................................ 31Chart 20 Water production from boreholes ............................................................................ 32Chart 21 Water production from desalination plants .............................................................. 33Chart 22 Water production: Lapsi RO ..................................................................................... 33Chart 23 Water production: Marsa RO .................................................................................... 33Chart 24 Water production: Cirkewwa RO .............................................................................. 34Chart 25 Water production: Pembroke RO ............................................................................. 34Chart 26 Water consumption by sector .................................................................................. 34Chart 27 Total water consumption .......................................................................................... 35Chart 28 Water consumption: 1995 ........................................................................................ 35Chart 29 Water consumption: 2000 ........................................................................................ 35Chart 30 Daily water consumption per head .......................................................................... 36Chart 31 Bathing water quality in the Maltese Islands during 2000 ...................................... 37Chart 32 Bathing water quality in the Malta Majjistral (Malta north western)
district during 2000 .................................................................................................. 37Chart 33 Bathing water quality in the Gozo and Comino region during 2000 ..................... 38Chart 34 Bathing water quality in the Malta Xlokk (Malta south eastern)
district during 2000 .................................................................................................. 38Chart 35 Bathing water quality ............................................................................................... 39Chart 36 Total site days when bathing was not recommended (May to October period) .... 39Chart 37 Days when bathing was not recommended ............................................................ 40Chart 38 Composition of waste at Mag˙tab landfill ............................................................... 42Chart 39 Processed waste at Sant’Antnin plant ....................................................................... 42Chart 40 Hazardous waste composition: 2000 ........................................................................ 43Chart 41 Incinerated waste: 2000 ........................................................................................... 44Chart 42 Vehicle desity in the Maltese Islands ........................................................................ 45Chart 43 Passengers using public transport ............................................................................ 46Chart 44 Passengers using public transport: 2000 .................................................................. 46Chart 45 Fuel re exports by quantity ...................................................................................... 49Chart 46 Fuel oil re exports by quantity ................................................................................. 50Chart 47 Fuel consumption per head...................................................................................... 53Chart 48 Total power generated ............................................................................................. 54Chart 49 Power station emissions ............................................................................................ 55Chart 50 Total air emissions .................................................................................................... 58Chart 51 Total emissions by type of pollutant ........................................................................ 60
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Estimated total population ......................................................................................... 2Table 2 Total population index ............................................................................................... 3Table 3 Population density ...................................................................................................... 5Table 4 Change in the estimated total population by district ................................................ 5Table 5 Birth rates 1995–2000 ................................................................................................ 7Table 6 Death rates 1995-2000 .............................................................................................. 7Table 7 Life expectancy at birth .............................................................................................. 9Table 8 Distribution of agricultural occupancy by districts: 2001 ......................................... 11Table 9 Agricultural land by type: 1955-2000 ...................................................................... 13Table 10 Land use by category: 2000 .................................................................................... 16Table 11 Yearly and monthly rainfall ....................................................................................... 18Table 12 Monthly mean duration of bright sunshine hours ................................................... 21Table 13 Number of days with wind gusts equal to one greater than
34 knots over the months Jan–Dec: 1961–2000 ..................................................... 22Table 14 Yearly and monthly relative humidity at different times of the day ........................ 25Table 15 Yearly and monthly lowest recorded maximum temperature .................................. 26Table 16 Highest recorded maximum temperature and date ................................................. 28Table 17 Water production by source ..................................................................................... 30Table 18 Average of Chloride .................................................................................................. 32Table 19 Average of Nitrate .................................................................................................... 32Table 20 Water production from desalination plants .............................................................. 32Table 21 Water consumption by sector .................................................................................. 34Table 22 Bathing water quality ............................................................................................... 38Table 23 Total site days when bathing was not recommended ............................................. 39Table 24 Mag˙tab landfill 1996–2000 statistics ...................................................................... 41Table 25 Total amounts treated at Sant’Antnin plant ............................................................. 43Table 26 Processed waste at Sant’Antnin plant ....................................................................... 43Table 27 Composition of Municipal waste disposed at Sant’Antnin plant.............................. 43Table 28 Waste generation: 2000 ........................................................................................... 43Table 29 Hazardous waste composition .................................................................................. 44Table 30 Incinerated waste ...................................................................................................... 44Table 31 Stock of licensed motor vechiles .............................................................................. 45Table 32 Sea transport between Malta and Gozo .................................................................. 47Table 33 Volume of fuel imports ............................................................................................. 49Table 34 Value of fuel imports ................................................................................................ 49Table 35 Volume of fuel re-exports ......................................................................................... 50Table 36 Volume of net fuel energy........................................................................................ 50Table 37 Unit cost of fuel imports .......................................................................................... 51Table 38 Fuel consumption per head...................................................................................... 51Table 39 Electricity maximum demand ................................................................................... 51Table 40 Power generated ...................................................................................................... 51Table 41 Gas cylinder sales ..................................................................................................... 52Table 42 Fuel consumption in the manufacturing industry: 1998 .......................................... 53Table 43 End-user price and tax structure of petroleum products general
customers ................................................................................................................. 54Table 44 Emissions from power stations ................................................................................. 55Table 45 Energy consumption for water reproduction ........................................................... 56Table 46 Air emissions inventory: 1990, 1994 ........................................................................ 59
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS
vi
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS
vii
FOREWORD
In the latter half of the 1980s, a new term came into play: SustainableDevelopment was coined by the competent authorities within the UnitedNations, appearing for the first time in 1987 in the Brundtland Report.This Report, also known as Our Common Future, alerted countries tothe need to engage in economic development without further depletingthe world’s resources or wreaking havoc with the environment. Indeed,an appropriate definition for sustainable development reads: “ adevelopment that meets the needs of the present without compromisingthe ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.
Three fundamental components underlie this concept: environmentalprotection, economic growth and social equity. At the NationalStatistics Office, we believe that statistics contribute towards three mainfunctions:
1. raising awareness regarding an issue2. understanding the issue3. informing decisions towards the solving of problems related to the
issue
In the preparations leading to this publication, the Office has strivento publish data that provide fertile ground for researchers and analyststo establish the all-important link between environmental degradation,public health and quality of life. We have recognised that a set ofregularly-published and updated environmental indicators should takeits place alongside more ‘popular’ economic and social indicators suchas, for example, the GDP and the unemployment rate, in mediacoverage, in the public consciousness and, most crucially, on theagendas of decision-makers.
The Office’s first attempt at tackling environment statistics can betraced to 1997/98, with the compilation and publication of a compactbooklet entitled: Malta at a Glance. In this publication, the CentralOffice of Statistics published data regarding, amongst others, populationdensity and growth, road transport density, water production and use,bathing water quality, electricity and fuels. Since then, the Office hasundergone a major infrastructural change, with an EnvironmentStatistics Unit forming part of the new set-up. Having the necessaryframework in place, the NSO feels itself well poised to approach theenvironment statistically and comprehensively. This publicationincorporates the first results of the Unit’s efforts and initiatives.
While following in the steps of the 1998 pilot publication,Environment Statistics has a more generous coverage and draws on theresources of a wider spectrum of data providers. While thanking thelatter for their cooperation, we hope that this data book will generatesparks where they are needed and inform necessary decisions.
Alfred CamilleriDirector General
February 2002
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS
viii
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS
ix
On November 28th 1995, the European Union and 12 Mediterraneanpartners signed the Barcelona Declaration launching the Euro-Mediterranean partnership concerning political, economic, social andcultural domains.
The availability of reliable, comparable and accessible statisticalinformation is an essential element in strengthening the dialogue andexchanges between the Euro-Mediterranean partners.
Therefore, the European Commission launched MEDSTAT, aregional statistical co-operation programme between the EuropeanUnion and the Mediterranean Partners. This programme is also co-ordinated with the EFTA statistical cooperation in these countries.
The programme aims at promoting the production, the harmonisationand the exchange of statistical data amongst the various partners (EU,its 15 Member States, the 12 Mediterranean countries).
Eurostat, the European Statistical office, is responsible for theorganisation and the technical follow-up of the work of the agencies andexperts involved in the project, which come from the European andMediterranean statistical systems, while their financial control is led byEuropeAid Co-operation Office.
Nine activity fields are concerned in this programme: seven statisticalsectors (External Trade, Tourism, Transport, Migration, Environment,Non Observed Economy, National Accounts) and two horizontal sectors(Training, Information System) that interact with the previous ones.
The specific objectives of the MEDSTAT-Environment sub-programme, implemented by the “Plan Bleu” regional Activity Centreof the Mediterranean Action Plan, are the following:
➣ The strengthening of the sustainable capacity of the statisticalsystems of the Mediterranean countries to produce and publishcomplete, reliable, relevant and comparable statistics within theenvironment field.
➣ The regional harmonisation of the environmental informationsystems, concentrating on the comparability of data over time andover space, with respect, however, to the national characteristics,based on the definitions and methodologies already used by Eurostatand OECD for the compilation of environmental statistics.
➣ The development of the exchanges of data and experiences betweenthe European and Mediterranean countries.
This national statistical compendium, co-financed by the NationalStatistical Institutes and the MEDSTAT programme, reflects theprogress reached in environmental information production, after a 3-years in-depth work undertaken by the “COUNTRY INS” in theframework of the MED-Env sub-programme.
As a first and major publication, it gives visibility to the resultsachieved so far in data collection for different fields related to the stateof the Environment in “COUNTRY”. The implementation of the secondphase of the MEDSTAT-Environment project will enable a progressiveupdate of this first compendium.
INTRODUCTION
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS
x
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS1
POPULATION
It is not only the residentpopulation that exerts environ-mental pressure; the visitingpopulation, in the shape of touristarrivals, plays its own part. Thisleaves a big impact anywhere, let
The human impact on the environment cannot be
underestimated, and hence population is a key
element in the consideration of this topic.
Population growth is often cited as the root cause
of environmental problems; in actual fact, the
interaction between the population, economic
development and environmental change is too
complex to support this conclusion. Distributional
patterns, population density and living standards
combine in playing a major role in deciding the
impact of the population on natural resources and
the environment.
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N
alone on a small island state likeMalta. Table 1 shows monthlytrends for the total population andthe number of tourist days stayedin the Maltese Islands for the pastsix years. The total population of
the Islands has been graduallyincreasing. By the end of the year2000, it had reached the 391,415mark (see Chart 2).
On the other hand, touristarrivals vary seasonally. This
Chart 1 Monthly distribution of the tourist days stayed: 1995Chart 1 Monthly distribution of the tourist days stayed: 1995Chart 1 Monthly distribution of the tourist days stayed: 1995Chart 1 Monthly distribution of the tourist days stayed: 1995Chart 1 Monthly distribution of the tourist days stayed: 1995
60,000–60,000–60,000–60,000–60,000–
50,000–50,000–50,000–50,000–50,000–
40,000–40,000–40,000–40,000–40,000–
30,000–30,000–30,000–30,000–30,000–
20,000–20,000–20,000–20,000–20,000–
10,000–10,000–10,000–10,000–10,000–
0–0–0–0–0–
No
. o
f p
eo
ple
No
. o
f p
eo
ple
No
. o
f p
eo
ple
No
. o
f p
eo
ple
No
. o
f p
eo
ple
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
MonthMonthMonthMonthMonth
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS2
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N
Tab
le 1
E
stim
ated
tot
al p
opul
atio
n
JAN
FE
BM
AR
AP
RM
AY
JUN
JUL
AU
GSE
PO
CT
NO
VD
EC
Mal
tese
pop
ulat
ion
1995
369,
619
369,
755
369,
970
370,
169
370,
389
370,
654
370,
955
371,
160
371,
456
371,
779
3709
19*
371,
173
Non
-Mal
tese
pop
ulat
ion
7,00
37,
024
7,04
57,
066
7,08
77,
108
7,12
97,
150
7,17
17,
192
7,21
37,
231
Tot
al p
opul
atio
n37
6,62
237
6,77
937
7,01
537
7,23
537
7,47
637
7,76
237
8,08
437
8,31
037
8,62
737
8,97
137
8,13
237
8,40
4T
ouri
st A
rriv
als
15,9
7418
,731
22,1
5731
,242
28,9
2534
,504
41,5
2953
,323
43,0
2235
,229
19,2
9014
,233
Tot
al39
2,59
639
5,51
039
9,17
240
8,47
740
6,40
141
2,26
641
9,61
343
1,63
342
1,64
941
4,20
039
7,42
239
2,63
7
M
alte
se p
opul
atio
n19
9637
1,40
537
1,60
337
1,78
637
1,98
637
2,17
937
2,48
737
2,80
337
3,04
137
3,30
537
3,53
137
3,71
937
3,95
8N
on-M
alte
se p
opul
atio
n7,
249
7,26
77,
285
7,30
37,
321
7,33
97,
357
7,37
57,
393
7,41
17,
429
7,44
7T
otal
pop
ulat
ion
378,
654
378,
870
379,
071
379,
289
379,
500
379,
826
380,
160
380,
416
380,
698
380,
942
381,
148
381,
405
Tou
rist
Arr
ival
s14
,575
19,5
1922
,394
27,6
9227
,623
30,3
9439
,899
55,9
8744
,989
32,1
3419
,926
14,7
66T
otal
393,
229
398,
389
401,
465
406,
981
407,
123
410,
220
420,
059
436,
403
425,
687
413,
076
401,
074
396,
171
Mal
tese
pop
ulat
ion
1997
374,
067
374,
216
374,
358
374,
543
374,
681
374,
982
375,
354
375,
634
375,
892
376,
112
376,
328
376,
513
Non
-Mal
tese
pop
ulat
ion
7,46
57,
483
7,50
17,
519
7,53
77,
555
7,57
37,
591
7,60
97,
627
7,64
57,
663
Tot
al p
opul
atio
n38
1,53
238
1,69
938
1,85
938
2,06
238
2,21
838
2,53
738
2,92
738
3,22
538
3,50
138
3,73
938
3,97
338
4,17
6T
ouri
st A
rriv
als
15,2
1219
,640
20,8
5630
,102
31,7
0329
,049
41,2
1059
,006
43,2
3734
,558
19,8
0514
,333
Tot
al39
6,74
440
1,33
940
2,71
541
2,16
441
3,92
141
1,58
642
4,13
744
2,23
142
6,73
841
8,29
740
3,77
839
8,50
9
M
alte
se p
opul
atio
n19
9837
6,67
837
6,78
237
6,86
037
6,94
637
7,12
137
7,32
037
7,53
237
7,72
137
7,94
337
8,15
837
8,29
437
8,51
8N
on-M
alte
se p
opul
atio
n7,
681
7,69
97,
717
7,73
57,
753
7,77
17,
789
7,80
77,
825
7,84
37,
861
7,87
9T
otal
pop
ulat
ion
384,
359
384,
481
384,
577
384,
681
384,
874
385,
091
385,
321
385,
528
385,
768
386,
001
386,
155
386,
397
Tou
rist
Arr
ival
s16
,342
18,5
2522
,475
30,1
9430
,038
33,4
4943
,332
60,7
6442
,991
34,2
8723
,033
15,8
88T
otal
400,
701
403,
006
407,
052
414,
875
414,
912
418,
540
428,
653
446,
292
428,
759
420,
288
409,
188
402,
285
Mal
tese
pop
ulat
ion
1999
378,
553
378,
553
378,
647
378,
765
378,
908
379,
054
379,
251
379,
393
379,
650
379,
854
380,
006
380,
201
Non
-Mal
tese
pop
ulat
ion
7,93
67,
993
8,05
08,
107
8,16
48,
221
8,27
88,
334
8,39
08,
446
8,50
28,
558
Tot
al p
opul
atio
n38
6,48
938
6,54
638
6,69
738
6,87
238
7,07
238
7,27
538
7,52
938
7,72
738
8,04
038
8,30
038
8,50
838
8,75
9T
ouri
st A
rriv
als
16,1
2020
,120
23,0
5929
,790
30,8
1836
,067
46,6
5559
,865
44,4
0736
,908
22,7
5015
,751
Tot
al40
2,60
940
6,66
640
9,75
641
6,66
241
7,89
042
3,34
243
4,18
444
7,59
243
2,44
742
5,20
841
1,25
840
4,51
0
M
alte
se p
opul
atio
n20
0038
0,24
138
0,30
338
0,46
938
0,63
038
0,81
738
1,01
838
1,27
038
1,49
238
1,70
438
1,93
838
2,26
738
2,52
5N
on-M
alte
se p
opul
atio
n8,
586
8,61
48,
642
8,67
08,
698
8,72
68,
754
8,78
28,
809
8,83
68,
863
8,89
0T
otal
pop
ulat
ion
388,
827
388,
917
389,
111
389,
300
389,
515
389,
744
390,
024
390,
274
390,
513
390,
774
391,
130
391,
415
Tou
rist
Arr
ival
s13
,981
15,9
6020
,630
29,6
5028
,474
30,3
6044
,918
44,3
3139
,433
29,8
2220
,484
18,0
17T
otal
40
2,80
840
4,87
740
9,74
141
8,95
041
7,98
942
0,10
443
4,94
243
4,60
542
9,94
642
0,59
641
1,61
440
9,43
2
*Fig
ure
as p
er C
ensu
s 19
95.
Prio
r to
thi
s da
te f
igur
es a
re b
ased
on
Cen
sus
1985
.
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS3
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N
Tab
le 2
T
otal
pop
ulat
ion
inde
x
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Tot
al p
opul
atio
n19
9510
0.00
100.
0010
0.00
100.
0010
0.00
100.
0010
0.00
100.
0010
0.00
100.
0010
0.00
100.
00T
ouri
st A
rriv
als
100.
0010
0.00
100.
0010
0.00
100.
0010
0.00
100.
0010
0.00
100.
0010
0.00
100.
0010
0.00
Tot
al
100.
0010
0.00
100.
0010
0.00
100.
0010
0.00
100.
0010
0.00
100.
0010
0.00
100.
0010
0.00
Tot
al p
opul
atio
n19
9610
0.54
100.
5510
0.55
100.
5410
0.54
100.
5510
0.55
100.
5610
0.55
100.
5210
0.80
100.
79T
ouri
st A
rriv
als
91.2
410
4.20
101.
0788
.64
95.5
088
.09
96.0
710
5.00
104.
5791
.22
103.
3010
3.74
Tot
al
100.
1610
0.73
100.
5799
.63
100.
1899
.50
100.
1110
1.10
100.
9699
.73
100.
9210
0.90
Tot
al p
opul
atio
n19
9710
1.30
101.
3110
1.28
101.
2810
1.26
101.
2610
1.28
101.
3010
1.29
101.
2610
1.54
101.
53T
ouri
st A
rriv
als
95.2
310
4.86
94.1
396
.35
109.
6084
.19
99.2
311
0.66
100.
5098
.10
102.
6710
0.71
Tot
al
101.
0610
1.47
100.
8910
0.90
101.
8599
.84
101.
0810
2.46
101.
2110
0.99
101.
6010
1.50
Tot
al p
opul
atio
n19
9810
2.05
102.
0410
2.01
101.
9710
1.96
101.
9410
1.91
101.
9110
1.89
101.
8610
2.12
102.
11T
ouri
st A
rriv
als
102.
3098
.90
101.
4396
.64
103.
8596
.94
104.
3411
3.95
99.9
397
.33
119.
4011
1.63
Tot
al
102.
0610
1.90
101.
9710
1.57
102.
0910
1.52
102.
1510
3.40
101.
6910
1.47
102.
9610
2.46
Tot
al p
opul
atio
n19
9910
2.62
102.
5910
2.57
102.
5510
2.54
102.
5210
2.50
102.
4910
2.49
102.
4610
2.74
102.
74T
ouri
st A
rriv
als
100.
9110
7.42
104.
0795
.35
106.
5410
4.53
112.
3411
2.27
103.
2210
4.77
117.
9411
0.67
Tot
al
102.
5510
2.82
102.
6510
2.00
102.
8310
2.69
103.
4710
3.70
102.
5610
2.66
103.
4810
3.02
Tot
al p
opul
atio
n20
0010
3.24
103.
2210
3.21
103.
2010
3.19
103.
1710
3.16
103.
1610
3.14
103.
1110
3.44
103.
44T
ouri
st A
rriv
als
87.5
285
.21
93.1
194
.90
98.4
487
.99
108.
1683
.14
91.6
684
.65
106.
1912
6.59
Tot
al
102.
6010
2.37
102.
6510
2.56
102.
8510
1.90
103.
6510
0.69
101.
9710
1.54
103.
5710
4.28
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS4
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
No
. o
f p
ers
on
s p
er
sq
uare
Km
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Southern harbour District South eastern District Northern Harbour District
Western District Northern District Gozo & Comino
Chart 3 Change in total population density by districtChart 3 Change in total population density by districtChart 3 Change in total population density by districtChart 3 Change in total population density by districtChart 3 Change in total population density by district
0
0
0
0
0
0
045,000–45,000–45,000–45,000–45,000–
40,000–40,000–40,000–40,000–40,000–
35,000–35,000–35,000–35,000–35,000–
30,000–30,000–30,000–30,000–30,000–
25,000–25,000–25,000–25,000–25,000–
20,000–20,000–20,000–20,000–20,000–
15,000–15,000–15,000–15,000–15,000–
10,000–10,000–10,000–10,000–10,000–
5,000–5,000–5,000–5,000–5,000–
0–0–0–0–0–
No
. o
f p
eo
ple
No
. o
f p
eo
ple
No
. o
f p
eo
ple
No
. o
f p
eo
ple
No
. o
f p
eo
ple
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
MonthMonthMonthMonthMonth
Chart 2 Monthly distribution of the tourist days stayed: 2000Chart 2 Monthly distribution of the tourist days stayed: 2000Chart 2 Monthly distribution of the tourist days stayed: 2000Chart 2 Monthly distribution of the tourist days stayed: 2000Chart 2 Monthly distribution of the tourist days stayed: 2000
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS5
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N
Tab
le 3
P
opul
atio
n de
nsit
y
Dis
tric
t19
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00
Sout
hern
Har
bour
Dis
tric
t3,
540
3,24
03,
240
3,25
03,
260
3,26
0So
uth
Eas
tern
Dis
tric
t97
01,
030
1,04
01,
050
1,06
01,
070
Nor
ther
n H
arbo
ur D
istr
ict
5,08
04,
940
4,96
04,
980
5,00
05,
030
Wes
tern
Dis
tric
t69
073
073
074
074
075
0N
orth
ern
Dis
tric
t51
061
062
062
063
064
0G
ozo
& C
omin
o41
043
043
043
044
044
0
Tot
al p
opul
atio
n11
,200
10,9
8011
,020
11,0
7011
,130
11,1
90
Tab
le 4
C
hang
e in
the
est
imat
ed t
otal
pop
ulat
ion
by d
istr
ict
19
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00
Dist
rict
Fore
igne
rsM
alte
seTo
tal
Fore
igne
rsM
alte
seTo
tal
Fore
igne
rsM
alte
seTo
tal
Fore
igne
rsM
alte
seTo
tal
Fore
igne
rsM
alte
seTo
tal
Fore
igne
r sM
alte
seTo
tal
Sout
hern
Har
bour
Dis
tric
t73
582
,549
83,2
841,
638
82,9
3684
,574
1,68
583
,193
84,8
781,
733
83,2
9085
,023
1,88
283
,324
85,2
061,
937
83,4
0585
,342
Sout
h E
aste
rn D
istr
ict
654
50,0
4650
,700
1,04
250
,529
51,5
711,
072
51,0
6452
,136
1,10
351
,484
52,5
871,
198
51,8
8753
,085
1,21
852
,407
53,6
25N
orth
ern
Har
bour
Dis
tric
t2,
804
115,
614
118,
418
2,30
811
6,30
711
8,61
52,
375
116,
825
119,
200
2,44
211
7,24
211
9,68
42,
652
117,
541
120,
193
2,74
711
8,05
912
0,80
6W
este
rn D
istr
ict
742
51,2
6952
,011
971
51,6
1152
,582
999
51,9
9352
,992
1,02
652
,279
53,3
051,
116
52,6
1453
,730
1,22
952
,930
54,1
59N
orth
ern
Dis
tric
t1,
527
43,3
7844
,905
893
43,9
5544
,848
919
44,5
5045
,469
945
45,0
4345
,988
1,02
645
,486
46,5
121,
068
46,0
3447
,102
Goz
o &
Com
ino
769
28,3
1729
,086
595
28,6
2029
,215
613
28,8
8829
,501
630
29,1
8029
,810
684
29,3
4930
,033
691
29,6
9030
,381
Tot
al M
alte
se I
slan
ds7,
231
371,
173
378,
404
7,51
837
3,95
838
1,40
57,
736
376,
513
384,
176
7,95
637
8,51
838
6,39
78,
640
380,
201
388,
759
8,89
038
2,52
539
1,41
5
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS6
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
No
. o
f P
eo
ple
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Southern Harbour District South Eastern District Northern Harbour District
Western District Northern District Gozo & Comino
peak is registered in August,when an average of 55,546arrivals is recorded. The touristpressure is at its lowest in thewinter months of January andDecember, when climatic factorsspell out a definite abatement ofthe tourist season. The summermonths bear the highestpopulation pressure, to reach upa monthly average of 427,568persons.
These changes are alsoreflected in the population index(see Table 2). The indices varyslightly, by 1 or 2 points.Between 1995 and 2000, the totalpopulation index varied solely by3 points. More variance can beobserved in the tourist arrivalindex. These indices fluctuate notonly seasonally, but also fromyear to year. When compared tothe 1995 base year, the year 1996recorded a drop in number oftourist days stayed. These wereback on track in the subsequent
couple of years 1998, 1999 and2000. Tourist index fluctuationsrange from 88.14 to 126.59.
Population density, alreadyquite high in the Maltese Islands,is further being pressurised bythe visiting population. Table 3gives a detailed overview ofdensity factors at regional levels.The most densely-populatedareas are in the Northern andSouthern Harbour Districts, withan average density of 4148persons per square kilometre.The least densely-populateddistrict is Gozo, with 440 personsper square kilometer in 2000.This table also shows that there isan internal migratory flow fromthe Southern Harbour to theNorthern Harbour District as wellas to other regions. The SouthernHarbour District is experiencinga slackening of populationdensity, over the five year periodwhile an increase is beingregistered in the Northern and
South Eastern Districts. In 1995,the South Eastern District had apopulation density of 970persons per square kilometre,which rose to 1,070 in the year2000. In the same six-yearperiod, the Northern Districtregistered an increase of 130persons per square kilometre.One can conclude that populationdensity in the Maltese Islands isgetting more acute by the year.Chart 3 graphically displaysthese fluctuating trends.
Table 4 shows actual changesin the Total and Maltese popu-lation for the past six years. Thechanges are shown yearly, also onthe basis of the different districts.In 1995, the Total Population stoodat 379,361 going up to 391,415 in2000, an increase of 12,054persons in five years. Thus, thepopulation is increasing at theaverage rate of 2,411 persons peryear. This is clearly evidenced inCharts 4 and 5.
Chart 4 Change in total population by districtChart 4 Change in total population by districtChart 4 Change in total population by districtChart 4 Change in total population by districtChart 4 Change in total population by district
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS7
366,000
368,000
370,000
372,000
374,000
376,000
378,000
380,000
382,000
384,000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
No
. o
f p
eo
ple
No
. o
f p
eo
ple
No
. o
f p
eo
ple
No
. o
f p
eo
ple
No
. o
f p
eo
ple
Chart 5 Estimated Maltese population changeChart 5 Estimated Maltese population changeChart 5 Estimated Maltese population changeChart 5 Estimated Maltese population changeChart 5 Estimated Maltese population change
Table 6 Death rates 1995-2000
Number Year Crude Death Rate
Maltese Islands Malta GozoMaltese
Total Males Females Males Females Males Females Islands Malta Gozo
1995 2,708 1,367 1,341 1,236 1,208 131 133 7.3 7.1 9.51996 2,765 1,450 1,315 1,335 1,187 115 128 7.4 7.3 8.51997 2,888 1,532 1,356 1,403 1,226 129 130 7.7 7.6 8.91998 3,044 1,581 1,463 1,437 1,347 144 116 8.06 7.99 8.951999 3,097 1,540 1,557 1,403 1,405 137 152 8.16 8.02 9.882000 2,957 1,507 1,450 1,354 1,327 153 123 7.75 7.62 9.35
Table 5 Birth rates 1995–2000
Number Year Crude Birth Rate
Maltese Islands Malta GozoMaltese
Total Males Females Males Females Males Females Islands Malta Gozo
1995 4,613 2,403 2,210 2,220 2,034 183 176 12.44 12.4 12.981996 4,944 2,555 2,389 2,340 2,171 215 218 13.25 13.08 15.361997 4,835 2,547 2,288 2,328 2,097 219 191 12.89 12.77 14.261998 4,488 2,308 2,180 2,131 1,994 177 186 11.89 11.84 12.51999 4,308 2,183 2,125 2,015 1,961 168 164 11.36 11.36 11.342000 4,255 2,126 2,129 1,967 1,937 159 192 11.16 11.1 11.89
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS8
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
No
. o
f p
eo
ple
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Males Females
Chart 7 DeathsChart 7 DeathsChart 7 DeathsChart 7 DeathsChart 7 Deaths
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Males Females
Chart 6 BirthsChart 6 BirthsChart 6 BirthsChart 6 BirthsChart 6 BirthsN
o.
of
pe
op
le
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS9
Life expectancy is consideredas one of the most representativehealth- and environment-relatedindicators. It is also an importantvariable when considering qualityof life and human development.Improved health and adequatenutrition are fundamental tosustainable development. Tables5 and 6 show the birth and deathrates of the Maltese Populationfor the past five years. Over thisperiod, births decreased by 358,while deaths increased by 249. Theyear 2000 registered a net decreasein the number of deaths by 53
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N
The primary source of data is theThe primary source of data is theThe primary source of data is theThe primary source of data is theThe primary source of data is the
National Statistics Office (NSO).National Statistics Office (NSO).National Statistics Office (NSO).National Statistics Office (NSO).National Statistics Office (NSO).
Data is extracted from theData is extracted from theData is extracted from theData is extracted from theData is extracted from the
Census of the Maltese Islands,Census of the Maltese Islands,Census of the Maltese Islands,Census of the Maltese Islands,Census of the Maltese Islands,
which is carried out every 10which is carried out every 10which is carried out every 10which is carried out every 10which is carried out every 10
years and from Demographicyears and from Demographicyears and from Demographicyears and from Demographicyears and from Demographic
reviews published annually.reviews published annually.reviews published annually.reviews published annually.reviews published annually.
Some of the statistics regardingSome of the statistics regardingSome of the statistics regardingSome of the statistics regardingSome of the statistics regarding
population covers periods frompopulation covers periods frompopulation covers periods frompopulation covers periods frompopulation covers periods from
1985-2000, but the main time1985-2000, but the main time1985-2000, but the main time1985-2000, but the main time1985-2000, but the main time
frame for most of these statisticsframe for most of these statisticsframe for most of these statisticsframe for most of these statisticsframe for most of these statistics
is 1995-2000.is 1995-2000.is 1995-2000.is 1995-2000.is 1995-2000.
persons over the previous year.Crude birth rates fell from 12.44in 1995 to 11.16 in 2000. TheCrude Death Rate acceleratedconstantly between 1995 and1999, the highest rate – 8.2 – beingrecorded in the latter year.Subsequently, in the year 2000,this fell to 7.8. Such a change isdue to improved health standardsin the Islands.
Table 7 shows that lifeexpectancy is always higher forfemales, in every year and atevery group. When the results ofthe years 1985, 1995 and 2000
are compared one could observethat the year 2000 reflects thehighest values for al timesaccording to every age group,from 0 to 75 years.
Population increase is givingrise to a rapid urbanisationsprawl, transforming the Islandsinto one big building mass. Thistrend has brought about anincrease in production andconsumption patterns, which ishaving direct and indirect effectson the environment. Details ofthese effects are statisticallyexplained in this publication.
Table 7 Life expectancy at birth
Males Females
Age 1985 1995 2000 1985 1995 2000
0 70.8 74.9 74.3 76.0 79.5 80.21 71.0 74.7 73.8 75.9 79.0 79.75 67.2 70.9 69.9 71.9 75.1 75.7
10 62.3 65.9 64.9 67.0 70.1 70.715 57.4 61.0 60.0 62.1 65.1 65.820 52.5 56.2 55.1 57.1 60.2 60.925 47.7 51.4 50.2 52.2 55.3 55.935 37.9 41.9 42.0 42.4 45.4 46.145 28.2 32.4 32.3 32.8 35.6 36.455 19.4 23.3 23.2 23.5 26.3 27.165 12.3 15.3 15.0 15.1 17.5 18.475 7.4 9.1 9.2 8.6 10.2 11.0
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS10
LAND USE
Agricultural land occupies 34per cent of the total available landuse. Table 8 presents a detailedpicture of the agricultural land bydistrict and locality, based onMalta’s NUTS classification.Agricultural land is mostlyconcentrated in the WesternDistrict, totaling nearly 3,529hectares. The locality of Rabatwithin this district has the highestproportion of irrigated land, 154
The Maltese islands are spread over an area of 316
square kilometres and reach a maximum height of
253 metres. Because of the small size of the islands,
land use is a crucial factor as practically no natural
resources are available and population density is
high. The soils are rather immature and are very
thin in most places.
hectares, and of dry land, 1,275hectares. In the sister island ofGozo’s case, just 16 per cent ofthe total agricultural land in theMaltese Islands is registered asagricultural land. Of this, 87hectares constitute irrigated land,1473 hectares are dry land, while189 hectares are registered aswaste land. Nadur is the mostagricultural, while Fontana is theleast. Taken as a whole, the
Maltese Islands have a total of10,714 hectares of agriculturalland, 77 per cent of this beingclassified as dry land.
Table 9 and Charts 8, 9 and 10show the agricultural land usechange from 1955 to 2000,distributed on a district basis. Inthe Northern and SouthernHarbour Districts, agriculturalland occupancy is at its lowest.The constant decrease in dry land
LA
ND
USE
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
Hecta
res
SOUTHERNHARBOUR
SOUTHEASTERN
NORTHERNHARBOUR
WESTERN GOZO ANDCOMINO
District
1955 1960 1966 1971 1976 1983 1991 1992
NORTHERN
Chart 8 Spatial distribution of irrigated landChart 8 Spatial distribution of irrigated landChart 8 Spatial distribution of irrigated landChart 8 Spatial distribution of irrigated landChart 8 Spatial distribution of irrigated land
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS11
Table 8. Distribution of agricultural occupancy by district: 2001 (hectares)
MT 01 MALTA ISLAND
MT 011 SOUTHERN HARBOUR DISTRICT
LOCALITY TOTAL Irrigated Dry Waste
MT 01101 VALLETTA (CITTA UMILISSMA) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00MT01103 BIRGU (CITTA VITTORIOSA) 2.13 1.91 0.22 0.00MT01104 ISLA (CITTA INVICTA) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00MT01105 BORMLA (CITTA COSPICUA) 2.58 1.51 1.07 0.00MT01108 ZABBAR 297.48 101.70 178.64 17.14MT01117 FGURA 9.21 0.56 8.24 0.41MT01118 FLORIANA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00MT01129 KALKARA 27.97 4.11 18.36 5.50MT01133 LUQA 108.82 5.32 87.30 16.20MT01134 MARSA 3.68 0.67 2.90 0.11MT01145 PAOLA 9.64 1.01 8.22 0.41MT01157 SANTA LUCIJA 17.23 2.24 14.88 0.11MT01162 TARXIEN 34.46 1.57 31.36 1.52MT01165 XGHAJRA 10.58 3.34 6.99 0.25
TOTAL 011 SOUTHERN HARBOUR DISTRICT 523.77 123.94 358.19 41.65
PERCENTAGE COVERAGE 4.89% 10.50% 4.39% 3.17%
MT 012 NORTHERN HARBOUR DISTRICT
LOCALITY TOTAL Irrigated Dry Waste
MT01206 QORMI 195.87 56.16 130.44 9.28MT01214 BIRKIRKARA 61.20 4.70 50.28 6.22MT01221 GZIRA 1.68 0.11 1.57 0.00MT01227 HAMRUN 0.90 0.90 0.00 0.00MT01241 MSIDA 10.21 0.67 8.52 1.02MT01246 PEMBROKE 3.00 2.50 0.51 0.00MT01252 SAN GILJAN 10.89 3.46 6.61 0.82MT01253 SAN GWANN 39.62 6.37 28.73 4.53MT01258 SANTA VENERA 7.48 5.39 1.49 0.60MT01260 SWIEQI 18.67 2.24 10.34 6.09MT01261 TA’ XBIEX 0.22 0.22 0.00 0.00
TOTAL 012 NORTHERN HARBOUR DISTRICT 349.74 82.71 238.48 28.56
PERCENTAGE COVERAGE 3.26% 6.89% 2.94% 2.15%
MT103 SOUTH EASTERN DISTRICT
LOCALITY TOTAL Irrigated Dry Waste
MT01310 ZEJTUN 312.92 40.24 257.04 15.64MT01315 BIRZEBBUGA 291.80 8.20 224.29 59.30MT01320 GUDJA 165.86 8.88 144.26 12.72MT01326 GHAXAQ 109.28 8.37 84.35 16.55MT01331 KIRKOP 45.02 2.38 39.05 3.59MT01335 MARSASKALA 127.89 29.41 80.23 18.25MT01336 MARSAXLOKK 186.07 17.00 149.59 19.48MT01340 MQABBA 79.29 3.06 72.18 4.05MT01349 QRENDI 208.07 6.01 169.84 32.22MT01351 SAFI 118.85 6.83 89.42 22.60MT01367 ZURRIEQ 315.86 9.13 269.68 37.05
TOTAL 013 SOUTH EASTERN DISTRICT 1,960.91 139.51 1,579.94 241.45
PERCENTAGE COVERAGE 18.30% 12.16% 19.24% 17.84%
LA
ND
USE
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS12
MT014 WESTERN DISTRICT
LOCALITY TOTAL Irrigated Dry Waste
MT01402 MDINA 7.28 0.22 6.52 0.53MT01407 ZEBBUG (MALTA) 410.82 24.36 369.89 16.57MT01409 SIGGIEWI 812.06 38.27 710.99 62.80MT01412 ATTARD 139.40 38.29 88.74 12.37MT01413 BALZAN 2.19 2.15 0.04 0.00MT01416 DINGLI 345.97 44.03 231.53 70.41MT01428 IKLIN 13.74 1.12 11.17 1.44MT01432 LIJA 38.77 3.53 34.05 1.19MT01450 RABAT (MALTA) 1,757.63 154.01 1,275.16 328.46MT01468 MTARFA 0.86 0.86 0.00 0.00
TOTAL 014 WESTERN DISTRICT 3,528.72 306.84 2,728.10 493.78
PERCENTAGE COVERAGE 32.94% 26.48% 33.25% 36.49%
MT015 NORTHERN DISTRICT
LOCALITY TOTAL Irrigated Dry Waste
MT01524 GHARGHUR 120.85 1.98 100.55 18.33MT01537 MELLIEHA 491.76 132.31 244.41 115.04MT01538 MGARR (MALTA) 714.73 72.66 545.94 96.13MT01539 MOSTA 380.38 27.96 310.55 41.87MT01544 NAXXAR 276.53 16.32 232.82 27.38MT01555 SAN PAWL IL-BAHAR 617.28 166.11 392.47 58.71
TOTAL 015 NORTHERN DISTRICT 2,601.53 417.34 1,826.74 357.45
PERCENTAGE COVERAGE 24.28% 36.37% 22.24% 26.41%
Total coverage Malta 8,964.67 1,070.34 6,731.44 1,162.89
Percentage coverage 83.67% 92.40% 82.06% 86.06%
Average percentage coverage 16.73% 18.48% 16.41% 17.21%
MT 02 GOZO AND COMINO
MT 026 GOZO AND COMINO
LOCALITY TOTAL Irrigated Dry Waste
MT02611 RABAT (GOZO) 142.17 7.75 123.03 11.40MT02619 FONTANA 6.33 1.51 4.50 0.32MT02622 GHAJNSIELEM 91.73 6.88 76.19 8.67MT02623 GHARB 105.68 0.84 90.15 14.69MT02625 GHASRI 110.15 1.91 94.23 14.01MT02630 KERCEM 210.04 6.12 190.43 13.48MT02642 MUNXAR 68.82 0.30 61.86 6.67MT02643 NADUR 275.87 26.63 214.49 34.76MT02648 QALA 74.45 1.90 59.87 12.69MT02654 SAN LAWRENZ 65.15 2.21 54.28 8.66MT02656 SANNAT 81.06 1.37 71.06 8.64MT02663 XAGHRA 193.97 18.36 157.74 17.87MT02664 XEWKIJA 108.57 2.61 97.55 8.41MT02666 ZEBBUG (GOZO) 215.00 8.73 177.94 28.34
TOTAL OF 026 GOZO AND COMINO 1,748.99 87.11 1,473.31 188.58
PERCENTAGE COVERAGE 16.33% 7.59% 17.94% 13.93%
GRAND TOTAL COVERAGE MALTESE ISLANDS 10,713.67 1,157.45 8,204.75 1,351.47
LA
ND
USE
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS13
LA
ND
USE
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
Hecta
res
SOUTHERNHARBOUR
SOUTHEASTERN
NORTHERNHARBOUR
WESTERN NORTHERN GOZO ANDCOMINO
District
1955 1960 1966 1971 1976 1983 1991 1992
Chart 9 Spatial distribution of dry landChart 9 Spatial distribution of dry landChart 9 Spatial distribution of dry landChart 9 Spatial distribution of dry landChart 9 Spatial distribution of dry land
Table 9 Agricultural land by type 1955 – 2001
1955/56 1960/61 1966/67
Irrigated Dry Waste Irrigated Dry Waste Irrigated Dry Waste
SOUTHERN HARBOUR DISTRICT 452 9988 784 421 8946 691 443 8081 818SOUTH EASTERN DISTRICT 297 28247 3704 246 25089 3254 225 23201 2818NORTHERN HARBOUR DISTRICT 1060 9081 879 1044 7777 1049 996 5989 624WESTERN DISTRICT 1764 38168 6525 1462 34327 6309 1668 32034 6183NORTHERN DISTRICT 2505 33600 8572 2297 29404 7557 2336 25083 6207GOZO AND COMINO 972 30863 2138 698 27866 1757 571 25400 1730
Total Maltese Islands 7050 149947 22602 6168 133409 20617 6239 119788 18380
1971/72 1976 1983
Irrigated Dry Waste Irrigated Dry Waste Irrigated Dry Waste
SOUTHERN HARBOUR DISTRICT 431 7166 714 63 806 83 75 810 50SOUTH EASTERN DISTRICT 172 20990 2735 28 2359 532 31 2043 257NORTHERN HARBOUR DISTRICT 687 5280 784 104 580 97 81 566 65WESTERN DISTRICT 1358 29566 5826 187 3370 609 82 3094 520NORTHERN DISTRICT 1940 23119 5387 259 2662 563 207 2265 466GOZO AND COMINO 368 22877 1918 43 2390 224 34 2133 168
Total Maltese Islands 4956 108998 17364 684 12167 2108 510 10911 1526
1991 2001
Irrigated Dry Waste Irrigated Dry Waste
SOUTHERN HARBOUR DISTRICT 130.884 431.205 40.736 120.524 360.315 42.934SOUTH EASTERN DISTRICT 98.935 1828.256 194.111 139.514 1579.94 241.454NORTHERN HARBOUR DISTRICT 77.098 301.812 30.979 79.092 241.588 29.061WESTERN DISTRICT 169.83 2806.79 413.85 303.83 2731.06 493.825NORTHERN DISTRICT 196.70 1749.96 347.48 417.342 1826.74 357.454GOZO AND COMINO 44.62 1628.29 159.95 87.109 1473.31 188.575
Total Maltese Islands 718.07 8746.311 1187.106 1147.411 8212.952 1353.303
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS14
LA
ND
USE
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
No
. o
f p
art
-tim
e f
arm
ers
Hectares
<0.112 0.224 -
<0.336
0.448 -
<0.560
0.672 -
<0.784
0.896 -
<1.008
1.120 -
<1.232
1.344 -
<1.456
1.568 -
<1.680
1.792 -
<1.904
2.000-
<5.000
10.000-
<20.000
30.000-
<50.000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
Hecta
res
District
1955 1960 1966 1971 1976 1983 1991 1992
SOUTHERNHARBOUR
SOUTHEASTERN
NORTHERNHARBOUR
WESTERN NORTHERN GOZO ANDCOMINO
Chart 10 Spatial distribution of waste landChart 10 Spatial distribution of waste landChart 10 Spatial distribution of waste landChart 10 Spatial distribution of waste landChart 10 Spatial distribution of waste land
Chart 11 Land holdings tilled by part-time farmersChart 11 Land holdings tilled by part-time farmersChart 11 Land holdings tilled by part-time farmersChart 11 Land holdings tilled by part-time farmersChart 11 Land holdings tilled by part-time farmers
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS15
LA
ND
USE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
No
. o
f fu
ll-t
ime
fa
rme
rs
<0.112 0.224 -
<0.336
0.448 -
<0.560
0.672 -
<0.784
0.896 -
<1.008
1.120 -
<1.232
1.344 -
<1.456
1.568 -
<1.680
1.792 -
<1.904
2.000-
<5.000
10.000-
<20.000
30.000-
<50.000
Hectares
in these districts has been inevidence since 1955, acceler-ating with the encroachinginroads of the building industry.The Western and NorthernDistricts respectively have thehighest proportions of agri-cultural dry land, with these alsodiminishing with time. Thehighest hectarage of waste landcan be found in the WesternDistrict, followed by theNorthern District. Agriculturalland in Gozo and Comino ischaracterised mostly by dry land.
Charts 11 and 12 show thefarm work force of the MalteseIslands. There are 932 full-timeand 10,332 part-time farmers.1,722 of the latter manage from1 to 2 tumoli of land. The full-time farming components havemore land under their manage-ment, with 376 full-time farmersmanaging up to 17 tumoli.
Table 10 and Chart 13 show a
detailed picture of land use in theMaltese Islands for the year 2000.Agricultural land amounts to107.1 square kilometres whilebuilt up areas occupy 73.4 squarekilometres. Wet open lands
34%
4%
24%1%
37%
0%
agricultural land forest & other wooded land built up and related land
wet open lands Dry open lands inland waters
Chart 12 Land holdings tilled by full-time farmersChart 12 Land holdings tilled by full-time farmersChart 12 Land holdings tilled by full-time farmersChart 12 Land holdings tilled by full-time farmersChart 12 Land holdings tilled by full-time farmers
amount to nearly 2 squarekilometres, while dry open landsmake up 36 per cent of the totalland use. This indicates that theIslands have a high building landoccupancy rate of 23 per cent.
Chart 13 Land use in the Maltese Islands: 2000Chart 13 Land use in the Maltese Islands: 2000Chart 13 Land use in the Maltese Islands: 2000Chart 13 Land use in the Maltese Islands: 2000Chart 13 Land use in the Maltese Islands: 2000
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS16
LA
ND
USE
The data are primarily collected by the Malta Environment and Planning AuthorityThe data are primarily collected by the Malta Environment and Planning AuthorityThe data are primarily collected by the Malta Environment and Planning AuthorityThe data are primarily collected by the Malta Environment and Planning AuthorityThe data are primarily collected by the Malta Environment and Planning Authority
(MEPA). This is the national agency for building, developing control, environmental(MEPA). This is the national agency for building, developing control, environmental(MEPA). This is the national agency for building, developing control, environmental(MEPA). This is the national agency for building, developing control, environmental(MEPA). This is the national agency for building, developing control, environmental
impact and digital mapping. The MEPA extracts data from its land use databasesimpact and digital mapping. The MEPA extracts data from its land use databasesimpact and digital mapping. The MEPA extracts data from its land use databasesimpact and digital mapping. The MEPA extracts data from its land use databasesimpact and digital mapping. The MEPA extracts data from its land use databases
following a request from the National Statistics Office (NSO), under the Maltafollowing a request from the National Statistics Office (NSO), under the Maltafollowing a request from the National Statistics Office (NSO), under the Maltafollowing a request from the National Statistics Office (NSO), under the Maltafollowing a request from the National Statistics Office (NSO), under the Malta
Statistics Authority Act, 2000. This organization updates its data sets annually.Statistics Authority Act, 2000. This organization updates its data sets annually.Statistics Authority Act, 2000. This organization updates its data sets annually.Statistics Authority Act, 2000. This organization updates its data sets annually.Statistics Authority Act, 2000. This organization updates its data sets annually.
Agricultural Land use data has been collected since 1955 from the agriculturalAgricultural Land use data has been collected since 1955 from the agriculturalAgricultural Land use data has been collected since 1955 from the agriculturalAgricultural Land use data has been collected since 1955 from the agriculturalAgricultural Land use data has been collected since 1955 from the agricultural
censuses compiled by the National Statistics Office. Data compilation from pastcensuses compiled by the National Statistics Office. Data compilation from pastcensuses compiled by the National Statistics Office. Data compilation from pastcensuses compiled by the National Statistics Office. Data compilation from pastcensuses compiled by the National Statistics Office. Data compilation from past
census was vital to portray the agricultural land use change by region. The regionscensus was vital to portray the agricultural land use change by region. The regionscensus was vital to portray the agricultural land use change by region. The regionscensus was vital to portray the agricultural land use change by region. The regionscensus was vital to portray the agricultural land use change by region. The regions
and locality classifications were based on the NUTS classification.and locality classifications were based on the NUTS classification.and locality classifications were based on the NUTS classification.and locality classifications were based on the NUTS classification.and locality classifications were based on the NUTS classification.
Table 10. Land use by category: 2000
km2
1. Total agricultural land 107.13
1.1 Arable land 82.131.2 Land under permanent crops 11.401.3 Land under permanent meadows and pasture 13.531.4 Other agricultural land, n.e.s. (b)
2. Total land under forest and other wooded land 13.37
2.1 Predominantly coniferous 2.2 Predominantly broadleaved 2.3 Predominantly other 2.4 Mixed forest 2.5 Other wooded land
3. Built-up and related land (excluding scattered farm buildings) 73.38
3.1 Residential land 60.243.2 Industrial land (other than 3.3 below) 5.633.3 Land used for quarries, pits, mines, etc. 2.563.4 Commercial land 3.5 Land used for public services (excluding transport,
communication and technical infrastructure) –3.6 Land of mixed use –3.7 Land used for transport and communication 4.953.8 Land used for technical infrastucture 3.9 Recreational and other open land –
4. Wet Open Lands 1.60
4.1 Mires 4.2 Wet tundra 4.3 Other wet open lands, n.e.s.
5 + 6. Total dry open lands 114.57
5. Dry open land with special vegetation cover 5.1 Heathland 5.2 Dry tundra 5.3 Mountainous grassland 5.4 Other, n.e.s.
6. Dry open land without, or with insignificant vegetation cover
6.1.1/6.1.2 Bare rocks, glaciers and perpetual snow 6.2 Sand beaches, dunes and other sandy lands 6.3 Other, n.e.s.
7. Waters 1.00
7.1 Inland waters 1.007.2 Tidal waters
1-6 LAND AREA 316.00
1-7 TOTAL AREA 316.00
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS17
CLIMATE
Rainfall, sunshine, wind,temperature and humidity are themain climatic parameters. Thetrends for such variables arepresented respectively in Tables11 to 14, for a period of 30 yearsand over. Temperature variesaccording to the season. Tables15 and 16, and Chart 15 presentsthe lowest and highesttemperatures in the Maltese
Islands for the past 75 years.Mean lowest temperaturesrecorded are 11°C in the wintermonths of January and February,while the mean maximum reach35°C in the summer months ofJuly and August.
Temperatures are lowest inJanuary; the average lowestregistered being 11.06°C. Theaverage highest registered for
this month is 18.48°C. Thehottest month is July, with theaverage highest temperature of35.97°C (and a minimum at nightof 26.12°C) recorded for thismonth in the Maltese Islands.The extreme highest temperaturerecorded in the Maltese Islandsover the past 75 years, is 43.8°C,in August 1999, while theextreme lowest is 6.7°C, in
The Maltese islands have hot, dry summers with no
rain followed by autumns caracterised by isolated
showers. Winters are short and cool with sufficient
rainfall to satisfy agricultural activities but not
enough to combat the oncoming dry season.
Springs are warm and dry with occasional showers.
The tables and charts depicting climate of the
Maltese Islands are presented in this chapter.
CLIM
AT
E
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Month
Mil
lim
ete
rs
Chart 14 Mean monthly rainfall from 1841 to 2000Chart 14 Mean monthly rainfall from 1841 to 2000Chart 14 Mean monthly rainfall from 1841 to 2000Chart 14 Mean monthly rainfall from 1841 to 2000Chart 14 Mean monthly rainfall from 1841 to 2000
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS18
Table 11 Yearly and monthly rainfall (millimetres)
YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTALS 1840 – – – – – – – – – – – – –1841 24.64 72.39 13.72 33.53 0.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 54.86 36.32 163.58 420.621842 215.39 49.53 74.68 14.73 24.13 3.81 3.81 16.76 0.00 13.21 31.50 69.09 516.641843 63.75 50.80 61.21 6.10 39.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.34 2.29 83.82 57.91 402.591844 121.92 39.37 64.52 66.55 7.62 0.00 0.00 2.29 0.00 32.77 32.00 72.64 439.671845 111.76 42.93 4.06 2.54 18.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.60 17.27 26.67 6.60 236.731846 85.34 15.24 26.67 10.41 1.02 6.10 0.00 5.08 57.66 109.98 181.36 56.90 555.751847 152.65 11.18 23.37 8.64 6.60 17.53 0.00 0.76 42.93 21.08 154.43 75.44 514.601848 191.52 91.69 29.21 5.08 4.06 0.00 1.27 0.00 59.18 7.87 71.37 98.81 560.071849 52.07 8.89 71.63 31.24 32.26 0.00 3.81 9.65 17.53 106.68 148.84 72.39 554.991850 112.01 29.46 29.46 37.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.39 39.88 39.37 166.37 494.791851 81.53 183.13 18.29 55.63 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 62.48 83.06 47.24 26.67 579.631852 33.78 43.43 62.74 73.15 7.11 0.00 0.00 7.11 0.00 13.46 2.79 50.29 293.881853 15.49 136.91 41.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.51 33.02 205.23 109.73 558.041854 108.97 54.36 93.22 11.18 15.49 0.00 0.00 16.00 11.43 46.48 59.94 122.94 540.001855 48.77 0.00 82.55 107.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.08 58.67 25.65 328.681856 – – – – – – – – – – – – –1857 – – – – – 2.54 0.00 0.00 25.40 57.40 49.53 26.67 –1858 93.73 37.59 3.81 2.54 0.00 2.29 0.00 2.79 14.22 15.49 79.76 152.15 404.371859 172.97 57.40 33.53 4.57 8.38 0.00 0.00 1.78 6.35 0.00 152.91 79.50 517.401860 22.35 43.94 29.21 3.56 6.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 45.97 43.69 42.93 238.251861 86.87 0.00 28.45 15.24 4.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 – – – – –1862 – – – – – – – – – – – – –1863 – – – – – – – – – – – – –1864 – – – – – – – – – – – – –1865 49.53 106.68 17.02 3.81 0.00 5.33 0.00 0.00 117.09 69.85 69.85 118.87 558.041866 16.00 57.15 12.19 2.79 15.24 5.59 0.00 2.29 2.54 79.25 58.17 15.24 266.451867 14.99 7.37 18.80 8.38 0.00 0.25 0.00 32.00 35.81 29.72 80.01 99.31 326.641868 85.85 13.46 172.47 53.09 2.03 5.84 2.03 0.00 18.03 137.67 119.13 45.21 654.811869 157.23 4.83 68.07 13.97 0.00 0.25 9.40 21.34 0.00 158.75 41.91 88.65 564.391870 51.31 56.39 64.52 57.91 1.52 1.27 0.00 1.78 75.69 52.32 10.16 66.04 438.911871 136.14 25.40 22.10 3.30 3.81 0.00 0.00 30.99 0.00 59.69 67.06 172.21 520.701872 83.57 59.44 4.57 20.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.54 0.00 83.31 43.69 42.16 339.341873 40.89 62.23 57.15 34.54 15.75 1.27 0.00 0.00 21.34 58.17 115.06 353.31 759.711874 141.22 31.75 172.97 2.03 7.37 0.00 28.70 1.27 0.00 211.07 179.07 29.46 804.931875 31.24 90.42 41.40 17.53 1.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 83.82 125.48 79.25 223.77 694.441876 59.18 42.42 18.54 30.48 1.27 12.95 0.00 0.00 0.51 89.41 24.38 6.10 285.241877 135.64 48.01 24.13 5.84 1.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 56.13 130.30 83.82 131.06 616.461878 76.45 59.94 17.02 19.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 70.61 34.29 98.55 54.61 430.781879 64.26 18.29 114.05 2.03 19.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 235.20 48.77 107.70 63.75 673.351880 90.42 88.65 57.40 3.30 8.89 0.00 0.00 0.25 62.99 67.82 54.36 58.42 492.511881 9.40 36.32 2.29 21.59 44.96 1.27 0.00 0.00 9.91 29.72 22.10 196.34 373.891882 79.76 46.23 75.44 18.54 2.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.03 28.19 50.80 160.02 463.301883 47.75 71.88 40.89 7.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.03 12.45 82.55 149.61 83.57 498.601884 47.50 16.26 35.31 11.43 12.19 4.06 0.00 5.08 6.10 36.07 143.51 90.93 408.431885 103.38 6.60 2.54 13.97 0.00 0.00 0.51 2.03 7.62 17.27 86.11 67.31 307.341886 125.22 83.31 18.54 15.24 0.00 1.27 0.00 0.00 103.89 16.26 103.38 101.09 568.201887 58.67 33.02 7.37 29.72 4.32 2.29 0.00 14.48 7.11 223.52 30.73 26.42 437.641888 60.71 43.94 20.07 2.29 39.88 0.00 0.00 2.03 16.00 103.12 18.80 42.42 349.251889 198.63 40.64 68.83 10.67 14.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 56.13 16.51 27.94 227.33 661.421890 33.53 130.56 25.91 16.26 15.49 2.03 0.00 0.00 33.27 134.87 47.50 104.39 543.811891 114.81 96.52 4.32 29.97 6.60 0.51 0.00 0.00 16.51 46.99 34.54 86.36 437.131892 82.04 29.97 20.57 58.93 82.04 0.25 10.41 0.00 83.31 42.16 186.18 52.58 648.461893 168.66 44.96 57.66 6.35 3.81 3.81 0.00 0.76 0.00 83.82 85.60 187.20 642.621894 101.60 111.76 37.85 38.35 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.84 41.15 116.84 185.17 639.061895 48.51 27.43 20.32 3.05 12.95 0.00 0.00 9.40 3.30 29.72 45.47 89.41 289.561896 77.47 48.51 26.16 84.84 25.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 63.50 130.05 101.35 557.781897 26.67 12.45 19.05 46.99 35.81 0.00 2.29 0.00 1.27 72.90 42.93 100.84 361.191898 73.15 55.63 34.29 49.53 1.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 63.50 197.61 59.18 206.76 740.921899 37.08 38.61 21.34 2.79 0.00 13.97 0.00 0.00 47.50 73.15 118.11 101.35 453.901900 139.95 26.42 26.42 55.37 13.97 9.65 0.00 0.51 2.54 15.24 92.46 31.50 414.021901 136.91 93.47 20.57 2.54 39.12 5.33 0.00 4.06 4.83 144.02 131.06 49.02 630.941902 22.61 56.13 19.05 30.48 15.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 61.72 150.11 162.56 83.06 601.221903 82.04 40.89 19.30 23.11 1.02 2.29 0.00 0.00 28.70 6.60 79.76 90.17 373.891904 88.39 13.97 24.89 12.45 3.05 3.30 4.57 7.11 53.85 145.80 110.49 60.96 528.831905 71.63 39.12 24.89 10.41 12.70 0.25 9.65 0.00 15.75 77.47 25.40 243.59 530.861906 93.22 174.75 4.57 12.45 7.87 0.51 0.00 30.99 14.73 247.65 84.84 113.28 784.861907 108.46 101.09 56.90 32.77 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 58.42 135.64 99.57 12.95 606.04
CLIM
AT
E
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS19
1908 17.78 61.98 74.93 16.00 0.00 3.05 0.00 0.00 16.26 35.05 33.78 271.27 530.101909 110.24 56.90 23.88 39.88 19.56 2.03 0.00 1.78 2.03 236.73 83.06 73.41 649.481910 121.67 89.66 32.51 21.34 3.56 0.00 0.00 3.81 62.23 80.26 45.47 37.34 497.841911 123.70 11.18 30.73 38.10 12.19 2.54 0.00 0.00 40.64 10.92 256.79 54.61 581.411912 97.28 16.26 21.34 34.04 42.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 78.99 29.72 92.46 24.89 437.131913 65.28 81.28 35.05 18.54 20.57 0.00 0.00 0.51 0.00 325.37 35.31 68.83 650.751914 97.28 43.43 28.19 0.51 1.02 0.00 0.00 1.78 34.04 51.56 88.65 27.18 373.631915 45.47 53.09 38.10 72.90 1.02 34.54 0.00 10.41 54.86 29.72 193.29 19.05 552.451916 86.87 173.99 15.24 34.80 2.03 1.52 0.00 8.13 39.88 13.46 82.80 30.23 488.951917 85.09 62.48 21.84 25.15 4.06 10.92 0.00 0.00 43.43 42.42 87.38 58.67 441.451918 11.18 27.43 139.45 7.62 5.08 4.06 0.00 0.00 20.32 108.71 118.62 93.73 536.191919 91.19 30.23 39.62 21.34 14.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.67 25.15 92.96 73.91 399.541920 9.14 71.88 42.16 14.73 0.00 2.54 0.00 0.76 8.13 105.41 218.95 36.58 510.291921 69.34 28.70 62.74 61.21 14.22 0.00 0.00 4.83 32.77 22.61 106.68 87.63 490.731922 92.46 23.88 9.65 3.81 14.48 0.51 0.00 0.00 2.03 22.61 48.51 91.19 309.121923 102.87 96.27 22.61 29.21 1.52 0.76 0.00 0.51 13.46 2.03 95.00 100.08 464.311924 73.91 50.04 44.96 52.83 0.00 5.33 0.51 0.00 1.02 125.73 54.61 176.53 585.471925 32.77 31.50 151.64 7.11 38.61 1.27 0.00 0.00 4.57 178.31 83.31 16.26 545.341926 68.07 23.37 38.35 24.89 21.08 2.03 0.00 0.00 28.19 5.33 93.73 85.09 390.141927 44.70 44.20 30.99 8.89 3.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.65 8.89 84.07 170.18 404.881928 180.59 128.52 117.60 71.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 59.44 32.77 175.01 130.56 896.371929 37.59 97.28 83.31 17.78 7.62 0.00 0.00 1.27 40.64 27.94 125.48 40.13 479.041930 126.24 150.88 11.18 22.61 8.38 0.51 0.00 31.50 56.13 77.98 42.42 163.07 690.881931 194.31 135.38 8.64 3.56 21.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.24 114.30 72.90 97.79 663.451932 62.23 114.30 49.02 4.57 0.51 0.51 0.00 0.25 33.02 108.71 115.32 31.75 520.191933 185.42 80.77 6.10 2.29 11.18 12.19 0.76 20.32 2.29 6.10 55.37 155.96 538.731934 132.33 35.31 48.77 7.37 13.97 0.76 0.00 0.00 42.42 74.68 89.15 142.24 586.991935 144.78 26.42 95.76 5.08 0.00 0.00 0.51 0.00 13.72 22.61 111.51 92.20 512.571936 34.04 23.37 4.83 27.94 27.43 0.51 0.00 4.06 5.59 32.77 175.77 98.55 434.851937 51.82 71.12 14.48 14.73 6.60 0.00 0.00 0.76 43.94 52.07 66.80 135.13 457.451938 122.68 141.99 53.34 33.27 12.19 0.00 0.00 4.06 49.28 26.92 121.16 118.36 683.261939 38.35 54.36 32.51 48.51 8.38 2.79 0.00 1.27 133.35 138.68 32.77 47.24 538.231940 90.17 25.91 14.22 23.37 13.46 2.29 0.00 0.00 2.03 45.47 46.23 177.80 440.941941 46.23 30.99 26.92 26.92 36.07 0.51 0.00 0.00 9.40 64.52 132.59 119.13 493.271942 123.70 138.94 13.72 11.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.18 30.99 47.24 89.92 140.46 624.081943 56.39 62.99 98.30 7.87 43.18 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 68.07 95.76 65.28 498.091944 52.83 53.59 103.12 30.73 0.25 0.51 0.00 63.75 25.91 23.11 28.70 151.38 533.911945 74.93 20.83 16.51 9.14 3.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.32 31.50 91.95 65.02 318.011946 92.20 21.08 20.07 8.13 0.51 0.00 0.00 2.03 0.25 70.10 64.26 142.49 421.131947 84.33 8.64 2.03 4.32 0.25 0.00 0.00 3.56 2.79 43.69 21.84 57.40 228.851948 27.43 16.26 21.34 24.64 2.29 3.81 0.00 0.00 2.03 81.53 115.57 179.32 474.221949 79.25 29.46 44.20 4.83 15.49 0.76 0.00 0.00 0.76 181.36 97.79 24.13 478.031950 107.95 50.29 75.44 20.57 7.87 0.00 0.00 0.51 0.76 101.09 18.03 121.92 504.441951 82.30 29.97 23.62 4.57 7.37 0.00 0.00 12.70 162.05 586.23 49.28 51.31 1,009.401952 70.61 35.81 10.67 7.87 3.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.18 22.86 70.10 77.98 310.131953 135.89 18.54 113.03 33.02 25.40 15.24 0.51 42.67 8.13 72.90 166.12 29.46 660.911954 146.30 78.23 7.87 64.52 8.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.86 149.61 113.79 67.06 643.131955 60.96 9.65 77.72 80.26 1.02 0.00 1.52 41.66 100.58 73.15 35.56 42.67 524.761956 100.33 98.30 59.69 0.00 1.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.51 80.52 30.48 155.96 559.311957 97.79 6.35 11.68 10.41 16.26 1.78 0.00 0.00 44.96 151.64 162.05 111.25 614.171958 58.17 57.91 37.59 10.16 12.45 1.02 0.00 0.00 7.11 88.14 180.85 67.82 521.211959 49.53 32.51 12.19 67.56 22.61 2.29 0.51 0.51 0.51 104.65 76.45 49.53 418.851960 80.01 8.13 26.67 8.13 4.57 1.27 0.00 0.00 21.59 25.65 12.95 139.19 328.171961 38.86 11.68 38.35 0.51 0.00 1.52 0.00 0.03 34.40 29.10 61.10 46.90 262.461962 110.90 56.20 49.10 23.10 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.00 10.00 137.50 116.20 127.20 630.281963 101.60 116.70 26.20 10.10 3.90 4.30 0.80 0.03 27.70 57.20 6.70 66.70 421.931964 148.40 38.40 31.20 11.10 4.00 11.80 0.00 155.50 0.10 63.60 25.30 217.00 706.401965 111.90 187.90 32.30 14.20 0.30 0.03 0.03 1.90 6.00 202.80 59.50 53.20 670.051966 27.80 16.80 46.40 37.90 1.70 19.30 0.03 0.03 104.40 222.60 118.10 60.70 655.751967 37.20 87.20 13.40 4.50 3.30 0.03 0.03 0.03 3.30 54.60 80.10 129.50 413.181968 79.00 61.60 10.80 29.20 0.03 28.20 0.03 0.03 4.40 47.40 26.30 99.80 386.781969 46.10 26.60 49.00 21.70 3.10 6.40 0.03 0.20 194.80 174.30 29.40 215.20 766.831970 35.40 25.90 58.20 7.90 3.20 0.03 0.00 0.03 32.80 69.50 2.60 302.60 538.151971 65.10 96.70 65.60 10.60 9.30 3.70 0.03 0.03 200.90 140.70 28.90 41.10 662.651972 105.80 20.70 104.40 50.20 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 11.30 67.60 3.90 229.60 593.601973 225.60 111.90 89.80 21.20 0.03 0.20 1.40 4.10 42.90 34.50 46.30 28.00 605.931974 14.70 99.10 16.50 22.60 0.03 0.80 0.10 0.03 25.60 80.80 21.90 22.20 304.351975 34.70 103.40 42.00 19.80 18.20 2.50 0.00 15.00 29.70 76.60 105.50 115.20 562.60
Table 11 Yearly and monthly rainfall (millimetres) (continued)
YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTALS
CLIM
AT
E
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS20
1976 196.60 142.70 76.70 2.20 49.10 8.90 3.00 13.60 21.70 167.60 118.30 73.70 874.101977 128.40 16.70 0.40 33.30 5.70 0.03 0.03 0.03 7.50 87.30 31.50 70.50 381.381978 108.00 20.40 23.40 16.50 4.20 0.80 0.00 5.80 20.10 74.70 79.80 40.30 394.001979 56.50 142.30 21.00 70.70 17.60 2.20 0.03 3.20 58.50 167.10 94.60 37.00 670.731980 31.90 23.50 81.90 63.10 22.80 0.03 0.03 2.90 11.90 20.60 54.50 146.60 459.751981 63.20 54.60 7.00 0.20 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.03 5.10 14.30 20.70 75.50 240.681982 140.00 39.30 55.00 25.80 12.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 54.50 93.10 144.80 76.10 640.901983 10.30 21.30 30.00 4.60 1.70 0.00 0.00 0.03 38.00 79.50 176.70 157.80 519.931984 24.00 31.50 32.80 15.70 17.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 43.00 88.70 139.70 400.401985 216.40 11.00 13.60 31.30 8.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 73.80 28.70 22.40 57.20 463.201986 55.40 66.00 17.00 41.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 33.50 69.60 120.80 100.20 504.501987 11.00 86.20 54.10 26.50 3.60 2.50 0.00 0.00 2.00 12.60 50.90 9.30 258.701988 63.40 45.70 29.70 5.70 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 45.90 25.80 135.90 88.40 440.531989 73.30 32.70 11.60 16.30 1.70 0.00 0.03 0.00 19.10 103.00 51.50 88.60 397.831990 197.30 1.30 6.50 15.60 10.30 0.03 1.50 0.03 0.03 52.50 105.30 112.10 502.481991 96.70 63.50 19.80 23.20 18.50 1.80 0.00 1.00 10.50 34.40 5.60 133.40 408.401992 159.40 58.20 22.00 8.50 7.20 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 20.30 1.50 67.90 345.051993 32.60 28.00 18.40 2.00 22.60 0.03 0.00 0.00 23.60 53.70 65.50 57.30 303.731994 42.80 40.00 8.00 101.80 0.20 0.03 0.00 0.00 3.30 225.90 51.30 22.20 495.531995 83.30 12.60 25.90 24.10 0.03 1.40 0.00 2.00 142.10 74.00 57.50 90.70 513.631996 42.10 105.00 67.40 23.30 2.50 4.20 0.00 14.70 29.30 56.60 9.80 35.30 390.201997 37.30 37.40 30.60 7.80 1.50 2.20 0.00 55.10 123.80 100.50 98.20 57.40 551.801998 26.30 4.00 22.50 17.90 0.70 0.03 0.00 0.03 82.00 2.30 56.90 20.50 233.151999 46.60 43.20 26.10 2.00 0.20 0.00 0.03 12.50 9.60 13.60 292.90 145.50 592.232000 84.40 38.90 0.00 14.80 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.40 25.60 11.30 37.90 224.30
MEAN 83.56 54.58 38.90 22.88 9.64 2.30 0.57 5.20 31.78 75.62 81.17 93.69 501.76
MIN 9.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.50 6.10 224.30
MAX 225.60 187.90 172.97 107.95 82.04 34.54 28.70 155.50 235.20 586.23 292.90 353.31 1,009.40
STDEV 49.24 41.00 32.98 21.59 12.62 5.07 2.71 15.78 40.57 72.46 53.43 61.92 141.96
Table 11 Yearly and monthly rainfall (millimetres) (continued)
YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTALS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 9
2 0
1 9
2 2
1 9
2 4
1 9
2 6
1 9
2 8
1 9
3 0
1 9
3 2
1 9
3 4
1 9
3 6
1 9
3 8
1 9
4 0
1 9
4 2
1 9
4 4
1 9
4 6
1 9
4 8
1 9
5 0
1 9
5 2
1 9
5 4
1 9
5 6
1 9
5 8
1 9
6 0
1 9
6 2
1 9
6 4
1 9
6 6
1 9
6 8
1 9
7 0
1 9
7 2
1 9
7 4
1 9
7 6
1 9
7 8
1 9
8 0
1 9
8 2
1 9
8 4
1 9
8 6
1 9
8 8
1 9
9 0
1 9
9 2
1 9
9 4
1 9
9 6
1 9
9 8
2 0
0 0
2 0
0 2
2 0
0 4
1981 (1.4)
1994 (7.6)
(5.6)
(4.4)
(2.8)
STDEV 1 .403212
Chart 15 Luqa yearly lowest temperatures – degrees celsiusChart 15 Luqa yearly lowest temperatures – degrees celsiusChart 15 Luqa yearly lowest temperatures – degrees celsiusChart 15 Luqa yearly lowest temperatures – degrees celsiusChart 15 Luqa yearly lowest temperatures – degrees celsius
CLIM
AT
E
DE
GR
EE
S C
EL
CIU
SD
EG
RE
ES
CE
LC
IUS
DE
GR
EE
S C
EL
CIU
SD
EG
RE
ES
CE
LC
IUS
DE
GR
EE
S C
EL
CIU
S
PERIOD 1923 TO 2000PERIOD 1923 TO 2000PERIOD 1923 TO 2000PERIOD 1923 TO 2000PERIOD 1923 TO 2000
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS21
Table 12 Monthly mean duration of bright sunshine hours
YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1927 – – – – – – – – – 7.42 6.24 5.031928 4.63 5.12 5.71 – 10.15 12.54 12.60 12.42 9.37 7.73 5.86 4.631929 5.45 5.00 6.15 9.55 10.05 11.00 12.50 11.58 8.63 8.37 5.80 6.491930 4.78 5.89 8.35 8.98 9.55 11.28 12.68 11.71 9.94 7.83 8.20 4.941931 4.64 5.59 6.78 8.31 9.79 12.46 12.52 11.81 9.16 7.28 4.85 3.421932 6.16 5.85 6.03 9.41 11.09 10.74 11.05 12.06 9.67 7.40 6.16 5.561933 4.94 5.27 5.28 9.35 9.70 10.94 12.55 11.90 10.50 8.39 4.61 5.801934 4.49 7.09 7.15 9.06 9.68 10.92 12.72 11.48 9.90 7.33 4.39 5.551935 4.64 6.42 6.29 9.84 8.64 12.36 12.11 11.20 9.69 7.97 5.88 5.011936 5.76 5.47 7.29 8.71 10.06 11.22 12.85 10.98 10.09 5.55 5.52 4.811937 5.57 6.54 8.63 8.91 9.58 10.37 12.71 10.93 7.29 6.61 6.84 4.471938 5.19 5.95 8.51 7.81 10.49 12.63 12.84 11.65 8.41 7.15 6.09 6.321939 6.46 6.47 7.49 8.02 9.30 12.41 12.83 10.81 7.78 8.40 6.41 6.001940 4.59 7.55 7.54 9.31 9.96 10.46 12.90 10.75 9.56 5.58 6.52 4.731941 5.77 7.64 7.49 8.72 9.17 11.16 12.39 11.74 9.73 7.93 4.74 4.491942 5.13 4.81 6.51 – – – – 11.50 8.85 8.86 6.02 4.871943 6.11 5.95 6.05 9.12 9.74 12.05 11.96 12.05 10.68 7.34 5.61 4.291944 5.75 5.62 7.12 7.20 9.86 11.17 12.35 11.48 8.92 7.47 6.75 4.351945 5.08 6.46 8.65 9.32 9.67 11.56 12.16 10.71 10.59 8.25 5.87 5.451946 5.18 7.38 7.79 8.36 10.98 11.75 12.74 11.79 9.90 8.09 5.24 4.531947 5.10 6.94 8.98 9.10 9.92 12.48 11.71 11.20 9.31 7.20 7.81 5.481948 6.59 6.58 8.23 9.45 9.77 11.60 12.24 12.55 9.62 7.10 5.93 4.551949 6.31 5.45 7.28 10.21 9.87 12.08 12.38 11.87 10.84 6.96 6.89 6.221950 6.21 6.95 7.40 8.18 9.77 12.04 12.97 11.58 9.38 5.92 7.31 5.181951 5.18 7.66 8.03 9.06 10.29 12.22 12.28 11.97 8.15 6.63 6.50 5.991952 6.29 6.86 7.57 8.62 10.35 12.48 12.17 11.95 9.75 8.15 6.57 6.001953 5.01 7.16 6.62 9.00 8.95 11.29 12.20 10.55 9.17 6.91 5.53 4.331954 5.12 5.81 7.31 7.62 10.70 11.82 12.32 12.05 10.32 7.29 6.02 5.121955 4.70 6.81 8.05 7.52 9.79 11.98 12.45 10.17 8.10 7.20 6.01 6.221956 5.82 5.85 6.04 9.97 9.40 11.33 12.67 12.32 8.81 7.74 5.74 5.151957 5.85 8.12 8.25 7.70 9.92 10.13 12.90 11.50 9.76 6.15 5.68 5.181958 5.65 5.35 7.28 9.02 10.89 11.10 12.38 12.14 9.88 8.16 4.12 5.291959 6.20 5.96 7.51 7.75 10.54 12.37 12.61 11.60 8.46 7.60 7.29 6.011960 5.85 7.66 7.65 8.24 9.83 10.59 12.27 12.00 9.71 8.29 7.62 4.761961 5.20 7.45 7.77 9.24 11.27 11.79 12.45 11.67 9.84 8.62 5.96 5.711962 5.45 5.52 6.60 8.59 9.97 11.23 12.60 11.93 8.41 5.99 5.32 5.681963 4.77 5.68 8.01 8.15 9.40 11.64 11.61 11.65 8.51 7.33 8.29 4.521964 3.78 5.49 7.03 9.51 10.71 10.99 11.97 9.62 10.51 8.26 7.17 5.251965 4.72 6.66 7.48 8.74 11.23 12.00 12.37 11.50 8.06 6.41 7.03 5.341966 6.24 6.99 7.15 6.29 9.76 10.75 12.30 11.98 8.95 7.46 5.68 5.471967 6.79 5.89 8.87 9.29 10.57 9.76 11.85 11.59 9.23 8.01 5.97 5.381968 5.58 5.87 7.82 8.39 7.63 10.02 12.23 10.35 9.61 7.94 6.31 4.681969 5.77 5.86 6.52 8.02 10.45 10.17 11.04 10.47 6.41 6.38 7.30 4.651970 5.55 7.34 7.59 8.44 10.24 11.79 12.47 11.14 9.32 7.37 7.91 4.541971 4.65 6.06 6.49 8.28 9.40 11.46 11.61 11.40 8.21 6.52 6.44 5.271972 5.13 6.03 6.75 8.33 10.32 10.64 11.80 10.43 6.55 6.48 7.94 3.791973 4.26 5.07 6.38 9.06 10.29 9.72 11.46 11.27 9.31 7.11 5.91 5.021974 5.95 6.43 6.50 6.99 11.31 10.80 12.11 11.74 8.32 6.78 7.43 5.821975 5.31 5.36 7.99 7.36 9.87 11.49 12.07 10.90 8.71 8.13 5.83 4.941976 4.95 5.71 5.38 8.37 8.47 10.26 11.55 9.85 8.87 6.59 5.47 4.421977 4.96 7.17 8.40 8.40 8.84 11.30 11.28 11.05 8.69 7.78 6.12 5.131978 5.21 6.47 8.27 8.13 9.27 11.72 12.13 11.08 9.72 6.76 4.81 6.111979 3.77 4.01 7.35 7.70 10.10 11.16 11.80 10.98 7.78 7.30 6.11 6.151980 5.29 6.23 6.67 7.52 9.36 11.37 12.40 11.13 9.00 7.03 5.84 4.331981 3.95 6.34 7.14 9.35 9.71 10.21 10.65 9.78 8.99 8.47 6.77 5.131982 4.31 5.34 6.83 6.33 9.67 11.58 11.38 10.33 8.25 6.60 4.86 5.051983 5.99 6.59 6.40 8.18 9.23 9.97 10.85 9.59 8.20 7.07 4.87 5.051984 6.12 5.35 6.98 8.24 8.19 11.38 11.62 9.70 8.49 5.72 6.21 4.111985 4.51 5.63 6.95 7.32 9.09 11.30 11.59 11.60 8.59 7.09 5.45 4.941986 6.01 6.68 6.84 9.29 10.9 11.15 11.32 10.47 8.29 6.51 4.60 4.521987 5.76 4.97 6.86 8.98 8.19 10.91 11.85 10.82 9.79 7.21 5.80 5.221988 4.86 6.91 7.49 8.19 8.82 9.27 11.23 11.26 8.12 7.90 4.30 4.541989 5.35 6.44 8.28 9.00 9.63 11.33 11.80 10.79 8.02 6.65 6.55 5.601990 3.85 8.10 7.36 7.49 8.51 10.69 11.97 10.51 9.09 6.83 6.20 4.611991 4.81 6.14 6.92 8.98 9.55 11.03 12.44 11.30 8.03 6.37 7.08 3.941992 4.46 6.47 4.98 8.78 8.05 10.58 11.10 11.39 9.01 6.41 6.74 4.621993 5.49 5.81 7.18 9.56 10.19 11.20 11.68 11.54 9.24 6.59 5.86 5.62
CLIM
AT
E
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS22
Table 12 Monthly mean duration of bright sunshine hours (continued)
YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1994 5.50 6.89 8.78 7.85 10.7 11.47 11.66 11.17 8.81 6.85 7.05 6.341995 5.55 8.23 8.21 8.56 10.35 10.85 11.40 9.91 6.96 5.85 5.65 4.691996 4.21 4.69 7.32 7.57 8.91 10.4 11.54 10.72 8.22 8.04 6.48 6.021997 5.54 7.73 8.25 7.52 11.03 10.90 11.45 9.88 7.27 7.07 5.22 4.781998 4.75 7.72 6.72 8.63 9.43 11.74 12.73 11.70 8.47 7.63 5.73 5.191999 4.93 6.63 7.10 9.59 10.21 10.80 12.45 10.30 8.89 7.37 4.61 4.742000 5.21 7.39 7.50 9.00 8.38 10.75 12.32 11.84 8.96 6.85 7.42 5.67
TOTAL 384.69 460.57 530.12 604.63 704.65 808.1 870.14 818.33 653.62 535.58 452.91 378.8
MEAN 5.27 6.31 7.26 8.52 9.79 11.22 12.09 11.21 8.95 7.24 6.12 5.12
MIN 3.77 4.01 4.98 6.29 7.63 9.27 10.65 9.59 6.41 5.55 4.12 3.42
MAX 6.79 8.23 8.98 10.21 11.31 12.63 12.97 12.55 10.84 8.86 8.29 6.49
STDEV 0.69 0.91 0.87 0.82 0.81 0.75 205.22 0.72 0.93 0.78 0.96 0.66
Table 13 Number of days with wind gusts equal to one greater than 34knots over the months Jan–Dec: 1961–2000
YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTALS 1961 9 9 5 10 5 0 1 1 0 3 3 6 521962 6 8 14 8 5 1 1 0 0 4 7 14 681963 5 10 11 6 4 1 0 0 5 2 3 3 501964 4 9 10 7 2 0 1 3 0 5 0 5 461965 9 9 4 5 1 1 0 0 0 2 4 8 431966 10 4 4 2 1 1 0 0 1 4 2 3 321967 2 2 3 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 151968 12 3 2 1 3 1 0 0 0 3 4 9 381969 6 5 4 3 1 1 1 0 3 0 4 9 371970 3 9 6 6 0 2 1 1 0 2 0 2 321971 2 6 3 4 3 1 1 0 1 1 3 1 261972 1 8 2 4 1 0 3 2 1 2 0 0 241973 1 5 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 151974 1 9 2 2 2 1 1 0 2 3 6 6 351975 2 2 7 4 2 3 1 0 0 1 6 2 301976 4 4 2 2 1 0 2 0 0 8 6 10 391977 4 3 5 11 3 3 1 4 1 1 5 7 481978 12 9 10 10 4 4 0 0 3 5 4 7 681979 10 10 5 5 2 0 1 2 1 3 9 12 601980 8 5 8 7 8 5 0 0 3 6 7 8 651981 12 5 5 1 4 0 2 1 0 2 9 9 501982 6 2 6 1 0 1 1 0 1 3 4 6 311983 6 5 6 3 1 2 0 0 1 2 3 8 371984 3 5 2 6 3 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 261985 10 3 7 2 3 1 1 2 0 1 2 2 341986 9 8 2 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 5 311987 1 2 3 3 2 1 0 0 0 1 4 2 191988 5 5 10 1 2 1 0 0 2 0 4 8 381989 0 4 3 8 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 211990 1 7 1 4 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 9 271991 3 3 5 2 2 2 1 0 0 2 4 10 341992 2 2 3 2 4 0 0 0 0 1 2 6 221993 1 4 7 2 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 2 211994 7 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 261995 7 4 6 3 1 0 0 0 3 0 4 1 291996 3 5 3 2 2 0 1 0 3 2 3 5 291997 1 3 5 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 5 6 311998 5 0 6 4 5 2 3 1 0 2 5 3 361999 9 8 8 6 3 2 0 0 1 1 7 13 582000 4 6 3 11 2 2 4 0 1 6 3 7 49
MIN 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
MAX 12 10 14 11 8 5 4 4 5 8 9 14 68
AVRG 5.15 5.4 4.98 4.35 2.23 1.05 0.78 0.48 0.98 2.2 3.63 5.60 36.80
CLIM
AT
E
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS23
CLIM
AT
E
Table 14 Yearly and monthly relative humidity at different times of the day
MEAN AT 0000 U.T.C.
YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MEAN 1951 79 86 79 86 84 75 81 80 86 85 78 87 82.171952 87 75 77 82 84 68 76 79 77 81 78 76 78.331953 77 79 84 84 86 80 79 82 89 81 87 81 82.421954 73 78 85 84 80 73 78 75 81 82 82 81 79.331955 83 77 80 84 88 81 78 78 82 84 83 80 81.501956 84 79 82 83 81 78 73 71 78 73 73 83 78.171957 80 85 81 82 82 73 72 68 82 82 83 75 78.751958 77 86 81 80 82 77 78 76 77 78 82 83 79.751959 77 79 84 83 87 83 78 81 82 76 84 79 81.081960 80 83 85 84 80 83 80 78 81 80 79 75 80.671961 80 80 77 85 82 76 82 78 79 77 80 79 79.581962 83 84 83 80 77 75 71 74 80 80 76 78 78.421963 79 81 83 85 88 86 81 78 83 84 80 85 82.751964 81 87 88 87 87 89 81 87 83 77 80 80 83.921965 83 83 83 85 81 75 79 84 85 84 81 87 82.501966 80 85 81 85 89 84 83 80 89 89 77 80 83.501967 88 89 85 83 81 87 82 87 88 87 85 79 85.081968 83 84 86 90 85 87 78 85 83 86 84 85 84.671969 85 85 93 85 82 85 82 83 86 89 85 84 85.331970 88 82 82 79 85 85 82 88 87 82 83 84 83.921971 85 81 80 86 83 80 82 83 83 85 80 91 83.251972 90 88 90 91 87 85 85 86 88 82 87 90 87.421973 90 82 82 81 83 84 82 84 82 86 82 81 83.251974 88 82 85 83 86 83 79 76 85 81 81 81 82.501975 83 82 82 84 85 77 82 85 88 80 79 85 82.671976 80 79 83 86 89 88 86 86 84 85 80 82 84.001977 83 84 88 77 88 86 84 87 80 84 84 79 83.671978 72 78 78 81 85 80 81 82 82 85 84 86 81.171979 80 82 87 87 88 86 85 83 82 82 81 84 83.921980 78 82 86 85 87 81 84 82 87 79 87 76 82.831981 70 81 86 86 86 85 84 81 85 85 79 77 82.081982 87 84 80 89 85 81 80 83 87 83 87 79 83.751983 85 74 85 87 81 86 81 87 84 88 89 88 84.581984 86 85 86 87 85 86 75 86 84 90 85 87 85.171985 82 85 89 84 88 89 89 83 89 86 82 86 86.001986 77 81 87 88 85 79 86 83 83 84 86 84 83.581987 78 84 82 88 91 88 78 83 87 85 75 87 83.831988 83 81 77 88 80 79 78 83 81 88 80 82 81.671989 90 89 90 83 87 85 80 87 87 87 84 88 86.421990 86 88 87 80 85 83 78 84 83 84 82 83 83.581991 86 84 88 85 83 83 80 85 85 83 79 75 83.001992 85 85 85 81 88 86 86 83 84 82 90 88 85.251993 88 85 86 90 92 89 82 81 81 88 84 82 85.671994 81 83 89 85 83 86 82 81 84 88 86 86 84.501995 79 89 80 85 81 85 83 82 86 86 79 85 83.331996 87 86 87 88 89 86 79 87 80 84 82 80 84.581997 88 88 85 80 83 83 84 82 87 88 86 84 84.831998 89 88 82 86 87 80 78 83 87 86 86 79 84.251999 84 84 88 86 89 85 82 76 89 85 81 81 84.172000 85 83 88 87 90 86 80 74 86 86 85 85 84.58
MEAN 82.64 83.08 84.14 84.6 85 82.4 80.58 81.6 83.96 83.64 82.24 82.44 83.03MIN 70 74 77 77 77 68 71 68 77 73 73 75 78.17MAX 90 89 93 91 92 89 89 88 89 90 90 91 87.42STDEV 4.72 3.54 3.70 3.02 3.30 4.79 3.57 4.43 3.21 3.65 3.59 4.03 2.17
MEAN AT 0600 U.T.C.
YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Mean
1951 80 85 80 85 78 69 74 77 87 85 79 89 80.671952 87 72 79 79 77 62 75 77 78 81 83 75 77.081953 76 78 86 86 82 72 77 81 88 82 84 81 81.081954 72 79 84 82 79 66 75 75 80 82 83 81 78.171955 85 75 81 81 80 75 77 77 82 86 83 81 80.25
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS24
Table 14 Yearly and monthly relative humidity at different times of the day (continued)
YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MEAN
CLIM
AT
E
1956 83 79 85 81 78 71 71 74 80 74 76 83 77.921957 80 83 82 83 81 72 76 71 84 83 81 75 79.251958 79 88 81 78 74 71 73 73 76 79 83 82 78.081959 75 77 83 82 82 76 73 78 81 76 84 71 78.171960 80 80 83 76 76 78 77 81 79 81 81 77 79.081961 78 80 81 76 76 75 79 79 80 76 80 80 78.331962 84 87 81 77 77 68 69 75 78 82 76 77 77.581963 77 80 80 85 85 80 81 76 82 83 83 89 81.751964 83 88 87 85 85 85 76 87 84 78 79 80 83.081965 83 81 86 78 78 71 75 81 86 85 81 89 81.171966 83 88 81 87 87 85 79 76 88 90 79 78 83.421967 87 90 86 79 79 80 79 85 88 86 87 80 83.831968 84 87 91 83 83 86 79 85 86 87 86 84 85.081969 85 86 92 82 82 81 81 82 88 88 88 84 84.921970 91 85 82 83 83 84 81 88 90 85 82 85 84.921971 85 82 81 87 83 75 79 87 87 86 78 90 83.331972 91 88 91 91 82 83 83 83 89 81 88 90 86.671973 89 79 85 81 79 81 81 84 85 86 80 82 82.671974 90 82 82 80 75 79 74 78 86 80 83 80 80.751975 82 83 86 81 80 74 75 84 89 82 82 84 81.831976 78 81 84 86 88 81 81 83 84 85 82 84 83.081977 85 86 88 78 83 80 80 85 80 87 83 79 82.831978 74 79 79 80 78 75 77 82 83 85 84 89 80.421979 82 83 89 85 84 80 81 81 83 81 81 82 82.671980 80 86 88 83 85 77 81 84 89 80 83 74 82.501981 73 85 88 87 81 78 79 80 86 84 78 78 81.421982 88 83 83 90 81 77 75 84 89 83 86 78 83.081983 84 74 87 84 73 80 75 85 85 87 91 85 82.501984 89 88 88 87 81 79 78 85 85 90 87 88 85.421985 83 88 89 83 83 82 84 83 90 86 82 88 85.081986 79 83 87 84 80 74 81 85 85 87 85 82 82.671987 78 86 80 88 87 84 73 79 86 85 77 88 82.581988 86 83 79 85 77 77 71 79 82 89 82 83 81.081989 91 88 90 82 84 77 81 85 86 88 84 90 85.501990 86 90 89 82 81 77 76 81 82 87 83 85 83.251991 85 86 91 84 79 77 78 84 85 86 80 76 82.581992 88 83 84 79 82 79 84 84 84 82 91 90 84.171993 89 86 87 91 87 85 79 79 83 88 84 85 85.251994 83 84 89 83 76 77 80 80 85 90 87 90 83.671995 84 89 81 82 76 85 79 80 88 88 77 88 83.081996 89 88 85 84 84 77 75 85 81 84 82 80 82.831997 88 86 83 79 79 75 76 82 88 90 87 82 82.921998 89 89 81 84 80 65 72 82 84 85 89 80 81.671999 86 88 90 86 82 77 77 79 87 86 83 81 83.502000 86 85 88 84 85 78 74 76 86 88 86 86 83.50
MEAN 83.44 83.78 84.86 82.96 80.74 77.04 77.32 80.92 84.54 84.3 82.86 82.76 82.13MIN 72 72 79 76 73 62 69 71 76 74 76 71 77.08MAX 91 90 92 91 88 86 84 88 90 90 91 90 86.67STDEV 4.90 4.30 3.76 3.59 3.58 5.41 3.48 3.96 3.43 3.79 3.59 4.86 2.34
MEAN AT 1200 U.T.C.
YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Mean
1951 68 72 67 63 58 46 50 50 68 70 65 60 61.421952 78 60 60 57 52 40 47 47 56 59 67 63 57.171953 68 63 70 65 61 51 48 57 62 65 70 69 62.421954 63 66 66 65 55 47 50 46 53 63 68 68 59.171955 75 61 62 65 62 50 48 57 65 69 63 65 61.831956 71 64 70 61 57 52 47 48 55 58 61 68 59.331957 72 63 59 60 58 47 49 44 58 68 68 63 59.081958 63 72 66 58 50 49 49 50 55 62 72 72 59.831959 65 66 65 61 60 51 47 53 63 60 63 69 60.251960 68 65 66 63 52 56 56 53 58 63 61 65 60.501961 68 60 61 59 53 50 55 56 56 57 61 65 58.421962 70 75 67 62 49 47 44 48 52 64 63 66 58.92
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS25
1963 65 67 65 62 62 56 55 54 62 65 63 77 62.751964 78 80 75 59 64 60 54 69 63 62 64 67 66.251965 72 65 71 65 55 43 47 52 64 70 65 73 61.831966 68 66 66 66 62 57 57 50 67 70 66 68 63.581967 73 77 69 66 55 59 54 56 63 61 72 70 64.581968 76 69 75 66 64 65 57 66 60 66 69 74 67.251969 76 73 73 65 57 63 55 60 66 74 71 78 67.581970 77 75 65 58 63 58 53 59 65 66 61 71 64.251971 72 73 70 63 61 51 52 55 69 69 64 76 64.581972 78 74 74 69 57 57 55 53 65 62 63 75 65.171973 78 67 66 62 55 56 53 54 61 67 63 72 62.831974 69 64 68 61 52 52 48 50 62 62 63 61 59.331975 68 71 66 61 56 46 51 52 60 62 65 68 60.501976 68 67 69 66 65 60 58 59 57 67 67 70 64.421977 69 69 65 56 59 54 53 61 54 62 66 66 61.171978 63 63 57 60 57 51 50 52 56 69 70 72 60.001979 73 74 69 69 57 52 50 53 57 62 66 69 62.581980 66 65 68 63 60 50 48 50 62 56 65 66 59.921981 61 67 68 59 57 50 54 50 58 55 55 64 58.171982 73 67 61 68 56 47 44 53 63 63 72 65 61.001983 67 59 63 56 48 52 47 60 58 64 73 71 59.831984 71 68 65 59 53 48 47 55 57 72 71 78 62.001985 70 72 66 57 57 55 53 53 62 62 66 69 61.831986 61 67 67 59 53 47 51 55 65 65 69 70 60.751987 65 72 63 64 63 60 42 54 55 63 59 68 60.671988 70 61 61 59 53 51 45 53 61 63 70 69 59.671989 71 69 63 59 58 53 52 59 63 66 67 72 62.671990 71 69 59 60 57 51 49 57 56 64 67 77 61.421991 78 68 72 59 58 51 50 51 62 60 62 69 61.671992 69 68 68 59 58 55 56 48 56 61 70 71 61.581993 73 67 65 64 59 59 53 47 57 68 67 69 62.331994 70 65 62 66 52 51 48 49 58 67 67 70 60.421995 69 68 60 60 49 47 52 56 62 68 66 75 61.001996 77 74 73 63 59 55 49 58 60 70 63 66 63.921997 71 66 61 61 50 49 49 56 67 69 73 73 62.081998 74 68 62 59 56 44 49 57 63 68 71 65 61.331999 71 70 68 59 58 52 48 51 64 59 71 72 61.922000 68 64 64 64 61 53 49 43 58 66 65 68 60.25
MEAN 70.36 67.9 66.02 61.8 56.86 52.12 50.54 53.58 60.38 64.46 66.18 69.34 61.63
MIN 61 59 57 56 48 40 42 43 52 55 55 60 57.17
MAX 78 80 75 69 65 65 58 69 69 74 73 78 67.58
STDEV 4.57 4.63 4.33 3.34 4.24 5.18 3.70 5.10 4.17 4.22 3.97 4.26 2.25
Table 14 Yearly and monthly relative humidity at different times of the day (continued)
YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MEAN
16 show the number of days,which in the past 40 years had awind gust of over 34 knots. Thewindiest months are Decemberand January, with an average of5.4 days of these monthsexperiencing such wind gusts. Ona yearly basis, 37 days arecharacterised by wind forcessuch as these. The windiest yearswere1962 and 1978, with 68 dayshaving wind gusts of more than34 knots, while the least windiestyears were 1967 and 1973, with
only 15 days of the same. Thesewinds cause changes in airtemperature, thus bringing aboutprecipitation.
Rainfall constitutes anelement of the utmostimportance, and its distributionin space and time vitally affectsthe people, especially thoseengaged in agriculture. There isno regular pattern to the numberof rainy days per month. Somemonths in winter may produceabundant rain, while the
CLIM
AT
E
February 1929. The temperaturehere has never reached freezingpoint, i.e. 0°C, and snow ispractically unknown in theMaltese Islands.
The Maltese Islands are alsocharacterised by the strength andfrequency of the winds. The mostcommon of these is the coolnorthwesterly (the majjistral),followed by the dry northeasterly(the grigal). Other winds are notso powerful and vary accordingto the season. Table 13 and Chart
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS26
Table 15 Yearly and monthly lowest recorded maximum temperature – degrees celsius
YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MEAN 1921 – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.01922 – – – – – – – 28.9 22.8 19.4 12.8 10.0 93.91923 9.4 12.8 13.3 11.7 – 16.1 25.0 26.7 20.6 20.6 17.2 6.7 180.11924 10.6 11.7 11.1 12.8 17.2 23.9 26.7 26.7 27.2 20.6 14.4 13.3 216.21925 12.8 10.6 10.6 15.6 15.0 23.9 25.0 27.2 23.3 18.3 14.4 9.4 206.11926 12.8 12.8 11.7 13.9 18.3 22.2 25.0 26.1 23.3 21.7 18.3 13.3 219.41927 10.6 11.1 15.9 15.9 19.4 23.9 19.4 26.7 22.2 20.6 16.1 11.1 212.91928 12.8 9.4 13.3 15.9 18.3 21.7 26.1 27.8 23.9 18.9 12.2 12.2 212.51929 10.6 6.7 11.7 13.3 17.8 21.1 24.4 25.0 20.0 19.4 16.7 10.0 196.71930 11.7 11.7 14.4 13.9 17.8 22.8 26.1 25.0 22.8 17.2 13.9 13.9 211.21931 11.1 11.1 12.8 15.0 15.0 22.8 26.7 26.1 21.1 18.3 16.1 11.1 207.21932 11.1 10.6 12.2 12.8 17.8 21.7 23.9 25.6 23.9 20.0 16.7 15.6 211.91933 11.7 11.1 11.7 15.0 18.3 18.9 23.9 22.8 23.3 20.0 17.2 11.7 205.61934 11.1 8.9 11.1 15.0 17.8 23.9 23.9 26.7 23.9 19.4 15.6 13.3 210.61935 10.0 10.6 11.7 12.2 17.2 21.7 26.1 26.7 23.9 19.4 15.6 13.3 208.41936 13.3 9.4 13.3 15.6 16.1 18.9 25.6 24.4 22.2 16.1 15.6 11.7 202.21937 10.0 11.7 11.7 15.6 17.8 24.4 23.9 27.2 23.3 18.9 13.3 11.7 209.51938 10.0 10.0 10.0 12.8 16.7 21.7 23.9 25.0 23.9 18.9 17.2 11.7 201.81939 11.7 13.3 11.1 12.2 16.7 19.4 26.1 26.7 23.3 20.0 14.4 10.6 205.51940 10.0 10.0 11.1 13.9 17.2 20.0 23.9 25.0 23.9 18.9 13.3 8.9 196.11941 10.6 11.1 12.8 13.9 15.6 21.7 26.1 25.6 23.3 16.7 16.1 9.4 202.91942 7.8 8.9 14.4 15.6 16.7 20.0 23.9 25.6 26.1 21.2 14.4 13.9 208.51943 12.2 11.1 13.9 13.3 16.7 21.7 25.6 26.7 25.0 20.6 17.2 12.2 216.21944 10.0 9.4 10.0 13.3 16.7 22.2 24.4 26.1 21.7 18.9 15.0 11.7 199.41945 7.8 7.8 10.0 16.1 17.2 22.8 25.6 27.2 23.8 20.0 15.0 12.8 206.11946 9.4 10.0 12.8 16.1 18.9 22.8 25.0 28.9 26.1 21.2 17.8 12.2 221.21947 11.1 13.3 15.0 16.7 18.3 25.6 27.8 28.3 23.3 20.0 18.3 11.1 228.81948 12.2 11.1 13.3 16.1 17.8 23.9 23.9 26.7 25.6 20.0 12.2 12.8 215.61949 11.1 8.9 7.8 15.6 18.9 21.7 26.7 22.8 25.0 19.4 15.6 14.4 207.91950 12.2 11.7 12.2 14.4 17.8 25.6 29.4 28.9 26.7 15.0 16.1 10.6 220.61951 11.7 12.8 12.2 15.0 16.1 22.2 26.7 27.2 22.2 20.0 14.4 11.7 212.21952 9.4 8.9 12.2 15.6 18.9 26.1 30.0 30.0 26.1 20.0 14.4 12.8 224.41953 10.0 10.6 11.7 16.1 19.4 20.6 28.3 26.7 25.0 20.0 15.6 11.1 215.11954 11.1 11.1 14.4 11.7 16.7 23.3 25.6 25.6 25.0 18.3 13.3 13.9 210.01955 13.9 11.7 12.2 15.9 20.0 23.9 26.1 27.2 19.4 19.4 12.8 13.9 216.41956 11.7 7.2 9.4 12.8 17.2 20.6 25.6 27.2 24.4 16.7 14.4 13.3 200.51957 12.2 14.4 11.1 15.6 18.3 22.2 25.0 26.1 25.6 17.2 16.7 9.4 213.81958 11.1 10.6 10.0 15.6 17.2 22.2 26.1 27.8 26.1 19.4 16.1 15.6 217.81959 10.0 10.0 14.4 13.9 17.2 22.2 24.4 27.8 24.4 19.4 17.2 13.9 214.81960 11.7 11.7 15.0 15.0 18.3 24.4 26.1 28.3 24.4 19.4 17.8 12.8 224.91961 11.7 13.3 12.8 17.3 18.7 22.5 25.4 26.1 26.1 19.6 15.5 10.6 219.61962 7.8 7.2 9.6 13.4 18.9 21.1 25.6 28.3 22.8 16.7 15.0 11.1 197.51963 7.2 10.6 9.4 14.7 17.3 23.3 28.9 26.3 24.5 18.3 17.3 15.7 213.51964 11.1 10.0 15.0 15.8 20.0 23.9 25.4 25.6 22.2 18.3 17.5 12.8 217.61965 11.3 9.0 12.5 14.8 17.9 21.5 27.3 26.6 22.2 18.5 14.6 14.4 210.61966 10.2 14.5 11.0 15.5 18.8 18.9 26.2 28.2 24.3 19.1 12.9 11.8 211.41967 11.7 9.7 12.8 13.9 19.2 20.7 25.2 28.5 24.5 20.6 16.1 10.0 212.91968 7.2 12.3 9.7 13.5 19.5 22.0 26.4 26.7 25.0 17.5 13.5 11.1 204.41969 11.2 10.1 11.3 14.2 18.9 21.3 23.3 25.7 21.4 19.0 14.8 11.0 202.21970 13.5 10.9 11.9 14.6 16.7 23.2 24.8 27.6 23.8 17.3 18.0 13.8 216.11971 13.0 10.8 10.3 17.0 18.0 22.6 25.0 29.0 22.0 18.0 13.0 10.0 208.71972 10.4 14.0 12.7 15.3 17.8 25.0 24.4 25.1 23.8 18.1 14.7 11.1 212.41973 11.4 10.5 11.0 13.0 19.0 24.5 28.0 29.0 23.0 18.4 12.8 12.7 213.31974 14.4 11.3 12.9 15.8 18.0 24.3 25.0 27.7 23.2 17.8 16.1 13.0 219.51975 11.0 10.2 14.8 14.2 19.0 21.8 24.1 26.2 26.8 20.7 13.1 13.5 215.41976 11.0 11.2 13.1 14.6 16.4 20.7 26.2 26.2 20.0 19.6 14.1 12.6 205.71977 11.9 13.9 12.7 15.4 20.3 22.5 28.0 26.5 22.8 21.6 15.0 12.0 222.61978 7.8 11.6 13.5 15.2 18.0 23.0 25.8 26.9 23.8 16.8 12.2 14.2 208.81979 8.4 12.4 14.7 12.9 15.8 25.0 28.4 27.5 24.3 20.3 15.3 12.6 217.61980 9.6 12.2 12.0 13.3 18.4 21.5 26.2 28.3 26.5 20.0 12.1 10.6 210.71981 7.2 10.2 12.0 15.8 19.5 25.3 25.6 26.0 25.1 21.8 14.0 13.0 215.51982 11.0 11.8 13.5 14.8 16.3 24.7 28.4 29.5 24.7 20.6 16.0 10.8 222.11983 9.2 9.9 13.0 16.5 19.2 23.4 28.3 28.8 22.4 19.8 18.1 12.1 220.71984 11.7 10.4 10.6 14.8 21.7 21.2 27.4 28.0 24.8 20.1 17.1 13.0 220.81985 11.3 12.4 12.8 16.0 18.7 25.3 28.4 26.9 23.8 20.0 17.0 15.5 228.11986 12.2 10.8 13.3 15.3 20.0 23.4 27.1 30.6 26.0 17.9 16.0 10.0 222.61987 10.6 12.4 10.0 13.8 16.6 23.4 28.8 29.0 28.0 24.5 16.5 14.8 228.4
CLIM
AT
E
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS27
1988 13.2 12.3 12.6 16.8 20.9 23.0 29.1 29.0 23.7 21.6 13.2 9.7 225.11989 11.2 11.2 14.4 14.0 17.2 23.0 27.3 27.5 25.4 20.5 15.1 14.2 221.01990 12.6 15.9 14.0 16.3 19.4 23.7 26.8 29.2 26.5 23.9 16.3 12.2 236.81991 12.9 12.5 14.4 15.4 15.6 20.9 26.3 28.7 27.4 20.5 17.0 9.2 220.81992 13.1 9.0 12.4 14.6 17.1 23.0 25.2 30.5 26.8 22.2 17.4 13.6 224.91993 12.2 10.4 11.8 16.3 18.6 24.1 26.7 29.0 24.5 21.7 16.1 13.8 225.21994 13.2 13.1 14.3 13.6 19.6 23.1 29.5 30.2 24.4 21.0 18.5 13.7 234.21995 10.1 15.1 11.7 14.6 19.8 22.9 29.0 26.3 22.3 17.7 14.6 15.7 219.81996 12.4 11.3 10.1 15.4 20.5 23.1 25.9 29.7 23.2 20.2 15.3 11.6 218.71997 15.0 14.0 13.8 14.2 18.6 24.0 27.7 27.3 23.8 21.7 16.8 14.6 231.51998 12.7 14.5 11.1 15.7 18.0 23.3 27.9 28.5 22.7 21.2 13.4 12.1 221.11999 9.4 10.1 13.4 17.4 22.5 24.8 27.8 30.1 27.3 24.1 16.3 11.7 234.92000 10.8 13.6 15.0 15.9 20.9 26.0 27.0 29.6 24.3 20.3 18.3 14.0 235.7
MEAN 11.06 11.18 12.33 14.78 18.12 22.64 26.12 27.24 24.04 19.58 15.45 12.29 214.61
MIN 7.2 6.7 7.8 11.7 15.0 16.1 19.4 22.8 19.4 15.0 12.1 6.7 180.1
MAX 15.0 15.9 15.9 17.4 22.5 26.1 30.0 30.6 28.0 24.5 18.5 15.7 236.8
STDEV 1.68 1.83 1.66 1.32 1.49 1.82 1.78 1.64 1.80 1.74 1.71 1.80 10.07
Table 15 Yearly and monthly lowest recorded maximum temperature – degrees celsius (continued)
YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MEAN
52
68
50
4643
32
15
38 37
32
2624
15
35
30
39
48
68
60
65
50
31
37
26
3431
19
38
21
27
34
22 21
2629 29
31
36
58
49
y = -0.2593x + 42.115
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
PERIOD 1961 TO 2000
NU
MB
ER
OF
DA
YS
WIT
H G
US
TS
>=34 K
T
Chart 16 Chart 16 Chart 16 Chart 16 Chart 16 Luqa yearly number of days with wind gusts >Luqa yearly number of days with wind gusts >Luqa yearly number of days with wind gusts >Luqa yearly number of days with wind gusts >Luqa yearly number of days with wind gusts > ///// = 34KT= 34KT= 34KT= 34KT= 34KT
corresponding periods in anotheryear may produce little or no rain.The main body of water falls inthe 4 months between Novemberand February. The wettest monthis December, with an average of93.69 mm of rain. The driestmonth is July, with only 0.57 mm
of rain falling this month in thepast century. The Maltese Islandsreceive an average annual 502mm of rainfall. The wettest yearrecorded is 1951 when 1,009 mmof rain descended on the Islands.Of this total, 586.2 mm fell in themonth of October. The driest year
registered is the year 2000, withonly 224.3 mm of rain.
Table 12 shows the number ofsunshine hours for the past 73years. Mean sunshine hoursnumber 8 per day. They reachtheir maximum in the month ofJuly, an average of 12.09 per day.
CLIM
AT
E
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS28
Table 16 Highest recorded maximum temperature and date
Pietà — Jul 1922 To Apr 1928 — Valletta — May 1928 To Aug 1947 — Luqa – Sep 1947 to Dec 2000
Yearly YearlyYEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC extreme extreme
highest lowest
1922 – – – – – – 31.7 37.2 32.8 30.6 25.0 17.2 – –1923 20.0 17.2 18.9 24.4 28.3 29.4 39.4 33.3 31.7 28.9 24.4 20.6 39.4 17.21924 17.2 20.6 20.6 26.1 29.4 33.3 36.7 36.1 38.9 27.2 25.0 19.4 38.9 17.21925 16.7 19.4 22.2 26.7 26.7 33.9 35.6 40.0 37.2 26.7 23.9 22.8 40.0 16.71926 17.8 20.0 23.9 23.3 28.9 35.0 32.2 32.8 33.3 31.1 26.1 20.6 35.0 17.81927 17.8 21.1 25.0 22.8 28.9 36.1 36.7 38.9 35.6 29.4 25.6 20.6 38.9 17.81928 18.9 19.4 18.9 26.7 25.0 31.1 35.0 34.4 30.6 32.2 25.6 18.3 35.0 18.31929 17.2 15.0 16.7 26.1 28.9 32.2 35.0 31.1 30.6 26.7 23.3 20.0 35.0 15.01930 17.2 17.8 22.2 26.1 27.2 31.1 33.9 33.3 30.0 26.7 23.3 21.1 33.9 17.21931 20.0 17.2 26.1 22.8 27.8 37.2 39.4 40.0 33.9 29.4 23.3 20.0 40.0 17.21932 17.2 19.4 23.3 23.3 28.9 27.8 31.1 33.3 32.8 32.2 22.2 21.1 33.3 17.21933 18.3 17.2 18.9 23.3 33.3 31.1 34.4 33.3 30.0 28.9 25.0 20.6 34.4 17.21934 16.1 19.4 20.0 25.0 26.7 34.4 36.1 31.7 31.1 27.8 23.9 20.0 36.1 16.11935 15.6 17.8 17.2 24.4 28.3 32.8 31.7 32.8 30.6 32.8 23.9 20.0 32.8 15.61936 20.6 24.4 20.6 22.2 25.0 35.0 35.6 31.1 31.1 26.7 22.8 18.3 35.6 18.31937 20.0 19.4 23.9 23.3 27.2 31.7 35.0 32.8 31.0 30.6 24.4 21.1 35.0 19.41938 16.7 17.2 18.9 21.7 23.9 30.6 33.3 38.3 28.3 26.1 21.1 18.3 38.3 16.71939 22.8 16.7 18.9 20.6 23.3 32.8 39.4 35.0 30.6 32.8 25.6 21.7 39.4 16.71940 17.8 18.3 25.0 22.8 30.6 31.1 36.7 31.1 30.0 30.6 23.9 18.9 36.7 17.81941 20.6 18.9 24.4 22.8 28.9 29.4 37.2 37.8 27.2 26.7 23.9 17.8 37.8 17.81942 16.1 18.9 19.4 23.9 31.7 32.8 34.4 31.1 31.1 26.1 25.0 20.0 34.4 16.11943 17.2 18.9 21.1 27.8 27.8 31.1 35.6 32.8 33.9 28.3 22.2 22.2 35.6 17.21944 18.3 18.9 17.8 21.1 28.3 36.1 33.9 32.2 30.6 26.7 23.3 18.3 36.1 17.81945 17.8 17.2 18.9 23.3 34.4 39.4 38.9 38.3 31.7 25.0 23.3 20.6 39.4 17.21946 18.9 23.9 21.7 25.0 27.2 30.0 33.3 36.1 36.7 28.9 26.1 18.9 36.7 18.91947 18.9 23.9 23.9 26.1 26.1 31.7 34.4 35.0 31.1 27.8 22.8 21.7 35.0 18.91948 18.9 19.4 21.1 23.9 27.2 30.0 31.7 35.6 28.9 31.7 25.0 18.9 35.6 18.91949 18.3 18.3 21.7 24.4 26.7 30.6 33.9 34.4 33.9 27.8 22.2 21.7 34.4 18.31950 17.8 18.3 20.0 25.6 30.0 35.0 36.7 36.1 32.2 27.2 23.3 21.7 36.7 17.81951 17.8 17.8 23.9 23.9 29.4 33.3 33.3 34.4 30.0 25.6 25.0 19.4 34.4 17.81952 17.2 18.3 28.9 28.3 31.1 37.2 36.7 36.1 33.9 30.6 23.9 22.8 37.2 17.21953 18.3 17.2 17.8 23.9 26.1 33.3 37.2 32.2 30.6 30.6 21.7 21.1 37.2 17.21954 16.7 19.4 20.6 24.4 25.6 34.4 36.7 32.8 34.4 26.1 23.9 21.1 36.7 16.71955 19.4 22.2 25.6 20.0 33.3 31.7 38.9 35.6 30.0 26.7 24.4 22.2 38.9 19.41956 21.7 19.4 18.9 26.7 30.0 33.9 37.2 36.1 36.7 28.4 26.7 18.9 37.2 18.91957 17.8 21.7 21.7 26.7 30.0 34.4 33.9 38.3 32.8 30.0 23.9 21.1 38.3 17.81958 17.2 19.4 23.9 25.6 30.0 35.0 33.9 36.7 31.4 28.9 22.8 21.1 36.7 17.21959 18.9 18.9 21.7 25.0 29.4 31.1 35.6 34.4 31.1 25.6 22.8 20.0 35.6 18.91960 18.3 26.7 23.3 22.2 32.8 32.2 33.9 34.4 32.2 28.3 26.1 21.1 34.4 18.31961 18.3 16.7 22.8 23.9 32.2 35.6 32.8 34.4 33.9 28.9 26.7 20.6 35.6 16.71962 21.2 17.7 23.3 23.9 28.9 31.7 41.0 35.6 34.1 28.6 23.3 18.3 41.0 17.71963 20.0 17.2 21.0 22.5 24.4 32.9 37.2 37.8 31.7 28.1 26.1 24.3 37.8 17.21964 17.2 20.2 20.1 21.7 28.3 31.6 33.3 31.7 28.8 30.5 26.7 19.0 33.3 17.21965 19.4 18.3 22.8 22.0 28.0 33.4 37.4 33.3 31.0 27.7 24.0 20.5 37.4 18.31966 18.5 23.3 19.9 24.6 26.4 34.4 33.4 35.2 29.8 28.7 23.9 19.9 35.2 18.51967 16.6 19.5 21.0 22.0 29.0 31.4 38.4 36.0 30.0 31.4 24.5 19.2 38.4 16.61968 17.7 22.0 19.5 25.3 26.9 31.0 35.1 32.4 36.9 26.0 25.2 19.8 36.9 17.71969 16.5 20.0 18.2 25.3 30.5 33.5 33.7 33.8 33.3 25.4 23.2 19.8 33.8 16.51970 19.7 19.6 26.2 26.8 26.0 31.3 35.0 36.0 31.8 26.3 22.8 21.2 36.0 19.61971 18.6 17.3 19.7 23.4 32.0 34.0 37.1 39.0 30.8 25.3 23.4 18.5 39.0 17.31972 19.6 19.0 21.0 23.4 28.5 31.5 34.2 35.0 29.4 27.5 23.6 20.0 35.0 19.01973 18.7 16.7 19.2 21.6 33.9 31.4 42.1 33.7 32.0 28.6 23.6 19.6 42.1 16.71974 19.8 18.2 20.0 24.4 28.8 34.6 36.6 35.7 35.0 26.3 22.0 18.2 36.6 18.21975 17.0 17.1 21.6 22.6 29.8 34.7 35.2 32.6 33.3 29.1 24.0 22.3 35.2 17.01976 18.3 17.4 17.3 20.6 26.1 30.3 33.9 33.1 31.0 28.3 22.6 20.7 33.9 17.31977 19.6 22.4 22.0 28.0 28.8 30.4 35.0 32.8 31.8 27.8 24.2 21.3 35.0 19.61978 18.5 21.7 20.6 25.5 27.3 32.0 38.0 37.3 30.8 28.3 20.1 22.0 38.0 18.51979 20.9 22.9 22.9 21.3 31.2 34.3 35.6 37.9 30.4 32.8 23.4 18.9 37.9 18.91980 18.2 19.2 22.7 21.8 26.3 32.3 33.8 35.2 30.9 29.6 25.3 18.8 35.2 18.21981 15.6 18.0 21.2 25.6 28.6 33.4 35.0 34.7 32.3 31.7 24.4 21.4 35.0 15.61982 22.2 18.6 23.9 24.0 28.7 39.5 41.5 36.0 32.2 29.3 24.2 19.6 41.5 18.61983 18.7 20.1 22.6 27.2 31.9 31.2 39.1 33.2 31.4 27.6 23.4 19.2 39.1 18.71984 15.0 19.8 21.6 26.0 30.5 31.2 37.1 34.4 31.1 28.1 25.2 20.1 37.1 15.01985 20.0 20.0 20.6 30.7 28.6 33.0 34.6 36.6 31.6 27.6 24.5 20.9 36.6 20.0
CLIM
AT
E
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS29
1986 18.9 19.6 21.3 22.7 30.5 33.2 37.2 34.4 31.3 27.9 21.6 18.2 37.2 18.21987 20.7 19.1 21.9 25.1 25.1 34.5 40.6 39.8 34.1 31.1 26.7 22.6 40.6 19.11988 20.5 18.7 23.4 25.0 29.2 33.6 42.7 36.2 36.4 27.1 24.4 19.1 42.7 18.71989 17.1 19.8 21.7 25.5 30.7 32.2 33.6 35.0 31.9 25.8 24.0 22.1 35.0 17.11990 18.3 19.4 21.7 24.3 30.2 33.2 35.2 33.9 37.4 33.6 27.1 20.0 37.4 18.31991 18.0 18.3 21.3 21.4 23.2 33.6 35.1 35.5 32.7 31.3 23.7 18.4 35.5 18.01992 17.4 17.4 19.5 26.4 31.9 30.5 33.6 36.4 32.0 30.3 25.9 22.5 36.4 17.41993 18.3 17.0 22.8 23.8 30.8 33.7 35.7 38.6 32.6 29.0 25.9 19.9 38.6 17.01994 19.4 20.7 24.6 26.0 33.9 33.2 37.0 40.7 33.8 29.9 24.3 20.1 40.7 19.41995 18.3 22.6 20.9 22.6 31.8 32.5 34.7 34.1 31.9 26.3 23.9 20.2 34.7 18.31996 18.6 19.0 23.7 24.0 27.3 36.4 38.3 34.0 33.4 27.7 26.2 22.0 38.3 18.61997 21.1 20.3 21.4 23.2 31.9 40.1 35.3 36.5 31.0 28.0 25.0 20.3 40.1 20.31998 19.9 20.8 20.6 26.5 28.9 39.7 42.6 37.0 32.8 29.2 28.2 21.1 42.6 19.91999 17.7 19.2 20.2 28.8 32.2 37.3 34.8 43.8 32.3 34.5 25.7 21.1 43.8 17.72000 17.1 17.4 23.8 26.8 30.2 32.8 38.5 40.4 34.6 29.1 28.7 22.4 40.4 17.1
MEAN 18.48 19.32 21.51 24.34 28.89 33.16 35.97 35.25 32.20 28.64 24.27 20.36 37.08 18.48
MIN 15.0 15.0 16.7 20.0 23.2 27.8 31.1 31.1 27.2 25.0 20.1 17.8 32.8 15.0
MAX 22.8 26.7 28.9 30.7 34.4 40.1 42.7 43.8 38.9 34.5 28.7 24.3 43.8 22.8
STDEV 1.56 2.06 2.31 2.09 2.54 2.45 2.55 2.57 2.23 2.16 1.56 1.37 2.45 1.37
Table 16 Highest recorded maximum temperature and date (continued)
Yearly YearlyYEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC extreme extreme
highest lowest
December sees the least numberof sunshine hours, due to morecloud cover at this time of year.The month with maximalsunshine hours recorded is July,1950 with an average of 12.97hours daily, while December,1931, with an average of 3.42sunshine hours per day is themonth with the lowest-recordednumber of sunshine hours.
Another climatic parameter ishumidity. Table 13 shows therelative humidity in the MalteseIslands at different times of theday. Relative humidity is theproportion of moisture containedin the air in relation to its full
capacity at a given temperature.As the tables demonstrate,humidity in the Islands isconstantly high, averagingbetween 65% and 80%. Humiditylevels at midnight and at 6 amshow only slight variations of 1unit. At midday, however,humidity levels decrease by 20units. Extreme maximumhumidity levels of 92% wereregistered in March 1969. Thelowest-registered humidity levelis 62% in June 1952.
All these parameters indicatethe Maltese Islands as having amild climate: warm, wet wintersand hot, dry summers.
The Meteorological Office is theThe Meteorological Office is theThe Meteorological Office is theThe Meteorological Office is theThe Meteorological Office is the
main data source. The annualmain data source. The annualmain data source. The annualmain data source. The annualmain data source. The annual
statistics from the Meteorol-statistics from the Meteorol-statistics from the Meteorol-statistics from the Meteorol-statistics from the Meteorol-
ogical Office regarding climate inogical Office regarding climate inogical Office regarding climate inogical Office regarding climate inogical Office regarding climate in
the Maltese Islands are basedthe Maltese Islands are basedthe Maltese Islands are basedthe Maltese Islands are basedthe Maltese Islands are based
on a daily, monthly and annualon a daily, monthly and annualon a daily, monthly and annualon a daily, monthly and annualon a daily, monthly and annual
basis. Some of the climatebasis. Some of the climatebasis. Some of the climatebasis. Some of the climatebasis. Some of the climate
statistics range from the yearstatistics range from the yearstatistics range from the yearstatistics range from the yearstatistics range from the year
1840 up to 2000, and other1840 up to 2000, and other1840 up to 2000, and other1840 up to 2000, and other1840 up to 2000, and other
parameters cover the last 50-parameters cover the last 50-parameters cover the last 50-parameters cover the last 50-parameters cover the last 50-
year period. The main climaticyear period. The main climaticyear period. The main climaticyear period. The main climaticyear period. The main climatic
parameters are rainfall, sun-parameters are rainfall, sun-parameters are rainfall, sun-parameters are rainfall, sun-parameters are rainfall, sun-
shine, wind, humidity andshine, wind, humidity andshine, wind, humidity andshine, wind, humidity andshine, wind, humidity and
temperature. Periods covered intemperature. Periods covered intemperature. Periods covered intemperature. Periods covered intemperature. Periods covered in
some of the statistics go back tosome of the statistics go back tosome of the statistics go back tosome of the statistics go back tosome of the statistics go back to
1840 up to the year 2000.1840 up to the year 2000.1840 up to the year 2000.1840 up to the year 2000.1840 up to the year 2000.
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS30
The perched aquifer issituated in the Upper CorallineLimestone unit above the BlueClay strata while the mean sealevel aquifer is found in theLower Coralline Limestone unitand forms a lens above thebrackish or saline water.
The water supply in the
abstraction, while springs are thelowest. Fluctuations have markedborehole water production, witha peak of 10.4 million cubicmetres being reached in 1996/97.
In this same year, a peak of 0.5million cubic metres of water wasproduced from springs. Charts 18,19 and 20 show the percentage
WATER
Table 17 Water production by source
Year Pumping Stations Boreholes Springs Total
no. production m3 no. production m3 no. production m3 production m3
1995/1996 Malta 11 9,525,580 96 7,546,080 18 247,380 17,319,040Gozo 2 2,701,480 40 215,030 – – 2,916,510
Total 13 12,227,060 136 7,761,110 18 247,380 20,235,550
1996/1997 Malta 11 10,906,000 96 7,970,000 18 470,000 19,346,000Gozo 2 247,000 40 2,392,000 – – 2,639,000
Total 13 11,153,000 136 10,362,000 18 470,000 21,985,000
1997/1998 Malta 11 8,537,502 96 7,163,665 18 394,430 16,095,597Gozo 2 156,090 40 2,070,270 – – 2,226,360
Total 13 8,693,592 136 9,233,935 18 394,430 18,321,957
1998/1999 Malta 11 9,157,888 96 6,713,821 18 277,573 16,149,282Gozo 2 216,580 40 2,196,865 – – 2,413,445
Total 13 9,374,468 136 8,910,686 18 277,573 18,562,727
1999/2000 Malta 11 9,749,576 74 6,873,000 18 249,298 16,871,874Gozo 2 177,490 39 2,212,990 – – 2,390,480
Total 13 9,927,066 113 9,085,990 18 249,298 19,262,354
Maltese Islands is provided bypumping stations, boreholes andsprings, which are grouped undergroundwater exploitation anddesalination operations. Table 17and Chart 17 show a decreasingtrend in groundwater ex-ploitation. Pumping stations arethe highest contributors to water
In the Maltese Islands, water is a centuries-old
problematic resource and has been a source of
constant worry for both the administration and the
people. The climate pattern determines the quality
and quantity of freshwater available in our aquifers.
Rainfall is the only natural source of water supply.
About 6 per cent of it is lost directly to the sea as
surface runoff. However, 70 to 80 per cent of the
islands’ precipitation is also lost to evapo-
transpiration; only 14 to 25 per cent is stored in our
perched and mean sea level aquifers.
WA
TER
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS31
shares of water production fromthe different sources throughoutthe five-year period under review.The data clearly indicate that, overthis period, pumping stationsdecreased by 9 per cent in waterproduction out of the total waterproduction. In 1995/96 springscontributed 1.2 per cent to thegroundwater production of theMaltese Islands. This percentageshare remained the same in 1999/2000. Borehole water productionincreased by 8.7 per cent in 1996/97, over the previous year andstabilized at 47.1 per cent ofgroundwater production up to theyear 2000.
Groundwater is pumpedmostly from the mean sea levelaquifer. Abstraction has ex-ceeded its pumping limits and sosalinity levels are increasing.Table 18 shows the salinitylevels for the mean sea level andperched aquifers. One canclearly see that salinity levels arefluctuating in accordance withthe pumping rates. In 1997, thehighest salinity level wasregistered at the Bingemmaperched aquifer – 457.69 mg perlitre. Salinity at the mean sea
WA
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0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
Cu
bic
mete
rs
1995/96 1997/98 1999/2000
Year
pumping stations boreholes springs
1998/991996/97
24%
22%17%
18%
19%
1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/2000
15%
29%
24%
17%
15%
1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/2000
Chart 17 Water production by sourceChart 17 Water production by sourceChart 17 Water production by sourceChart 17 Water production by sourceChart 17 Water production by source
Chart 18 Water production from pumping stationsChart 18 Water production from pumping stationsChart 18 Water production from pumping stationsChart 18 Water production from pumping stationsChart 18 Water production from pumping stations
Chart 19 Water production from springsChart 19 Water production from springsChart 19 Water production from springsChart 19 Water production from springsChart 19 Water production from springs
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS32
17%
23%
20%
20%
20%
1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/2000
Table 18 Average of Chloride mg/ltr
Aquifer 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Average
Bin©emma perched 194.00 232.35 457.69 173.64 183.33 183.64 237.44Gozo MSL 485.94 495.23 480.00 565.71 475.00 448.33 485.47Main MSL 1,476.50 1,018.69 1,177.12 816.11 1,030.06 899.91 1,069.73Mellie˙a perched 336.49 252.90 232.27 216.01 206.54 194.89 239.85Grand Total 962.37 700.95 822.86 591.68 689.49 612.64 730.60
Table 19 Average of Nitrate mg/ltr
Aquifer 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Average
Bin©emma perched 114.47 107.01 101.02 105.68 109.94 107.28 107.56Gozo MSL 29.71 23.50 26.61 46.20 42.12 43.80 37.23Main MSL 65.03 67.97 63.88 68.46 67.88 68.12 66.94Mellie˙a perched 78.87 92.70 80.02 81.12 90.15 87.64 85.08Grand Total 70.09 73.70 67.91 72.87 72.29 71.89 71.49
Table 20 Water production from Desalination Plants (m3)
Year Lapsi RO Marsa RO Tigne RO Cirkewwa RO Pembroke RO Total
1995/1996 7,245,878 1,184,539 3,135,680 5,050,744 12,556,418 29,173,2591996/1997 6,184,000 1,197,000 29,000 3,744,000 13,349,000 24,503,0001997/1998 5,717,995 1,201,697 0 3,777,559 11,753,338 22,450,5891998/1999 3,926,857 1,202,362 0 3,757,490 10,379,382 19,266,0911999/2000 3,511,275 81,533 0 3,669,047 10,079,919 17,341,774
Total 26,586,005 4,867,131 3,164,680 19,998,840 58,118,057 112,734,713
level aquifer was of 1,177.12 mgper litre. Thereafter, bothaquifers experienced a decreasein salinity levels, along with aslowing-down of pumpingactivities. However, variouspollution sources are alsoproving detrimental to the waterquality: these include brokensewers, leachate from landfillsand agricultural pesticides. Allthese are contributing to thenitrate levels in the water table.Table 19 clearly demonstratesthat nitrate levels are increasingin all aquifers on the Islands,with the exception of the
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Chart 20 Water production from boreholesChart 20 Water production from boreholesChart 20 Water production from boreholesChart 20 Water production from boreholesChart 20 Water production from boreholes
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS33
24%
24%25%
25%2%
1995/1996 1996/1997 1997/1998 1998/1999 1999/2000
Bingemma perched aquifer, thelatter experiencing a decrease of7.19 mg per litre over the pastfive years. The highest nitrateincrease impact is for the Gozomean sea level aquifer, where anincrease of 14.09 mg per litrewas recorded in the span 1995-2000.
Farmers mostly make use ofthe perched aquifer water forirrigation purposes but they arealso augmenting this supply bymeans of drilling boreholes down
to the mean sea level aquifer.From 1995 to 2000, waterconsumption from these sourceshas gone down slightly; thisraises the question of thepossibility of water beingpumped from unregisteredsupply points. There is a total of8,490 private registeredboreholes, 5,919 in Malta and2,571 in Gozo.
Recent years have
WA
TER
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
Cu
bic
me
tre
s
1995/1996 1996/1997 1997/1998 1998/1999 1999/2000
Year
Lapsi RO Marsa RO Tigne RO Cirkewwa RO Pembroke RO
27%
23%22%
15%
13%
1995/1996 1996/1997 1997/1998 1998/1999 1999/2000
Chart 21 Water production from desalination plantsChart 21 Water production from desalination plantsChart 21 Water production from desalination plantsChart 21 Water production from desalination plantsChart 21 Water production from desalination plants
Chart 22 Water production: Lapsi ROChart 22 Water production: Lapsi ROChart 22 Water production: Lapsi ROChart 22 Water production: Lapsi ROChart 22 Water production: Lapsi RO
Chart 23 Water production: Marsa ROChart 23 Water production: Marsa ROChart 23 Water production: Marsa ROChart 23 Water production: Marsa ROChart 23 Water production: Marsa RO
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS34
25%
19%
19%
19%
18%
1995/1996 1996/1997 1997/1998 1998/1999 1999/2000
22%
23%
20%
18%
17%
1995/1996 1996/1997 1997/1998 1998/1999 1999/2000
Table 21 Water consumption by sector (m3) Year Domestic Industrial Touristic Government Commercial Farms Other Manual Total
Industrial
1995 11,984,035 1,785,284 1,451,428 1,516,240 1,693,076 614,569 211,630 19,256,2621996 13,079,326 1,702,071 1,487,885 659,185 1,691,104 968,911 41,403 207,410 19,837,2951997 14,002,315 1,149,710 1,460,432 1,206,609 1,369,664 1,327,278 307,517 182,467 21,005,9921998 10,730,902 1,129,146 1,502,635 1,313,044 1,130,555 1,066,801 274,800 96,319 17,244,2021999 11,320,803 1,141,368 1,509,106 1,037,334 938,900 1,245,921 220,960 623 17,415,0152000 11,594,197 1,736,303 1,543,738 1,646,960 1,048,799 938,421 222,441 766 18,731,625
experienced a shift in the potablewater supply to the ReverseOsmosis plants. RO water pro-duction increased in the period1970-1995, contributing 51 percent of the total water production.Between 1995 and 2000, waterproduction from desalinationplants decreased from 29.2million to 17.3 million cubicmetres. The Pembroke reverseosmosis plant churned outhighest quantity – 58 millioncubic metres in this five-yearperiod. The Lapsi plant followson its heels with a total produc-tion of 26.6 million cubic metres.
Charts 21 to 25 trace thepercentage distribution of waterproduction by desalination plantsfrom 1995-2000. The data pointto a general decline in this type ofwater production.
The domestic sector absorbsthe lion’s share of waterconsumption, this sectoral share
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TER
Chart 24 Water production: Çirkewwa ROChart 24 Water production: Çirkewwa ROChart 24 Water production: Çirkewwa ROChart 24 Water production: Çirkewwa ROChart 24 Water production: Çirkewwa RO
Chart 25 Water production: Pembroke ROChart 25 Water production: Pembroke ROChart 25 Water production: Pembroke ROChart 25 Water production: Pembroke ROChart 25 Water production: Pembroke RO
Domestic Industrial Touristic Government Commercial Farms Other
Chart 26 Water consumption by sectorChart 26 Water consumption by sectorChart 26 Water consumption by sectorChart 26 Water consumption by sectorChart 26 Water consumption by sector
cu
bic
me
tre
sc
ub
ic m
etr
es
cu
bic
me
tre
sc
ub
ic m
etr
es
cu
bic
me
tre
s 15,000,00015,000,00015,000,00015,000,00015,000,000
10,000,00010,000,00010,000,00010,000,00010,000,000
5,000,0005,000,0005,000,0005,000,0005,000,000
00000
19951995199519951995 19961996199619961996 19971997199719971997 19981998199819981998 19991999199919991999 20002000200020002000
YearYearYearYearYear
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS35
p
9%
8%
9%
6%5% 1%
Domestic Industrial Touristic GovernmentCommercial Farms Other Manual Industrial
0
5,000,00010,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,00025,000,000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
62%9%
8%
8%
9% 1%3%
Domestic Industrial Touristic GovernmentCommercial Farms Other Manual Industrial
WA
TER
being steadily on the rise.Domestic consumption generateswastewater, which flows downto, and is absorbed by thesewerage network. The industryand commercial sectors emulatethe domestic sector inconsumption patterns. Table 21shows water consumptionpatterns for the Maltese Islands,while Charts 26 and 27 displaythe changing trends. One can seethat the water demand wasgradually on the increase up to1997, when a total of 21 millioncubic metres were consumed.Thereafter, consumption levelsfell to 18.7 million cubic metresin 2000. Charts 28 and 29 showthe percentage consumption bysector for the years 1995 and2000. Sectoral consumption ofwater has basically remained thesame, increases being registeredonly by the farms and othercategories sectors, 1.8 per centand 1.2 per cent respectively.
Chart 30 shows waterconsumption per capita for thepast six years. Individual waterconsumption reached its highestlevel in 1997, when an average of78 litres per head was consumed.This dropped to 63 litres in 1998,to rise again to 71 litres per capitain the year 2000. This translatesinto a daily average consumption
Chart 27 Total water constumptionChart 27 Total water constumptionChart 27 Total water constumptionChart 27 Total water constumptionChart 27 Total water constumption
Chart 28 Water consumption: 1995Chart 28 Water consumption: 1995Chart 28 Water consumption: 1995Chart 28 Water consumption: 1995Chart 28 Water consumption: 1995
Chart 29 Water consumption: 2000Chart 29 Water consumption: 2000Chart 29 Water consumption: 2000Chart 29 Water consumption: 2000Chart 29 Water consumption: 2000
Cu
bic
me
tre
sC
ub
ic m
etr
es
Cu
bic
me
tre
sC
ub
ic m
etr
es
Cu
bic
me
tre
s
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS36
rate of 70 litres per capita for theMaltese population (includingthe tourist population).
Water supply and consum-ption trends in the Islands are asource of constant pressure onthe natural water resources aswell as on the energy sector forthe daily running of the reverseosmosis plants, the operation ofwhich runs at a high cost. TheWater Services Corporation hasinitiated an intensive programmefor the protection of the aquifersfrom illegal use, as well as for theconservation of their waterquality.
WA
TER
The Water Services Corporation monitors and accounts for all groundwaterThe Water Services Corporation monitors and accounts for all groundwaterThe Water Services Corporation monitors and accounts for all groundwaterThe Water Services Corporation monitors and accounts for all groundwaterThe Water Services Corporation monitors and accounts for all groundwater
production, on the basis of aquifer (Malta and Gozo Mean Seal Level and Perchedproduction, on the basis of aquifer (Malta and Gozo Mean Seal Level and Perchedproduction, on the basis of aquifer (Malta and Gozo Mean Seal Level and Perchedproduction, on the basis of aquifer (Malta and Gozo Mean Seal Level and Perchedproduction, on the basis of aquifer (Malta and Gozo Mean Seal Level and Perched
aquifers) and on the type of source (pumping stations, boreholes and springs). Theaquifers) and on the type of source (pumping stations, boreholes and springs). Theaquifers) and on the type of source (pumping stations, boreholes and springs). Theaquifers) and on the type of source (pumping stations, boreholes and springs). Theaquifers) and on the type of source (pumping stations, boreholes and springs). The
WSC also collects reportings from the Malta Desalination Services Ltd. (MDS) forWSC also collects reportings from the Malta Desalination Services Ltd. (MDS) forWSC also collects reportings from the Malta Desalination Services Ltd. (MDS) forWSC also collects reportings from the Malta Desalination Services Ltd. (MDS) forWSC also collects reportings from the Malta Desalination Services Ltd. (MDS) for
water production level and share from Reverse Osmosis (RO) plants. Waterwater production level and share from Reverse Osmosis (RO) plants. Waterwater production level and share from Reverse Osmosis (RO) plants. Waterwater production level and share from Reverse Osmosis (RO) plants. Waterwater production level and share from Reverse Osmosis (RO) plants. Water
consumption analysis is based on a large sample of accounts (profit and loss,consumption analysis is based on a large sample of accounts (profit and loss,consumption analysis is based on a large sample of accounts (profit and loss,consumption analysis is based on a large sample of accounts (profit and loss,consumption analysis is based on a large sample of accounts (profit and loss,
income, Government subvention, balance sheet, wages and salaries vs. electricity,income, Government subvention, balance sheet, wages and salaries vs. electricity,income, Government subvention, balance sheet, wages and salaries vs. electricity,income, Government subvention, balance sheet, wages and salaries vs. electricity,income, Government subvention, balance sheet, wages and salaries vs. electricity,
debtors and credit control, and cost cutting) that had consumption recording in adebtors and credit control, and cost cutting) that had consumption recording in adebtors and credit control, and cost cutting) that had consumption recording in adebtors and credit control, and cost cutting) that had consumption recording in adebtors and credit control, and cost cutting) that had consumption recording in a
specific period. The purpose of the statistics is to shed light on total waterspecific period. The purpose of the statistics is to shed light on total waterspecific period. The purpose of the statistics is to shed light on total waterspecific period. The purpose of the statistics is to shed light on total waterspecific period. The purpose of the statistics is to shed light on total water
production by source, water production from desalination plants, and total waterproduction by source, water production from desalination plants, and total waterproduction by source, water production from desalination plants, and total waterproduction by source, water production from desalination plants, and total waterproduction by source, water production from desalination plants, and total water
consumption. The years 1995-2001 are currently covered by water statistics.consumption. The years 1995-2001 are currently covered by water statistics.consumption. The years 1995-2001 are currently covered by water statistics.consumption. The years 1995-2001 are currently covered by water statistics.consumption. The years 1995-2001 are currently covered by water statistics.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Lit
res
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Chart 30 Daily water consumption per headChart 30 Daily water consumption per headChart 30 Daily water consumption per headChart 30 Daily water consumption per headChart 30 Daily water consumption per head
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS37
g y g
1st Class Area
50%2nd Class Area
48%
3rd Class Area
2%
BATHING WATER QUALITY
Statistics show thatmicrobiological contaminationrisks are much higher thanchemical risks. 47 bathing sitesare yearly monitored for variousphysical and chemical para-meters specifically for PH,temperatures, turbidity, foam,mineral oils, phenols, dissolvedoxygen, nitrates, ammonia andphosphates. Three micro-biological parameters weremonitored on a lower frequency.These indicators include:–
1. Total coliforms2. Faecal streptococci3. Salmonella
The data collected was dis-tributed into three classes: -
1st Class Area:Faecal Coliforms < 100 per100ml in at least 95 per cent oftotal samples collected during thebathing season.
2nd Class Area:Faecal Coliforms < 100 per100ml in at least 50 per cent ofsamples and < 1000 per 100ml inat least 90 per cent of total
Bathing water quality is an important issue in the
Maltese islands, since it is one of the parameters
which is marketed for tourism. The coastal marine
waters are monitored for 23 weeks annually in
different places around the Maltese Islands. This is
done to ensure not only the health safety of the
swimmers but also of the marine life. The tables
and charts presented in this chapter present
detailed data on this environmental aspect.
Chart 31Chart 31Chart 31Chart 31Chart 31 Bathing water quality in the Maltese Islands Bathing water quality in the Maltese Islands Bathing water quality in the Maltese Islands Bathing water quality in the Maltese Islands Bathing water quality in the Maltese Islandsduring 2000during 2000during 2000during 2000during 2000
Chart 32Chart 32Chart 32Chart 32Chart 32 Bathing water quality in the Malta Majjistral Bathing water quality in the Malta Majjistral Bathing water quality in the Malta Majjistral Bathing water quality in the Malta Majjistral Bathing water quality in the Malta Majjistral(Malta north western) district during 2000(Malta north western) district during 2000(Malta north western) district during 2000(Malta north western) district during 2000(Malta north western) district during 2000
2nd Class Area
42%
1st Class Area
58%
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS38
1st Class Area
37%
2nd Class Area
58%
3rd Class Area
5%
Table 22 Bathing water quality
Region 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Malta Xlokk 7 8 2 6 11 0 6 10 2 4 13 1 7 11 1Malta Majjistral 29 23 0 25 22 3 32 19 1 24 25 3 22 16 0Gozo and Comino 15 8 0 14 9 0 10 7 3 17 6 0 13 10 0
TOTAL 51 39 2 45 42 3 48 36 6 45 44 4 42 37 1
Chart 33Chart 33Chart 33Chart 33Chart 33 Bathing water quality in the Gozo and Comino Bathing water quality in the Gozo and Comino Bathing water quality in the Gozo and Comino Bathing water quality in the Gozo and Comino Bathing water quality in the Gozo and Cominoregion during 2000region during 2000region during 2000region during 2000region during 2000
Chart 34Chart 34Chart 34Chart 34Chart 34 Bathing water quality in Malta Xlokk Bathing water quality in Malta Xlokk Bathing water quality in Malta Xlokk Bathing water quality in Malta Xlokk Bathing water quality in Malta Xlokk(Malta south eastern) district during 2000(Malta south eastern) district during 2000(Malta south eastern) district during 2000(Malta south eastern) district during 2000(Malta south eastern) district during 2000
BA
TH
ING
WA
TER
QU
ALIT
Y
e
samples collected during thebathing season.
3rd Class Area:Faecal Coliforms ≥ 100 per100ml in 50 per cent or more ofsamples and /or ≥ 1000 per 100ml
in 10 per cent or more of totalnumber of samples collectedduring the bathing season.
Chart 31 to 35 show that theMaltese islands have an adequatebathing quality for the year 2000.
50 percent of the areas monitoredwere classified as first class, and48 percent as second class. Only2 percent were classified as thirdclass. The bathing water qualityin southeastern Malta is ofinferior quality when compared
1st Class Area
57%
2nd Class Area
43%
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS39
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
No
. o
f S
ites
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Class 1 Class 2 Class3
Table 23 Total site days when bathing was not recommended
Year Month
May June July Aug Sept Oct Total
1993 – 12 84 88 60 – 2441994 – 18 287 391 268 – 9641995 6 82 226 117 66 – 4971996 16 14 61 3 15 21 1301997 7 5 0 11 15 0 381998 – 6 16 – 10 – 321999 – 13 7 6 34 14 742000 15 8 10 11 15 – 59
Chart 35Chart 35Chart 35Chart 35Chart 35 Bathing water quality Bathing water quality Bathing water quality Bathing water quality Bathing water quality
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Chart 36 Chart 36 Chart 36 Chart 36 Chart 36 Total site days when bathing was not recommendedTotal site days when bathing was not recommendedTotal site days when bathing was not recommendedTotal site days when bathing was not recommendedTotal site days when bathing was not recommended(May to October period)(May to October period)(May to October period)(May to October period)(May to October period)
Sit
e-d
ay
s c
los
ed
Sit
e-d
ay
s c
los
ed
Sit
e-d
ay
s c
los
ed
Sit
e-d
ay
s c
los
ed
Sit
e-d
ay
s c
los
ed
BA
TH
ING
WA
TER
QU
ALIT
Y
YearYearYearYearYear
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS40
0
100
200
300
400
500
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Month
May June July August September October
Sit
e-d
ay
s c
los
ed
Sit
e-d
ay
s c
los
ed
Sit
e-d
ay
s c
los
ed
Sit
e-d
ay
s c
los
ed
Sit
e-d
ay
s c
los
ed
Chart 37 Chart 37 Chart 37 Chart 37 Chart 37 Days when bathing was not recommendedDays when bathing was not recommendedDays when bathing was not recommendedDays when bathing was not recommendedDays when bathing was not recommended
to the northwestern area as thereis only 37 percent classified asfirst class. 58 percent of the testscarried in the northwestern zonewere classified as first class.Zones of superior quality werealso registered in the island ofGozo where 67 percent of thetests resulted as first classcategories and 43 percent assecond class.
Charts 36, 37 and 38 indicatethat the northern bathing of theislands are of superior qualitywhen compared to those of thesouth. This is due to the marine
BA
TH
ING
WA
TER
QU
ALIT
Y
YearYearYearYearYear
The data are primarily collectedThe data are primarily collectedThe data are primarily collectedThe data are primarily collectedThe data are primarily collected
by the Health Division. Theby the Health Division. Theby the Health Division. Theby the Health Division. Theby the Health Division. The
measurements of microbiologicalmeasurements of microbiologicalmeasurements of microbiologicalmeasurements of microbiologicalmeasurements of microbiological
parameters started in 1990 byparameters started in 1990 byparameters started in 1990 byparameters started in 1990 byparameters started in 1990 by
laboratories within the Healthlaboratories within the Healthlaboratories within the Healthlaboratories within the Healthlaboratories within the Health
Division. The purpose of theDivision. The purpose of theDivision. The purpose of theDivision. The purpose of theDivision. The purpose of the
statistics is to shed light on thestatistics is to shed light on thestatistics is to shed light on thestatistics is to shed light on thestatistics is to shed light on the
bathing water quality of the seabathing water quality of the seabathing water quality of the seabathing water quality of the seabathing water quality of the sea
and to allow the monitoring of anyand to allow the monitoring of anyand to allow the monitoring of anyand to allow the monitoring of anyand to allow the monitoring of any
changes in its environmentalchanges in its environmentalchanges in its environmentalchanges in its environmentalchanges in its environmental
state. The statistics regardingstate. The statistics regardingstate. The statistics regardingstate. The statistics regardingstate. The statistics regarding
periods when bathing was notperiods when bathing was notperiods when bathing was notperiods when bathing was notperiods when bathing was not
recommended were published forrecommended were published forrecommended were published forrecommended were published forrecommended were published for
the first time in 1993.the first time in 1993.the first time in 1993.the first time in 1993.the first time in 1993.
traffic and heavy industries in theGrand Harbour and inMarsaxlokk Bay.
Table 28 and Chart 39 showthe bathing water quality trendfor the past five years. The trendsshow that the first class andsecond class zones are slowlydiminishing, meaning that thebathing water quality isbecoming inferior as the timegoes by. The third class categoryquality also started to decrease.This confirms that the overall ofbathing water quality in Malta isof a good standard.
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS41
WASTE
Table 24 Mag˙tab landfill 1996–2000 statistics tonnes
Waste Stream 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Municipal 84,525.50 98,859.20 123,531.02 137,053.96 130,876.86Domestic 98,687.78 103,294.98 99,583.82Hotels restaurants 14,822.40 22,280.58 18,860.92Hospitals 0.00 0.00 1,453.73Rejects from Sant’ Antnin 10,020.84 11,478.40 10,978.39 Debris material 1,036,304.00 817,151.40 692,053.02 956,372.46 1,196,222.67Const.demolition 67,182.98 133,985.64 134,258.31Excavations 610,048.38 806,164.34 1,051,664.46Road/street debris 14,821.66 16,222.48 10,299.90 Commercial/Industrial 31,222.70 41,656.50 31,407.68 31,324.22 32,313.83Commercial 1,556.28 1,607.96 6,146.44Industries 27,164.60 26,866.30 23,046.23Paper/cardboard/wood 1,808.10 1,956.36 2,161.28Rotten foodstuffs 421.12 247.98 81.81Plastics/rubber 347.52 584.66 810.99Metal products 110.06 60.96 67.08 Mixed trade/municipal 0.00 42,241.90 32,702.50 32,361.82 41,606.43Bulky refuse 27,621.74 28,192.72 36,709.40Agriculture 3,400.26 2,558.08 2,962.70Beaches/seaweed 1,680.50 1,611.02 1,934.33 Mixed 0.00 17,162.00 14,408.30 16,591.30 14,189.74Sludge 4,620.68 4,923.92 2,221.36Slurry 6,307.18 5,790.18 5,145.20Tarmac fine dust 1,473.80 3,384.22 4,074.64Abattoirs carcasses 2,006.64 2,492.98 2,748.54 Special waste 0.00 0.00 0.00 228.38 418.76 Total 1,152,052.20 1,017,071.00 894,102.52 1,173,932.14 1,415,628.29
Waste generation in the Maltese Islands has
gradually assumed the status of a top-priority issue
in the Maltese consciousness. The tables and charts
in this section give an overview of waste
generation.
CLIM
AT
E
Table 24 describes the wastestreams deposited at the Maghtablandfill. Detailed waste figuresare only available from the year1998 till the present day. Prior to1998, there was no weighbridgeat landfill sites; hence, figures forthe years 1996 and 1997 are
estimates. Today, the monitoringlevel of these primary sources forwaste statistics has noticeablygone up, a fact which lends itselfto better and more accurateinformation being now collected.
Chart 38 shows that a largepart of the waste being generated
consists of debris material. Overthe past few years, there has beenan increase in such wastestreams. The year 1998 registeredthe least generation, 692,053tonnes. A total of 1,196,222tonnes was deposited in the year2000. The second-largest waste
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS42
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
To
nn
es
Municipal Organic Rejects Metals Bulk Green RCVs
Year
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
To
nn
es
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Municipal Debris material Commercial/Industrial Mixed trade/municipal Mixed Special waste
Chart 38 Chart 38 Chart 38 Chart 38 Chart 38 Composition of waste at Mag˙tab landfillComposition of waste at Mag˙tab landfillComposition of waste at Mag˙tab landfillComposition of waste at Mag˙tab landfillComposition of waste at Mag˙tab landfill
Chart 39Chart 39Chart 39Chart 39Chart 39 Processed waste at Sant’Antnin plant Processed waste at Sant’Antnin plant Processed waste at Sant’Antnin plant Processed waste at Sant’Antnin plant Processed waste at Sant’Antnin plant
WA
ST
E
Waste streamWaste streamWaste streamWaste streamWaste stream
1999 2000
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS43
32%
3%6%
59%
Marine oils Shore based oils Clinical Other hazardous
Chart 40 Chart 40 Chart 40 Chart 40 Chart 40 Hazardous waste composition: 2000Hazardous waste composition: 2000Hazardous waste composition: 2000Hazardous waste composition: 2000Hazardous waste composition: 2000
WA
ST
E
stream is the municipal waste. In2000, a total of 130,876 tonneswas deposited at the mainlandfill, as against 84,525 tonnesin 1996, thus signifying adifference of 46,351 tonnes overthe past five years. Otherimportant waste streams arecommercial/industrial waste,mixed trade and special waste.Special waste is hazardous waste,the identification and registrationof which was initiated in 1999.Two years from this latter yearup till today, this particular wastestream has doubled in volume.
Other specific waste streamssuch as those generated byindustries, rotten foodstuffs andagricultural waste havedecreased in volume over the pastthree years.
Waste residues are also being
collected at the Sant’Antninrecycling plant and Table 22shows that these are on theincrease. Table 26 and Chart 39demonstrate that in 1999 and2000, 23,636 tonnes and 29,239tonnes respectively wereregistered at this recycling plant.These amounts spell out anincrease of 5,602 tonnes over asingle-year period.
Table 27 indicates that fiftyper cent of this waste is organicwaste, while 27.7 per cent iswaste coming from RefuseCollecting Vehicles (RCVs). Notall the waste received atSant’Antnin is recycled. Anaverage of 45 per cent is rejectedafter undergoing the separationtreatment and is re-directed to theMag˙tab landfill. Metals, bulk
Table 25 Total amounts treated atSant’Antnin plant tonnes
Waste Stream 1999 2000 Mixed municipal waste 23,637 29,238Green waste 1,262 1,239Separate waste 283 904
TOTAL 25,182 31,381
Table 26 Processed waste at Sant’Antnin plant
tonnes
Waste Stream 1999 2000
Municipal 23,637 29,238Organic 12,232 15,506Rejects 10,937 12,857Metals 325 750Bulk 144 125Green 1,262 1,239RCVs 6,567 6,552Compost Sold 2,367 2,220Table 27 Composition of
Municipal waste disposed atSant’Antnin plant
Waste Stream 1999 2000
Municipal 100.00 100.00Organic 51.75 53.03Rejects 46.27 43.97Metals 1.37 2.56Bulk 0.61 0.43Green 5.34 4.24RCVs 27.78 22.41 Comp. Sold 10.01 7.59
Table 28 Waste generation: 2000 tonnes
Stream Malta Gozo Total
MSW 187,500 12,500 200,000Household 155,000 Trade 29,500 Port 3,000 Industrial 95,250 10,800 106,050Non Hazard 65,000 Hazardous 10,000 Abattoir 2,500 Drydock blasting grit 17,000 Drydock solid waste 750 Construction & Demolition 1,200,000 6,500 1,206,500Rock and Stone 840,000 Mixed CD 360,000
Sewage Sludge 2,700 2700
Total 1,485,450 29,800 1,515,250
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS44
WA
ST
E
and green wastes are alsoreceived at the recycling plant.These constitute small amounts,7.3 per cent of the total wastereceived at the plant. By way ofwaste products, Sant’Antninproduces compost, which is soldfor agricultural purposes from theplant itself.
Table 28 displays the totalwaste generation for the year2000. Construction andDemolishing (CD) constitutesthe bulk of total waste generated,to make up 85 per cent pf the totalwaste generated. This is followedby municipal solid waste (MSW),9 per cent, and mixed trade waste,3 per cent. When considering theextent of the Construction andDemolishing waste streams, onehas to bear in mind theconsiderable amount ofinfrastructural activity currentlytaking place in Malta. In Gozo,the pattern of waste generation isquite different: Municipal wastetops the list as the most generatedwaste stream in 2000 – 12,500tonnes. This is followed byindustrial waste – 10,800 tonnesand Construction andDemolishing – 6,500 tonnes.
Charts 40 and 41 display twoimportant waste flows, which arehazardous and incineratedwastes. Table 29 and Table 30show that in the year 2000, 7,750tonnes of hazardous waste wasgenerated, while incineratedwaste totalled 2,300 tonnes. Thebulk of the latter – 1,500 tonnes– was airport waste.
The actual collection of data isThe actual collection of data isThe actual collection of data isThe actual collection of data isThe actual collection of data is
carried out annually by the Wastecarried out annually by the Wastecarried out annually by the Wastecarried out annually by the Wastecarried out annually by the Waste
Management Strategy Implemen-Management Strategy Implemen-Management Strategy Implemen-Management Strategy Implemen-Management Strategy Implemen-
tation Department, which collectstation Department, which collectstation Department, which collectstation Department, which collectstation Department, which collects
data from the landfill at Maghtabdata from the landfill at Maghtabdata from the landfill at Maghtabdata from the landfill at Maghtabdata from the landfill at Maghtab
and from Sant’Antin wasteand from Sant’Antin wasteand from Sant’Antin wasteand from Sant’Antin wasteand from Sant’Antin waste
treatment plant. Waste is definedtreatment plant. Waste is definedtreatment plant. Waste is definedtreatment plant. Waste is definedtreatment plant. Waste is defined
as any substance or object, whichas any substance or object, whichas any substance or object, whichas any substance or object, whichas any substance or object, which
the holder discards, intends or bythe holder discards, intends or bythe holder discards, intends or bythe holder discards, intends or bythe holder discards, intends or by
law is required to discard. Thelaw is required to discard. Thelaw is required to discard. Thelaw is required to discard. Thelaw is required to discard. The
waste statistics describe thewaste statistics describe thewaste statistics describe thewaste statistics describe thewaste statistics describe the
volume of waste, professionalvolume of waste, professionalvolume of waste, professionalvolume of waste, professionalvolume of waste, professional
source, the type and fraction ofsource, the type and fraction ofsource, the type and fraction ofsource, the type and fraction ofsource, the type and fraction of
waste as well as its treatment. Thewaste as well as its treatment. Thewaste as well as its treatment. Thewaste as well as its treatment. Thewaste as well as its treatment. The
years 1996-2000 are currentlyyears 1996-2000 are currentlyyears 1996-2000 are currentlyyears 1996-2000 are currentlyyears 1996-2000 are currently
covered by waste statistics.covered by waste statistics.covered by waste statistics.covered by waste statistics.covered by waste statistics.
Table 30 Incinerated waste –tonnes
Hospital 50Drydocks 750Airport 1,500
Total 2,300
2%
33%
65%
Hospital Drydocks Airport
Chart 41Chart 41Chart 41Chart 41Chart 41 Incinerated waste: 2000 Incinerated waste: 2000 Incinerated waste: 2000 Incinerated waste: 2000 Incinerated waste: 2000
Huge quantities of solid andliquid waste are produced everyyear, and these are on theincrease. Every household in theMaltese Islands produces anapproximate of 1.3 tonnes ofwaste per year. If domestic wastegeneration continues to grow atthis rate, waste management willpose an acute problem in the nearfuture. In order to address this, asolid waste management strategypolicy for the Islands have justbeen formulated and approved byParliament.
Table 29 Hazardous wastecomposition – tonnes
Marine oils 2,500Shore based oils 250Clinical 500Other hazardous 4,500
Total 7,750
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS45
TRANSPORT
Table 31 shows the trend inthe vehicle ownership from 1998to 2000. The year 1999experienced the most increasedin this three-year period where8,901 vehicles were licensed onthe road. The year 2000registered a lesser increase thanthat of the previous year.
The year 1998 confirmed thatthere are 1.68 persons for everyvehicle that is on the road. In
The ownership of motor vehicles in the Maltese
Islands is on the increase. The charts and the tables
presented in this chapter show that there is a
preference for the private car instead of the public
transport. This is reflected in a constant rise in
vehicle ownership over the years.
TR
AN
SP
OR
T
220,000
225,000
230,000
235,000
240,000
245,000
250,000
1998 1999 2000
Year
No
of
veh
icle
s
383,000
384,000
385,000
386,000
387,000
388,000
389,000
390,000
391,000
392,000
To
tal
po
pu
lati
on
No. of Vehicles Total population
Table 31 Stock of licensed motor vehicles
Comm. No. of PersonsYear Total Total Private Passenger & other per unit of Privately Population No of Cars only Vehicles Vehicles owned Transport vehicles Vehicle
1990 361,908 139,316 104,863 12,583 21,870 2.601998 386,397 229,977 169,542 16,722 43,194 1.681999 388,296 238,878 176,264 18,012 45,009 1.632000 391,415 246,825 182,105 19,512 45,208 1.59
Chart 42 Chart 42 Chart 42 Chart 42 Chart 42 Vehicle density in the Maltese islandsVehicle density in the Maltese islandsVehicle density in the Maltese islandsVehicle density in the Maltese islandsVehicle density in the Maltese islands
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS46
6.4
6.6
6.8
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
Jan-Mar Apr-Jun Jul-Set Oct-Dec
Quarter
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Chart 44Chart 44Chart 44Chart 44Chart 44 Passengers using public transport: Passengers using public transport: Passengers using public transport: Passengers using public transport: Passengers using public transport: 20002000200020002000
Chart 43Chart 43Chart 43Chart 43Chart 43 Passengers using public transport Passengers using public transport Passengers using public transport Passengers using public transport Passengers using public transport
TR
AN
SP
OR
T
Pa
ss
en
ge
rs (
mill
ion
s)
Pa
ss
en
ge
rs (
mill
ion
s)
Pa
ss
en
ge
rs (
mill
ion
s)
Pa
ss
en
ge
rs (
mill
ion
s)
Pa
ss
en
ge
rs (
mill
ion
s)
Pa
ss
en
ge
rs (
mill
ion
s)
Pa
ss
en
ge
rs (
mill
ion
s)
Pa
ss
en
ge
rs (
mill
ion
s)
Pa
ss
en
ge
rs (
mill
ion
s)
Pa
ss
en
ge
rs (
mill
ion
s)
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS47
Table 32 Sea transport between Malta and Gozo
PassengerTrucks from
PassengerTrucks from Total TotalYear Trips Vehicles from
MaltaVehicles from
Gozo Vehicles PassengersMalta Gozo
1999 Jan-Mar 3,938 58,608 2,743 58,015 2,507 121,873 508,283Apr-Jun 5,339 85,866 3,078 84,670 2,829 176,443 829,211Jul-Sep 6,579 112,235 3,517 111,753 2,933 230,438 1,053,015Oct-Dec 4,688 66,663 2,840 65,352 2,437 137,292 566,794
Total 20,544 323,372 12,178 319,790 10,706 666,046 2,957,303 2000Jan-Mar 4,578 67,142 2,531 66,003 2,294 137,970 540,198Apr-Jun 5,547 90,587 2,764 90,900 2,487 186,738 828,949Jul-Sep 6,806 124,563 3,186 120,835 2,730 251,314 1,084,970Oct-Dec 4,999 77,972 2,711 78,619 2,458 161,760 614,399
Total 21,930 360,264 11,192 356,357 9,969 737,782 3,068,516
2000 the figure became 1.59persons per private vehicleownership, reflecting an increaseof 0.09 persons per vehicle. Thisconfirms that the number ofvehicles in Malta is increasingfar rapidly than the population.
Chart 42 shows the increasein the number of vehicles againstthe total population increase overthis three-year period. The usageof the public transport ispresented in Chart 43. Thenumber of passengers using thepublic transport is constantlydecreasing. A total of 38.7million passengers used thepublic transport in 1994. In theyear 2000 the figure dropped to31.2 million passengers, adecrease of 7.5 millionpassengers during the past sixyears.
Chart 44 shows the passengertrends using the public transportfacilities. It can be clearly notedthat most of the passengers used
TR
AN
SP
OR
T
The data are primarily collectedThe data are primarily collectedThe data are primarily collectedThe data are primarily collectedThe data are primarily collected
by the Public Transport Authorityby the Public Transport Authorityby the Public Transport Authorityby the Public Transport Authorityby the Public Transport Authority
and by the Licensing and Testingand by the Licensing and Testingand by the Licensing and Testingand by the Licensing and Testingand by the Licensing and Testing
Department. The purpose of theDepartment. The purpose of theDepartment. The purpose of theDepartment. The purpose of theDepartment. The purpose of the
statistics is to shed light on thestatistics is to shed light on thestatistics is to shed light on thestatistics is to shed light on thestatistics is to shed light on the
transport sector in the Maltesetransport sector in the Maltesetransport sector in the Maltesetransport sector in the Maltesetransport sector in the Maltese
Islands. The statistics show theIslands. The statistics show theIslands. The statistics show theIslands. The statistics show theIslands. The statistics show the
vehicles ownership trend overvehicles ownership trend overvehicles ownership trend overvehicles ownership trend overvehicles ownership trend over
the last decade. The passengerthe last decade. The passengerthe last decade. The passengerthe last decade. The passengerthe last decade. The passenger
trends using the public transporttrends using the public transporttrends using the public transporttrends using the public transporttrends using the public transport
facilities are also statisticallyfacilities are also statisticallyfacilities are also statisticallyfacilities are also statisticallyfacilities are also statistically
produced. Statistics regardingproduced. Statistics regardingproduced. Statistics regardingproduced. Statistics regardingproduced. Statistics regarding
transport cover the years 1990-transport cover the years 1990-transport cover the years 1990-transport cover the years 1990-transport cover the years 1990-
2000.2000.2000.2000.2000.
the public transport in the monthsof April, May and June. The lastquarter of the year was the leastused as only 7.2 millionpassengers made use of thepublic transport facilities.
Such trends confirm thatpeople prefer the private meansof transport rather than the publicone. This habit is triggering roadcongestion.
Sea transport between theislands is also an important issuesince commuting is on theincrease, as Table 32 shows.There is an increase in the tripsmade by the ferries duringsummer, where the year 2000registered an increase of 1386trips over the year 1999. Anincrease was also registered inthe number of private vehiclescrossing the channel. On thecontrary, trucks commutingbetween the islands havedecreased in the year 2000 whencompared with the previous year.
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS48
The main energy consumersare the Transport and PowerGeneration sectors. Transportincludes all types of vehicles, seacraft and airplanes. All theseassets have different uses andtheir operational frequencyvaries considerably from one toanother. Transport is in factdivided into two sections, Privateand Public. Private transportincludes all private andcommercial vehicles, includingmotorcycles, car hire and privatesea craft. Public transportincorporates buses and minibuses, sea and air transport.
All these moving units mainlyconsume leaded petrol, unleadedpetrol and diesel fuels. Theirconsumption varies according tothe type of unit and how much itis used. This reflects in acontinuous change the demand offuels according to the travellinghabits on the islands.
The second largest energyconsumer is electrical power,which is generated solely by theburning of fuel oil. Electricalpower is distributed mainly to thedomestic and industrial sectors.The domestic sector includes allprivate households, private and
ENERGY
Energy in the Maltese Islands is derived from the
importation of various fossil fuels. Several of these
are re-exported. Imports and re-exports relate to
energy commodities that move in and out of Malta
as part of transactions involving Maltese
companies. Aviation and jet fuel are specifically
imported for the aircraft refuelling business. The
net imported commodities have different uses in
the Maltese Islands.
public buildings, schools,hospitals and entertainmentestablishments. The industrialsector consists of all types ofindustries whether they are on alarge, medium, or small scale.However, both sectors alsoconsume fossil fuels as they haveto transport goods and servicesinternally and externally.
Every time energy is usedsome of it is lost or wasted. Thisprocess releases some by-products like heat or gases, whichcan potentially damage theenvironment. Intensive orinefficient energy managementcan cause air pollution, climatechange, water pollution, anderosion and habitat loss.
Energy Balance in theMaltese Islands
Tables 33 to 36 show the fueltransactions in the islands. Fuelre-exports mainly consist ofmarine bunkering activities toships of any flag. These includediesel and fuel oil. Aviation andjet fuel stocks are specificallyimported for the aircraftrefuelling business. Jet fuel
exports reached a high in 1996and then started to diminishgradually. On the contrary fueloil re-exports have beencontinually rising with anexception in 1999. The value offuel re-exports has also been onthe rise especially in the last threeyears.
Leaded and unleaded petrol,diesel and LP Gas fuels arespecifically imported for internaluses. Imports of leaded petroldeclined from 153.2 million litresin 1995 to 47.9 million litres inthe year 2000. At the same time,the importation of unleadedpetrol surged to 33.3 millionlitres last year from 6.6 millionlitres in 1995. At 209.9 millionlitres, diesel imports were almostdouble their 1995 level.
Table 37 shows trends in fuelimportation prices over the pastsix years. In 1995, the averagelowest prices for all fuels wererecorded while in the year 2000prices reached their highest mark.Such prices reflect internationalpetroleum market prices. Thedemand for diesel surged in 1999when its importation price was0.4 cents per litre.
Net fuel energy, displayed in
EN
ER
GY
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS49
Chart 45 Fuel re-exports by quantityChart 45 Fuel re-exports by quantityChart 45 Fuel re-exports by quantityChart 45 Fuel re-exports by quantityChart 45 Fuel re-exports by quantity
EN
ER
GY
0
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
Lit
res
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Table 34 Value of fuel imports (Lm)
Type of Fuel 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Aviation fuel 54,810 37,257 27,930 38,129 47,863 50,810Unleaded 336,409 928,129 1,443,135 2,326,745 2,058,478 3,586,549Leaded 4,150,414 4,869,287 4,607,298 2,636,187 4,288,901 4,723,290Jet fuel 7,538,621 10,086,930 10,706,220 4,850,019 7,684,632 15,088,250Diesel 6,906,865 11,749,143 10,664,709 6,207,510 13,501,146 20,079,073Fuel oil 11,726,638 22,216,320 20,140,723 19,249,081 27,172,506 55,236,197LP Gas 1,478,663 1,322,047 1,425,735 1,011,066 1,558,594 2,418,563
Table 33 Volume of fuel imports
Type of Fuel 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Aviation fuel (Ltr) 206,767 127,401 94,240 154,844 187,628 151,460Unleaded (Ltr) 6,574,806 16,443,377 24,576,752 53,662,192 34,766,684 33,339,795Leaded (Ltr) 153,247,157 84,380,757 85,034,888 57,074,102 69,618,710 47,860,953Jet fuel (Ltr) 147,413,075 158,623,124 257,592,787 125,948,816 134,526,592 155,559,327Diesel (Ltr) 111,808,487 212,740,621 185,601,899 201,135,409 352,378,255 209,853,260Fuel oil (Tonnes) 666,219 577,944 579,975 716,936 775,353 897,883LP Gas (Kg) 18,510,087 14,263,935 13,841,089 15,846,041 17,124,761 15,556,217
Aviation Fuel (Ltr) Jet Fuel (Ltr) Diesel (Ltr)
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS50
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
Chart 46 Fuel oil re-exports by quantityChart 46 Fuel oil re-exports by quantityChart 46 Fuel oil re-exports by quantityChart 46 Fuel oil re-exports by quantityChart 46 Fuel oil re-exports by quantity
Table 35 Volume of fuel re-exports
Type of fuel 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Aviation Fuel (Ltr) 66,726 60,244 69,084 54,897 57,609 46,482Jet Fuel (Ltr) 59,884,460 107,236,772 68,352,728 53,637,855 64,666,892 56,407,237Diesel (Ltr) 62,198,749 83,950,946 100,335,963 84,507,620 103,698,226 69,217,817Fuel Oil (Tonnes) 83,661 132,937 228,839 303,863 251,899 444,649
Table 36 Volume of net fuel energy
Type of fuel 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Aviation Fuel (Ltr) 140,041 67,157 25,156 99,947 130,019 104,978Unleaded (Ltr) 6,574,806 16,443,377 24,576,752 53,662,192 34,766,684 33,339,795Leaded (Ltr) 153,247,157 84,380,757 85,034,888 57,074,102 69,618,710 47,860,953Jet Fuel (Ltr) 87,528,615 51,386,352 189,240,059 72,310,961 69,859,700 99,152,090Diesel (Ltr) 49,609,738 128,789,675 85,265,936 116,627,789 248,680,029 140,635,443Fuel Oil (Tonnes) 582,558 445,007 351,136 413,073 523,454 453,234LP Gas (KG) 18,510,087 14,263,935 13,841,089 15,846,041 17,124,761 15,556,217
19951995199519951995 19961996199619961996 19971997199719971997 19981998199819981998 19991999199919991999 20002000200020002000
YearYearYearYearYear
To
nn
es
To
nn
es
To
nn
es
To
nn
es
To
nn
es
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS51
Table 37 Unit cost of fuel imports LM
Fossil Fuels 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Aviation fuel 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.25 0.26 0.34Unleaded 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.11Leaded 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.10Jet fuel 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.10Diesel 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.10Fuel oil 17.60 38.44 34.73 26.85 35.05 61.52LP Gas 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.06 0.09 0.16
Table 38 Fuel consumption per head
Year Leaded Petrol Diesel Unleaded Kerosine Light fuel oil
1997 211.68 246.81 69.76 47.27 2.261998 209.39 259.00 83.67 11.44 21.311999 172.43 248.98 83.28 50.67 12.532000 152.51 260.33 90.87 51.09 14.43
Table 39 Electricity maximum demand MW
Month 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Jan 214 246 258 294 267 321 284 288 302 309 354
Feb 197 242 269 292 271 277 312 294 282 353 322
Mar 193 200 246 261 240 261 314 294 295 287 307
Apr 169 184 210 212 230 244 229 268 259 245 253
May 163 176 196 200 219 219 220 236 239 257 257
Jun 171 180 196 212 228 241 242 272 272 282 290
Jul 179 199 211 215 241 259 269 281 297 299 322
Aug 180 200 216 223 246 257 275 273 278 311 333
Sep 184 204 215 225 251 243 265 269 285 307 329
Oct 188 212 222 235 250 240 238 257 262 275 283
Nov 182 208 211 232 244 260 254 249 293 285 276
Dec 230 271 273 267 275 265 280 286 315 322 287
Table 36 is the net of fuel importsand re-exports. Energy importsfor internal consumption show apreference for diesel fuel ratherthan leaded and unleaded fuels.The same trend was recorded inrespect of fuel oil and LP Gas; in1995 demand for these reachedits highest level, started todecline gradually up to 1997 andthen rose again in 1998.
Energy consumption in Maltais derived from a range ofimported fossil fuels, which weburn for different uses. The threemajor energy consumers aredomestic transport, industry andpower stations. Table 38 andchart 47 show the fuel con-
Table 40 Power Generated MW hrs
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Jan 112,098 124,205 137,339 142,717 141,155 163,796 147,655 147,517 155,762 161,149 181,722
Feb 93,478 111,646 129,332 130,557 129,489 127,949 147,451 134,799 134,862 155,691 161,806
Mar 96,349 104,028 126,322 134,164 125,428 140,184 148,382 141,529 145,463 148,290 156,664
Apr 88,342 97,206 108,805 109,922 117,690 128,153 122,796 136,114 128,977 133,226 137,614
May 90,442 98,372 108,242 111,691 121,017 126,597 126,494 131,841 132,061 141,135 146,453
Jun 91,128 96,721 107,279 114,133 123,789 128,328 128,904 142,845 141,493 152,411 153,205
Jul 100,514 111,465 117,534 124,424 137,815 146,052 146,307 155,117 161,343 168,003 178,514
Aug 100,211 110,221 120,085 124,471 136,764 145,501 150,197 154,024 158,457 177,490 181,348
Sep 99,647 110,713 114,648 121,971 134,635 132,298 137,649 143,283 145,784 161,437 164,612
Oct 101,251 111,574 116,104 123,598 130,658 130,517 130,802 140,816 142,878 151,739 154,387
Nov 93,912 103,157 109,317 119,134 125,365 131,093 126,055 130,410 139,278 142,192 144,687
Dec 118,762 134,338 124,269 131,432 136,837 140,069 142,004 145,086 158,724 160,754 153,004
TOTAL 1,186,134 1,313,646 1,419,276 1,488,214 1,560,642 1,640,537 1,654,696 1,703,381 1,745,082 1,853,517 1,914,016
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS52
EN
ER
GY
Tab
le 4
1
Gas
cyl
inde
r sa
les
Oct
89–
Oct
90–
Oct
91–
Oct
92–
Oct
93–
Oct
94–
Oct
95–
Oct
96–
Oct
97–
Oct
98–
Oct
99
–Se
p 90
Sep
91Se
p 92
Sep
93Se
p 94
Sep
95Se
p 96
Sep
97Se
p 98
Sep
99Se
p 00
Sale
of
Cyl
inde
rsT
ype
of c
ylin
ders
(K
g)kg
skg
skg
skg
skg
skg
skg
skg
skg
skg
skg
s
Cyl
inde
rsL
PG10
1,11
9,30
01,
179,
200
1,19
2,38
01,
119,
480
898,
200
7994
9068
2,38
060
0,26
057
9,09
062
8,92
060
7,81
0
Prop
ane
3,49
03,
140
2,97
02,
630
2,01
02,
560
3,26
02,
730
2,46
02,
280
2,20
0
LPG
1295
9,70
02,
476,
788
3,85
6,96
84,
127,
376
4,55
2,95
65,
207,
028
5,62
1,95
2
Prop
ane
LPG
151,
143,
2970
1,14
5,94
6012
,090
,540
11,7
37,7
7010
,552
,020
9,20
1,18
08,
223,
990
7,76
3,79
07,
360,
800
7,32
7,36
56,
709,
830
Pr
opan
e11
,475
13,8
9025
,850
29,9
2534
,725
45,8
7060
,210
63,9
7566
,945
68,7
6085
,665
L
PG25
1,37
9,22
51,
484,
900
1,69
2,80
01,
735,
950
1,83
4,67
51,
889,
750
1,95
2,87
51,
967,
750
2,01
0,80
02,
087,
125
2,15
4,72
5
Prop
ane
95,7
7595
,025
89,5
0090
,550
87,4
7588
,600
87,8
7575
,550
93,1
2584
,350
83,7
75B
ulk
LPG
1,37
7,12
01,
922,
040
2,10
3,87
01,
958,
520
2,04
7,44
01,
923,
190
1,93
4,77
91,
898,
770
1,91
9,64
61,
977,
900
2,11
0,71
0
Prop
ane
29,1
0721
,275
18,7
3720
,191
27,9
309,
317
11,9
7014
,250
26,3
0621
,562
14,1
08O
ther
sL
PG32
,389
38,5
1739
,317
40,5
8137
,232
39,7
4939
,467
37,4
6335
,562
39,0
9539
,841
Pr
opan
e35
35,
421
8,21
99,
003
14,5
1626
,866
21,8
4625
,546
27,7
5032
,216
36,4
95
LPG
15,3
41,0
0416
,084
,117
17,1
18,9
0716
,592
,301
16,3
29,2
6716
,330
,137
16,6
90,4
5916
,395
,409
16,4
58,8
5417
,267
,433
17,2
44,8
68
Prop
ane
140,
200
138,
751
145,
276
152,
299
166,
656
173,
213
185,
161
182,
051
216,
586
209,
168
222,
243
15
,481
,204
16,2
22,8
6817
,264
,183
16,7
44,6
0016
,495
,923
16,5
03,3
5016
,875
6,20
16,5
77,4
6016
,675
,440
17,4
76,6
0117
,467
,111
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS53
EN
ER
GY
Table 42 Fuel consumption in the manufacturing industry : 1998
Type of Industry Electricity & Water Petrol Diesel Oil Gas Other Fuel
Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity ValueLm (’000 Liters) Lm (’000Liters) Lm (Cylinders) Lm Lm
15 Food and beverage 1,518,815 418 132,263 2,497 459,720 36,316 91,715 0 560,40216 Tobacco 44,812 58 17,374 9 1,589 18 40 017 Textiles 18,081 0 0 12 2,185 0 0 17518 Clothes 49,703 29 8,789 0 0 111 250 019 Leather 24,911 10 2,910 9 1,600 0 0 5,35620 Wood 11,454 30 9,148 45 6,806 0 50 15921 Paper 37,315 22 6,617 10 3,435 0 0 66,49922 Printing and Publishing 303,254 136 40,907 99 17,108 11 66 75623/24 Coke, Petroleum &
Chemicals 917,508 112 33,371 728 128,198 8,260 18,866 7,60725 Plastic and Rubber
Products 890,945 25 7,685 253 32,423 158 355 23,47726 Other non Metallic
minerals 91,722 11,127 50,409 1,590 9,062 2,038 4,586 26,48127 Basic Metals 61,826 126 37,950 421 74,059 26,733 60,149 4,64328 Fabricated metal
products 36,574 27 8,089 21 3,676 24 5,356 16729 Machinery and
Equipment 182,025 76 28,581 98 18,162 2,384 5,363 3,42630 Office Machinery 4,722 0 0 13 2,303 0 0 031 Electrical machinery 1,711,543 140 42,504 522 91,733 221,002 497,256 1,94133 Medical and precision
Equipment 260,976 29 8,576 4 604 269 605 034 Car industry 7,759 7 2,000 1 162 17 3,851 035 Other transport
equipment 285,119 41 12,238 152 34,182 15,192 34,182 105,80936 Furniture, manu-
facturing N.E.C. 314,844 182 54,378 592 104,152 3,656 8,227 17,64145 Construction 90,156 39 11,778 2,178 383,544 791 1,779 24,077
TOTAL 6,864,064 12,634 515,567 9,254 1,374,703 316,980 732,696 0 848,616
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
Lit
res
1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Petrol Diesel Unleaded Kerosene Light fuel oil
Chart 47 Fuel consumption per headChart 47 Fuel consumption per headChart 47 Fuel consumption per headChart 47 Fuel consumption per headChart 47 Fuel consumption per head
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS54
EN
ER
GY
Table 43 End–user price and tax structure of petroleum products
General Customers
All prices in Lm per Litre
Petrol Unleaded Gasoil Kerosene Light Heating Oil Period Price Tax % Tax Price Tax % Tax Price Tax % Tax Price Tax % Tax Price Tax % Tax
From 20.11.80 0.253 0.060 31 – – – 0.154 0.023 18 0.088 *** –
From 01.01.87 0.078 0.001 1
From 30.11.89 0.264 0.071 37 – – – 0.165 0.034 26 – – –
From March 1990(first introduced) – – – 0.250 0.071 40 – – – – – –
From 14.01.97 0.300 0.133 80 0.275 0.122 80 0.175 0.061 54 0.100 0.001 1
From 01.07.97 0.100 0.011 12
From 06.11.97 0.175 0.086 97
From 20.11.97 0.100 0 –
From 26.11.98 0.325 0.158 95 0.325 0.172 112
From 01.01.99 0.125 0.031 33
From 23.11.99Including VAT 0.374 0.158 73 0.374 0.172 85 0.201 0.061 44 0.125 0.031 33
VAT – 0.049 15 – 0.049 15 – 0.026 15 – 0 – – 0 –
From 21.11.2000Including VAT 0.374 0.154 70 0.374 0.133 55 0.201 0.102 103 0.125 0 0 0.100 0.055 120
VAT – 0.049 15 – 0.049 15 – 0.026 15 – 0 – – 0 –
Thin Fuel Oil prices per MTon
200* 450* 950* As imported
Price Tax % Tax Price Tax % Tax Price Tax % Tax Price Tax % Tax
From 20.11.80 Lm 81.50 0 – Lm 75.00 0 – Lm 71.00 0 – Lm 63.75 0 –
From 21.11.2000 Lm 81.50 Lm 6.00 8 Lm 75.00 Lm 6.00 9 Lm 71.00 Lm 6.00 9 Lm 63.75 Lm 6.00 10
* Full grade.
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
MW
ho
urs
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Chart 48 Total power generatedChart 48 Total power generatedChart 48 Total power generatedChart 48 Total power generatedChart 48 Total power generated
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS55
EN
ER
GY
sumption per head for differentfuels, the electricity maximumdemand and the total powergenerated and fuel consumptionin the manufacturing sector.
The fuel consumption perhead was worked out from thetotal fuel distributed at the fuelpumps in the past four years.Such fuels are being used fordomestic purposes, with a largeproportion of such consumptiongoing towards private trans-portation. Table 43 shows thehistory of fuel prices over the lasttwenty years together with thepercentage taxed. Fuel priceincreases affect fuel consumptionpatterns. Over the four-yearperiod under review, the demandfor leaded petrol declined by59.17 litres per head or 28.0 percent to 152.51 litres per head. Inthe same period, dieselconsumption per head rose by13.52 litres or 5.5 per cent to
Table 44 Emissions from power stations K ton
87/88 88/89 89/90 90/91 91/92 92/93 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00
Sulphur Oxides 15.42 15.97 16.78 17.28 19.65 20.29 21.96 27.55 29.89 30.32 31.83 29.85 24.51Carbon Dioxide 1175 1287 1292 1461 1601 1574 1649 1634 1622 1586 1612 1861 1663Nitrogen Oxides 6.64 7.63 7.32 8.19 8.26 8.02 8.12 5.8 4.53 4.45 4.54 4.74 4.6CO Emissions 214.45 233.86 247.78 277.45 329.24 309.25 325.76 342.33 367.62 348.88 353 384.61 408.85NMVOCS 27.02 27.29 29.22 32.84 38.16 40.16 44.07 58.31 62.89 63.85 65.68 66.34 60.42
Types ofemissions
0
500
1000
1500
2000
87/88 88/89 89/90 90/91 91/92 92/93 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00
Year
K T
on
s
Sulpur Oxides Carbon Dioxide Nitrogen Oxides CO Emissions NMVOCS
Chart 49 Power station emissionsChart 49 Power station emissionsChart 49 Power station emissionsChart 49 Power station emissionsChart 49 Power station emissions
260.33 litres per head. Dieselremained the most popular fuelamongst consumers. In the year2000, the consumption ofunleaded petrol increased by21.11 litres per head or 30.3 percent, to 90.87 litres per head.
Substantial fluctuations wererecorded in the demand forkerosene and light fuel oil.Kerosene consumption felldrastically in 1998 to 11.44 litresper head and then rose again andstabilized in subsequent years at51.09 litres per head. Likewise,the consumption of light fuel oilincreased from 2.26 litres perhead in 1997 to 14.43 litres perhead in the year 2000.
Fossil fuels are also used forthe generation of electricity. Theburning of such fuels relies onthe demand for electrical power.Tables 39, 40 and chart 48, showthat the demand for electricity inMalta is ever on the increase and
thus requires a larger fuel budget.Over the years the mix of fuelsfor electricity generationpurposes has changed. Up to1995, coal was still being usedtogether with fuel oil to produceelectricity. As from the end ofthat year, only fuel oil startedbeing used for electricitygeneration purposes. Hence, themarked increase in theconsumption of this type of fuel.
Table 41 represents gas salesover the last ten years.Consumption reached a high of47 kilograms per head in the year1991/92. Thereafter, gas salesstarted to decline and reached anaverage of 45 kilograms per headannually. These figures areinclusive of gas that is used forindustrial purposes.
As fuel consumption servesdifferent purposes its degree ofconsumption varies con-siderably. The fuel consumption
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS56
EN
ER
GY
Tab
le 4
5 E
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n fo
r w
ater
pro
duct
ion
1997
/98
1998
/99
1999
/200
0
Ene
rgy
Wat
ersp
ecif
icE
nerg
yW
ater
spec
ific
Ene
rgy
Wat
ersp
ecif
icC
onsu
mpt
ion
prod
ucti
onen
ergy
Con
sum
ptio
npr
oduc
tion
ener
gyC
onsu
mpt
ion
prod
ucti
onen
ergy
MW
h m
3kW
h/m
3M
Wh
m3
kWh/
m3
MW
hm
3kW
h/m
3
PR
OD
UC
TIO
ND
esal
inat
ion
130,
860
22,4
50,5
895.
8310
8,68
019
,421
,081
5.60
99,5
5317
,341
,774
5.74
Bor
ehol
es5,
850
9,23
3,93
50.
635,
808
8,91
0,68
60.
656,
012
9,08
5,99
00.
66Pu
mpi
ng s
tatio
ns4,
200
8,69
3,59
20.
483,
590
9,37
4,46
80.
384,
295
9,92
7,06
60.
43Su
btot
al (
excl
udin
g sp
ring
s)14
0,91
040
,378
,116
118,
078
37,7
06,2
3510
9,86
036
,354
,830
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
ND
esal
inat
ion
prod
uct
tran
sfer
12,3
0022
,450
,589
0.55
12,4
5719
,421
,081
0.64
11,1
7717
,341
,774
0.64
Bor
ehol
es p
rodu
ct t
rans
fer
2,24
09,
233,
935
0.24
2,34
28,
910,
686
0.26
2,51
69,
085,
990
0.28
Pum
ping
sta
tions
pro
duct
tra
nsfe
r2,
650
8,69
3,59
20.
32,
754
9,37
4,46
80.
293,
393
9,92
7,06
60.
34B
oost
ers
2,86
02,
791
3,27
4Su
btot
al20
,050
20,3
4420
,360
TO
TA
L E
NE
RG
Y C
ON
SUM
PT
ION
160,
960
138,
422
131,
043
1997
/98
1998
/99
1999
/200
0
WSC
Ele
ctri
city
con
sum
ptio
n M
W h
160,
960
138,
422
131,
043
Ene
mal
ta E
lect
rici
ty S
ales
MW
h1,
284,
523
1,38
5,63
0n/
aU
nits
sen
t ou
t fr
om E
nem
alta
sta
tion
busb
ars
Mw
h1,
611,
512
1,70
2,52
1n/
aW
SC %
sha
re o
f en
emal
ta s
ales
12.5
3%9.
99%
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS57
EN
ER
GY
tables and charts refer todomestic fossil fuel distributionand consumption only. Table 42provides an overview of theconsumption of energy by thedifferent sectors ofmanufacturing industry. Waterand electricity top the energybills for the manufacturingindustries, followed by dieseland other types of fuel.
One of the biggest consumersof energy on the islands is waterproduction. Desalinationoperations are the highest energyconsumers. Table 45 shows theenergy distribution from 1997 to2000. Six Kwh are needed toproduce one cubic metre ofdesalinised water. This is a highamount of energy even though adecrease in the desalinationelectrical consumption wasrecorded over the last four years.Electrical demand for boreholewater production has registeredan increase of 162 Mwh over thesame period. Electricity demandis also needed for the distributionof water. Such demand is alsogreatest for desalinationproduction. However, the energyneeded by the pumping stations
is on the increase. In 1997/98these registered an electricityconsumption of 2,650 Mwh,while in the year 1999/2000 thiswent up to 3,393 Mwh, anincrease of 743 Mwh over thelast four years.
The production of energyfrom fossil fuels is the mostobvious source of environmentalpressure because of thecombustion processes.Combustion of fossil fuels resultsin emissions to the atmosphere ofcarbon dioxide, sulphur oxide,nitrogen oxides, and particulatematter. Carbon dioxide is themajor contributor to globalwarming, while sulphur dioxidescause acid rain and together withparticulate matter, contribute tobad air quality. Table 44 showsthe emissions from the Marsa andDelimara power stations for thepast twelve years. The trendsshow that all emission types havebeen on the increase for the pasteleven years. The year 1999/2000registered a drop in emissionsfrom the power stations. Thismay be due to the adoption ofcleaner fuels or the fixing ofelectronic precipitators.
The primary objective ofThe primary objective ofThe primary objective ofThe primary objective ofThe primary objective of
statistics is to measurestatistics is to measurestatistics is to measurestatistics is to measurestatistics is to measure
production, imports and exportsproduction, imports and exportsproduction, imports and exportsproduction, imports and exportsproduction, imports and exports
of primary energy in physicalof primary energy in physicalof primary energy in physicalof primary energy in physicalof primary energy in physical
quantities and values. Also thequantities and values. Also thequantities and values. Also thequantities and values. Also thequantities and values. Also the
purpose of energy statistics is topurpose of energy statistics is topurpose of energy statistics is topurpose of energy statistics is topurpose of energy statistics is to
show the overall consumptionshow the overall consumptionshow the overall consumptionshow the overall consumptionshow the overall consumption
and production of energy in theand production of energy in theand production of energy in theand production of energy in theand production of energy in the
Maltese Islands and to informMaltese Islands and to informMaltese Islands and to informMaltese Islands and to informMaltese Islands and to inform
about changes in the structure ofabout changes in the structure ofabout changes in the structure ofabout changes in the structure ofabout changes in the structure of
this consumption. The primarythis consumption. The primarythis consumption. The primarythis consumption. The primarythis consumption. The primary
source if information is thesource if information is thesource if information is thesource if information is thesource if information is the
Enemalta Corporation. TheEnemalta Corporation. TheEnemalta Corporation. TheEnemalta Corporation. TheEnemalta Corporation. The
energy balance sheets areenergy balance sheets areenergy balance sheets areenergy balance sheets areenergy balance sheets are
compiled on the basis of acompiled on the basis of acompiled on the basis of acompiled on the basis of acompiled on the basis of a
number of different sources. Thenumber of different sources. Thenumber of different sources. Thenumber of different sources. Thenumber of different sources. The
Enemalta CorporationEnemalta CorporationEnemalta CorporationEnemalta CorporationEnemalta Corporation
contributes to the calculation ofcontributes to the calculation ofcontributes to the calculation ofcontributes to the calculation ofcontributes to the calculation of
energy consumption in powerenergy consumption in powerenergy consumption in powerenergy consumption in powerenergy consumption in power
plants as well as the calculationplants as well as the calculationplants as well as the calculationplants as well as the calculationplants as well as the calculation
of the energy consumption byof the energy consumption byof the energy consumption byof the energy consumption byof the energy consumption by
specific groups. The Nationalspecific groups. The Nationalspecific groups. The Nationalspecific groups. The Nationalspecific groups. The National
Statistics Office producesStatistics Office producesStatistics Office producesStatistics Office producesStatistics Office produces
foreign trade figures and theforeign trade figures and theforeign trade figures and theforeign trade figures and theforeign trade figures and the
results from the census of theresults from the census of theresults from the census of theresults from the census of theresults from the census of the
consumption of energy in theconsumption of energy in theconsumption of energy in theconsumption of energy in theconsumption of energy in the
industry. The figures presentedindustry. The figures presentedindustry. The figures presentedindustry. The figures presentedindustry. The figures presented
for imports and exports relate tofor imports and exports relate tofor imports and exports relate tofor imports and exports relate tofor imports and exports relate to
energy commodities moving intoenergy commodities moving intoenergy commodities moving intoenergy commodities moving intoenergy commodities moving into
or out of Malta. Energy balanceor out of Malta. Energy balanceor out of Malta. Energy balanceor out of Malta. Energy balanceor out of Malta. Energy balance
sheet statistics cover the yearssheet statistics cover the yearssheet statistics cover the yearssheet statistics cover the yearssheet statistics cover the years
1995-2000. Other energy1995-2000. Other energy1995-2000. Other energy1995-2000. Other energy1995-2000. Other energy
statistics include informationstatistics include informationstatistics include informationstatistics include informationstatistics include information
about the overall consumption,about the overall consumption,about the overall consumption,about the overall consumption,about the overall consumption,
sales and production of energy.sales and production of energy.sales and production of energy.sales and production of energy.sales and production of energy.
These statistics cover the periodThese statistics cover the periodThese statistics cover the periodThese statistics cover the periodThese statistics cover the period
1980-2000.1980-2000.1980-2000.1980-2000.1980-2000.
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS58
AIR QUALITY
Chart 50 and Table 46 showclearly an increase in emissions.The amount of pollutants emittedfrom diverse sources in 1990increased by 8.4 per centreaching a total of 2.5 milliontonnes in 1994. The drasticchanges in emissions are mostlyevident where concerns SulphurDioxide (SO2). The amount ofsuch pollutants emitted in 1994 isalmost three times as much asthat of 1990. Emissions involvingSO2 are mostly a result of
Air quality is one of the most sensitive issues in the
environmental themes. Due to a wide range of
different activities induced by human activity, air
quality in the Maltese Islands is changing. The
tables and charts presented in this section give a
general picture of the ambient air quality situation
in Malta.
emissions from cogenerationplants in the Marsa PowerStation. A high amount of thementioned pollutant is alsoemitted from aircraft and marineactivities.
The second majorcontributors to the mentionedincrease in emissions are theNon-Methane Volatile OrganicCompounds (NMVOCs). Theseare mostly emitted from activitiesconnected with paint application,metal degreasing, dry-cleaning,
and production of chemicalsubstances.
Emissions from land used foragriculture and from animalbreeding activities also reflect thetotal increase of pollutantsmentioned previously. Theamount of 7,022 tonnes wasregistered in 1990. Theseincreased to 9,740 tonnes in 1994reflecting a 38.7 per centdifference. This was mainly dueto an increase in Methane (CH4)and in Ammonia (NH3).
AIR
QU
ALIT
Y
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
1990 1994
Year
Mil
lio
n t
on
ne
s
Chart 50 Total air emissionsChart 50 Total air emissionsChart 50 Total air emissionsChart 50 Total air emissionsChart 50 Total air emissions
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS59
AIR
QU
ALIT
Y
Tab
le 4
6
Air
em
issi
ons
inve
ntor
y: 1
990,
199
419
90 (
Cor
inai
r 90
)P
ollu
tant
s #
(T
onne
s/ye
ar)
Tot
al b
yP
erce
ntag
eSo
urce
Gro
up *
SO2
NO
XN
MV
OC
CH
4C
OC
O2
N20
NH
3So
urce
Dis
trib
utio
n
1Pu
blic
Pow
er,
Cog
ener
atio
n Pl
ants
2152
7459
013
248
1411
000
50
1420
877
62.2
2C
omm
/Res
/Ins
t C
ombu
stio
n Pl
ants
193
790
113
8400
04
084
290
3.7
3In
dust
rial
Com
bust
ion
464
145
02
1391
000
10
9162
54.
04
Prod
uctio
n Pr
oces
ses
08
148
05
4000
00
4161
0.2
6So
lven
t U
se0
016
530
00
00
1653
0.1
7R
oad
Tra
nspo
rt25
635
5936
4092
2097
435
1000
112
3795
3416
.68
Oth
er m
obile
sou
rces
& m
achi
nery
3002
5634
019
118
0026
7000
110
2776
3812
.19
Was
te T
reat
men
t an
d di
spos
al0
00
7264
00
1277
50
2003
90.
910
Agr
icul
ture
00
1514
780
044
5485
7022
0.3
T
otal
by
type
of
pollu
tant
6067
1688
444
5690
4123
053
2208
000
1285
154
8722
8583
910
0.0
P
erce
ntag
e di
stri
buti
on0.
30.
70.
20.
41.
096
.60.
60.
210
0.0
1994
(C
orin
air
94)
Pol
luta
nts
#
(
Ton
nes/
year
)T
otal
by
Per
cent
age
Sour
ce G
roup
*SO
2N
OX
NM
VO
CC
H4
CO
CO
2N
20N
H3
Sour
ceD
istr
ibut
ion
1Pu
blic
Pow
er,
Cog
ener
atio
n Pl
ants
1198
766
6717
1629
615
7200
033
015
9101
664
.22
Com
m/R
es/I
nst
Com
bust
ion
Plan
ts19
690
14
2010
1000
110
1013
224.
13
Indu
stri
al C
ombu
stio
n33
111
63
420
8600
02
086
476
3.5
4Pr
oduc
tion
Proc
esse
s4
1228
80
540
000
043
090.
26
Solv
ent
Use
00
2437
00
00
024
370.
17
Roa
d T
rans
port
255
3544
2640
156
2097
435
1000
112
3785
8215
.38
Oth
er m
obile
sou
rces
& m
achi
nery
3025
5868
038
921
8327
3000
110
2844
7611
.59
Was
te T
reat
men
t an
d di
spos
al0
012
055
2421
00
1289
50
1874
90.
810
Agr
icul
ture
00
1433
150
043
6368
9740
0.4
Tot
al b
y ty
pe o
f P
ollu
tant
1579
816
297
5520
9408
2370
823
8700
013
006
6370
2477
107
100.
0
Per
cent
age
Dis
trib
utio
n0.
60.
70.
20.
41.
096
.40.
50.
310
0.0
* It
is
to b
e no
ted
that
as
ther
e is
pre
sent
ly n
o ac
tivity
con
nect
ed w
ith t
he e
xtra
ctio
n an
d di
stri
butio
n of
fos
sil
fuel
s. T
his
sour
ce g
roup
5 h
as b
een
left
out
of
the
tabu
latio
n. A
lso
it is
acc
epte
d th
at N
atur
e (g
roup
11)
doe
sno
t con
stitu
te m
uch
of th
e em
issi
on a
nd h
as, t
here
fore
, als
o be
en le
ft o
ut. F
or a
det
aile
d de
scri
ptio
n it
is a
dvis
able
that
the
read
er s
houl
d re
fer
to th
e A
nnua
l Rep
ort 1
995
of th
e Po
llutio
n C
ontr
ol C
o-O
rdin
atin
g U
nit,
Min
istr
yof
For
eign
Aff
airs
and
Env
iron
men
t.
Sour
ce G
roup
1
–em
issi
ons
are
thos
e of
the
Mar
sa P
ower
Sta
tion.
Sour
ce G
roup
2
–re
pres
ent
emis
sion
s fr
om c
omm
erci
al a
nd i
nstit
utio
nal
com
bust
ion
plan
ts.
Sour
ce G
roup
3
–da
ta c
onsi
dere
d to
be
fair
ly a
ccur
ate
due
to t
he p
artic
ular
fue
l co
nsum
ptio
n of
ind
ustr
ial
com
bust
ion
plan
ts.
Sour
ce G
roup
4
–ba
sed
on r
ough
est
imat
es o
f pr
oduc
tion
of b
read
, w
ine,
bee
r an
d lim
e as
use
d fo
r th
e ac
tivity
rat
ings
of
this
gro
up.
Sour
ce G
roup
6
–em
issi
ons
base
d on
act
iviti
es c
onne
cted
with
pai
nt a
pplic
atio
n, m
etal
deg
reas
ing,
dry
-cle
anin
g, p
rodu
ctio
n of
che
mic
al p
rodu
cts
(rub
ber,
pha
rmac
eutic
s, p
aint
s an
d in
k m
anuf
actu
re).
Sour
ce G
roup
7
–ba
sed
on th
e us
e of
gas
olin
e an
d di
esel
by
all f
orm
s of
roa
d tr
ansp
ort v
ehic
les.
Gas
olin
e ev
apor
atio
n ha
s al
so b
een
take
n in
to c
onsi
dera
tion.
Dat
a ha
s be
en w
orke
d ou
t on
CO
PER
T s
oftw
are
spec
ific
ally
desi
gned
for
roa
d tr
ansp
ort
emis
sion
s an
d th
en i
mpo
rted
dir
ectly
int
o C
OR
INA
IR.
Sour
ce G
roup
8
–In
clud
es A
ircr
aft a
nd M
arin
e ac
tiviti
es th
e la
tter
com
pris
ing
only
ves
sels
sai
ling
betw
een
port
s w
ithin
the
Nat
iona
l Ter
rito
rial
Wat
ers.
Air
craf
t act
ivity
has
bee
n ca
lcul
ated
in L
TO
(L
andi
ng a
nd T
ake-
Off
) C
ycle
s.So
urce
Gro
up
9 –
Com
pris
es d
ata
from
was
te d
ispo
sal
activ
ities
.So
urce
Gro
up 1
0 –
incl
udes
em
issi
ons
from
lan
d us
ed f
or a
gric
ultu
re a
nd e
mis
sion
s fr
om a
nim
al b
reed
ing
activ
ity.
# In
cer
tain
cas
es a
zer
o do
es n
ot a
lway
s de
note
‘no
em
isso
n’ b
ut c
an a
lso
repr
esen
t the
fac
t tha
t no
emis
sion
fac
tor
has
been
ent
ered
for
sof
twar
e ca
lcul
atio
ns. T
he li
st o
f po
lluta
nts
cove
red
abov
e in
clud
es S
ulph
ur D
ioxi
de(S
O2)
, O
xide
s of
Nitr
ogen
(N
Ox)
, N
on-M
etha
ne V
olat
ile O
rgan
ic C
ompo
unds
(N
MV
OC
), M
etha
ne (
CH
4),
Car
bon
Mon
oxid
e (C
O),
Car
bon
Dio
xide
(C
O2)
, N
itrou
s O
xide
(N
2O)
and
Am
mon
ia (
NH
3).
Sour
ce:
Ann
ual
Rep
ort
1995
, Po
llutio
n C
ontr
ol C
o-O
rdin
atin
g U
nit.
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS60
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
SO2 NOx NMVOC CH4 CO N2O NH3
Pollutant
To
nn
es
1990 1994
These large differences in theamounts of pollutants emitted byagricultural activities arehowever contrasted by a 24 percent decrease of CH4 emissionsfrom waste disposal activities. Infact, 7,264 tonnes of CH4 wereemitted in 1990, decreasing to5,524 tonnes in 1994.
Table 46 shows that a largepercentage of the total amount ofemissions in both 1990 and 1994is composed of Carbon Dioxide(CO2). This percentage is higherin 1990 (96.6 per cent) than in1994 (96.4 per cent). However,in the latter, the amount of CO2
is 8.1 per cent higher than that of1990. The rest of the emissiontypes are distributed as shown inChart 51. When observing thisgraph one could note that the
amount of Carbon Monoxide(CO) is predominant in bothyears, with a slight 2.8 per centdifference.
Chart 51 also shows a slightdecrease of 3.5 per cent in theamount of Oxides of Nitrogen(NOx) produced. This decreaseof NOx is reflected by a decreasein emissions from the MarsaPower Station and fromindustrial combustion plants.
The data presented in thischapter show that the maincontributors to air pollution inMalta are energy generation andtransport. Quantities ofgreenhouse gas emissions haveincreased in the past years due toan increased demand forelectrical energy and growth ofcar ownership.
The primary data source is theThe primary data source is theThe primary data source is theThe primary data source is theThe primary data source is the
Pollution Control Co-ordinatingPollution Control Co-ordinatingPollution Control Co-ordinatingPollution Control Co-ordinatingPollution Control Co-ordinating
Unit (PCCU), and the AirUnit (PCCU), and the AirUnit (PCCU), and the AirUnit (PCCU), and the AirUnit (PCCU), and the Air
Emissions Inventory 1990, 1994Emissions Inventory 1990, 1994Emissions Inventory 1990, 1994Emissions Inventory 1990, 1994Emissions Inventory 1990, 1994
(Corinair 90 & 94). These(Corinair 90 & 94). These(Corinair 90 & 94). These(Corinair 90 & 94). These(Corinair 90 & 94). These
statistics show emissions ofstatistics show emissions ofstatistics show emissions ofstatistics show emissions ofstatistics show emissions of
Sulphur Dioxide (SOSulphur Dioxide (SOSulphur Dioxide (SOSulphur Dioxide (SOSulphur Dioxide (SO22222), Oxides), Oxides), Oxides), Oxides), Oxides
of Nitrogen (NOof Nitrogen (NOof Nitrogen (NOof Nitrogen (NOof Nitrogen (NOxxxxx), Non-Methane), Non-Methane), Non-Methane), Non-Methane), Non-Methane
Volatile Organic CompoundsVolatile Organic CompoundsVolatile Organic CompoundsVolatile Organic CompoundsVolatile Organic Compounds
(NMVOC), Methane (CH(NMVOC), Methane (CH(NMVOC), Methane (CH(NMVOC), Methane (CH(NMVOC), Methane (CH44444),),),),),
Carbon Monoxide (CO), CarbonCarbon Monoxide (CO), CarbonCarbon Monoxide (CO), CarbonCarbon Monoxide (CO), CarbonCarbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon
Dioxide (CODioxide (CODioxide (CODioxide (CODioxide (CO22222), Nitrous Oxide), Nitrous Oxide), Nitrous Oxide), Nitrous Oxide), Nitrous Oxide
(N(N(N(N(N22222O) and Ammonia (NHO) and Ammonia (NHO) and Ammonia (NHO) and Ammonia (NHO) and Ammonia (NH33333) from) from) from) from) from
various sources. The Nationalvarious sources. The Nationalvarious sources. The Nationalvarious sources. The Nationalvarious sources. The National
Statistics Office (NSO) hasStatistics Office (NSO) hasStatistics Office (NSO) hasStatistics Office (NSO) hasStatistics Office (NSO) has
published data on emissionspublished data on emissionspublished data on emissionspublished data on emissionspublished data on emissions
from power plants dating back tofrom power plants dating back tofrom power plants dating back tofrom power plants dating back tofrom power plants dating back to
1988. Emissions from the1988. Emissions from the1988. Emissions from the1988. Emissions from the1988. Emissions from the
several source groups areseveral source groups areseveral source groups areseveral source groups areseveral source groups are
calculated in tonnes per year.calculated in tonnes per year.calculated in tonnes per year.calculated in tonnes per year.calculated in tonnes per year.
AIR
QU
ALIT
Y Chart 51 Total emissions by type of pollutantChart 51 Total emissions by type of pollutantChart 51 Total emissions by type of pollutantChart 51 Total emissions by type of pollutantChart 51 Total emissions by type of pollutant
ENVIRONMENT
STATISTICS61
IND
ICA
TO
RS
SELECTED INDICATORS
CharacteristicsTotal Land Area (Km2) 2000 316
Urban Land Area (% of total land area) 2000 23.2Non Urban Land Area (% of total land area) 2000 76.8
Irrigated Agricultural Land (% of Non Urban Land) Census 2000 9.3Dry Agricultural Land (% of Non Urban Land) Census 2000 78.8
Population (Maltese citizens only) 2000 382,525Population Density (persons per Km2) 2000 1,211Life Expectancy (Years) Males 2000 74.9
Females 2000 79.8Infant Mortality (per 1000 live-births) 2000 6.1
Households & DwellingsNumber of Households in Private Dwellings HBS 2000 127,897Average Household Size (incl. one person household) HBS 2000 3.01Consumption Expenditure at market value – Total (‘ Million LM) GDP 2000 996.6
– Per H’Hold (LM) 2000 7,792Number of Private Cars per household 2000 142Estimated Water Used by Domestic Sector – % of Total Water Production 2000 29
– Estimated Daily per Head Consumption by the Domestic Sector (litres) 2000 73
Number of Dwellings with:toilets emptying into a public main sewer system (% of total dwellings) Census 1967 78.5
Census 1995 97.7toilets emptying into a cesspool (% of total dwellings) Census 1967 15.4
Census 1995 2.3Approximate age of dwellings (% of total dwellings) Census 1995
Dwellings constructed before 1921 17.3between 1921 and 1945 13.3between 1946 and 1970 23.5after 1970 45.9
ClimateMean Air Temperature °C 2000 23Average Annual Rainfall (Millimetres) 2000 224.3Mean Daily Hours of Sunshine 2000 8.4Average Wind Velocity (Knots) 2000 8.6
Water ResourcesRenewable Water Resources (′ 000m3) 1996 11,538
(m3/capita/year) 1996 31.49Total Water Abstraction (′ 000 m3) 2000 63,883
(m3/capita/year) 2000 200Ground Water as % of Total Abstraction 2000 30Electrical Energy consumed for the production of 1 m3 of water (Kwh) 1987 2.49
2000 7.24Electricity consumption for the production of water: % of total national
electric power generation 2000 6
Electricity PowerTotal Electricity Generated (′ 000 Kwh) 2000 1,914Annual Electricity Consumption (′ 000 Kwh) 2000 1,619Energy Production from Fossil Fuels per capita (Mwh) 2000 4,89Net energy use for electricity per capita (Metric tons) 2000 1,57Energy per GDP (litres) 2000 0,32
Road TransportPassenger vehicles per 100 people 2000 63Length of Road network (Km):
Arterial and Distributor Roads 2001 185Urban and local Access Roads 2001 1141Urban roads (unsurfaced) 2001 281Non urban roads (surfaced) 2001 647
Total 2254
Road Traffic Air Emissions (′ 000 tonnes) – all pollutants 1994 379– of which CO2 emissions 1994 351– as % of emissions from all sources 1994 15.3
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FuelsInland Consumption of Petroleum Products (Litres) per capita
– LPG and Propane 2000 178.5– Petrol – Leaded 2000 152.51– Unleaded 2000 90.87– Diesel Oil 2000 260.33– Kerosene 2000 51.09– Light Fuel Oil 2000 14.43
Solid WastesGeneration of Solid Wastes (′ 000 tonnes) Known quantities 2000 1,515
Sources generating solid wastes (estimated % b/down):- 2000a) Municipal (Household) wastes 9.2b) Industrial/Commercial wastes 2.3c) Mixed Trade wastes 2.9d) Construction /Demolition wastes 84.5e) Other sources 1
Composition of Municipal (household) wastes Indicative proportion (%) Household waste composition survey 2002a) Plastics containers 5.4b) Plastic film 5.3c) Paper 8.7d) Cardboard cartons 5.0e) Food remains 58.9f) Glassbottles 4.4g) Ferrous cans 3.2h) Aluminium cans 0.4i) Textiles 2.0j) Hazardous 1.9k) Others 4.9
Municipal Waste Generation (kg/capita) 2000 (estimate) 255
Air EmissionsEmissions – Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) (kg/capita) Corinair 94 43
– Sulpher Dioxide (SO2) (kg/capita) Corinair 94 42– Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (kg/capita) Corinair 94 6240
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Acid Rain: A complex chemical and atmospheric phenomenon thatoccurs when emissions of sulphur and nitrogen compounds and othersubstances are transformed by chemical processes in the atmosphere,often far from the original sources, and then deposited on earth in eitherwet or dry form. The wet forms, popularly called “acid rain,” can fallto earth as rain, snow, or fog. The dry forms are acidic gases orparticulates.
Air Emission: Pollution discharged into the atmosphere fromsmokestacks, other vents, and surface areas of commercial or industrialfacilities; from residential chimneys; and from motor vehicle,locomotive, or aircraft exhausts.
Air Pollution: Any substances in air that could, in high enoughconcentration, harm man, other animals, vegetation or material.Pollutants may include almost any natural or artificial composition ofairborne matter capable of being airborne. They may be in the form ofsolid particles, liquid droplets, gases, or in combination thereof.Generally, they fall into two main groups: (1) those emitted directlyfrom identifiable sources and (2) those produced in the air by interactionbetween two or more primary pollutants, or by reaction with normalatmospheric constituents, with or without photo activation. Exclusiveof pollen, fog, and dust, which are of natural origin, about 100contaminants have been identified. Air pollutants are often grouped incategories for ease in classification; some of the categories are: solids,sulphur compounds, volatile organic chemicals, particulate matter,nitrogen compounds, oxygen compounds, halogen compounds,radioactive compound and odours. Air Pollution: The presence ofcontaminants or pollutant substances in the air that interfere with humanhealth or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects.
Ammonia: A form of nitrogen that is usable by plants.
Aquifer: An underground geological formation, or group of formations,containing water. These are sources of groundwater for wells andsprings.
Brackish: Mixed fresh and salt water.
Chemical risks: A measure of the probability that damage to life,health, property, and/or the environment will occur as a result of achemical hazard.
Climate change: (also referred to as ‘global climate change’): The term‘climate change’ is sometimes used to refer to all forms of climatic incon-sistency, but because the Earth’s climate is never static, the term is moreproperly used to imply a significant change from one climatic conditionto another. In some cases, ‘climate change’ has been used synonymouslywith the term, ‘global warming’; scientists however, tend to use the termin the wider sense to also include natural changes in climate.
GLOSSARY
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Cogeneration: The consecutive generation of useful thermal andelectric energy from the same fuel source.
Combustion: 1. Burning, or rapid oxidation, accompanied by releaseof energy in the form of heat and light. 2. Refers to controlled burningof waste, in which heat chemically alters organic compounds,converting into stable inorganics such as carbon dioxide and water.
Compost: The relatively stable humus material that is produced froma composting process in which bacteria in soil mixed with garbage anddegradable trash break down the mixture into organic fertilizer.
Composting Facilities: 1. An offsite facility where the organiccomponent of municipal solid waste is decomposed under controlledconditions; 2. An aerobic process in which organic materials are groundor shredded and then decomposed to humus in windrow piles or inmechanical digesters, drums or similar enclosures.
Composting: The controlled biological decomposition of organicmaterial in the presence of air to form a humus-like material. Controlledmethods of composting include mechanical mixing and aerating,ventilating the materials by dropping them through a vertical series ofaerated chambers, or placing the compost in piles out in the open airand mixing it or turning it periodically.
Density: A measure of how heavy a specific volume of a solid, liquid,or gas is in comparison to water, depending on the chemical.
Desalination plants: [Desalinisation] 1 Removing salts from ocean orbrackish water by using various technologies. 2 Removal of salts fromsoil by artificial means, usually leaching.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO): The oxygen freely available in water, vitalto fish and other aquatic life and for the prevention of odours. DO levelsare considered a most important indicator of a water body’s ability tosupport desirable aquatic life. Secondary and advanced waste treatmentis generally designed to ensure adequate DO in waste-receiving waters.
Electronic precipitators: A device that removes particles from a gasstream (smoke) after combustion occurs. The electronic precipitatorimparts an electrical charge to the particles, causing them to adhere tometal plates inside the precipitator. Rapping on the plates causes theparticles to fall into a hopper for disposal. Pollution control device thatcollects particles from an air stream.
Energy: The ability to do work. Some units of energy, such as foot-pounds, measure the ability to lift a weight a certain height, units, suchas calorie, indicate the ability to increase temperature, while units ofradiation are usually the frequencies or wavelengths of photons.
Environment: The sum of all external conditions affecting the life,development and survival of an organism.
Environmental Indicator: A measurement, statistic or value thatprovides a proximate gauge or evidence of the effects of environmentalmanagement programs or of the state or condition of the environment.
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Erosion: The wearing away of land surface by wind or water,intensified by land-clearing practices related to farming, residential orindustrial development, road building or logging.
Faecal Coliform Bacteria: Bacteria found in the intestinal tracts ofmammals. Their presence in water or sludge is an indicator of pollutionand possible contamination by pathogens.
Fossil Fuel: Fuel derived from ancient organic remains; e.g. peat, coal,crude oil, and natural gas.
Ground Water: The supply of fresh water found beneath the Earth’ssurface, usually in aquifers, which supply wells and springs. Becauseground water is a major source of drinking water, there is growingconcern over contamination from leaching agricultural or industrialpollutants or leaking underground storage tanks.
Habitat: The place where a population (e.g. human, animal, plant,micro organism) lives and its surroundings, both living and non-living.
Immature soils: These are immature soils, which lack B-horizons.Surface soil texture is commonly cobbly, gravelly sandy loam, poorlydrained, immature soils
Industrial Waste: Unwanted materials from an industrial operation;may be liquid, sludge, solid, or hazardous waste.
Land use: The study of the use of land within a country. Land useis influenced by both the physical environment and economic forces.
Landfills: 1. Sanitary landfills are disposal sites for non-hazardoussolid wastes spread in layers, compacted to the smallest practicalvolume, and covered by material applied at the end of each operatingday. 2. Secure chemical landfills are disposal sites for hazardous waste,selected and designed to minimize the chance of release of hazardoussubstances into the environment.
Lead (Pb): A heavy metal that is hazardous to health if breathed orswallowed. Its use in gasoline, paints, and plumbing compounds hasbeen sharply restricted or eliminated by federal laws and regulations.(See: heavy metals.)
LP Gas: Liquified Petroleum Gas (LP Gas). LP gas is a volatile fuel(will vaporize rapidly) and is classified as a hazardous (flammable)material. It is a commonly used fuel but is unusual, as it is little knownby the general public. The basic point to remember is that LP Gas isinherently safe. It is only in its misuse or careless handling that safetyproblems arise. Actually, the only real hazard occurs when LP Gasescapes under dangerous conditions.
L.H.O.: Light Heating Oil – Heating oil includes several grades ofpetroleum fuel oils: No. 1, No. 2, No.4- Light, No. 4-Heavy, No. 5-Light, No. 5-Heavy, No. 6, Navy Special Fuel Oil, and Bunker C, plusNo.2 Diesel fuel and Kerosene when used for heating purposes.
“Consumptive Use” is not intended to be limited to use for heatingpurposes only: The definition extends to any on-site use including
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heating, generating emergency power, and generating steam, processheat or electricity. The exclusion does not apply to tanks storing heatingoil for resale.
Bunkering: The deliveries of heavy fuel oil to ship in ocean transport(bunkering) declined compared with 2000, by 10.7 per cent. Marine gasoil and diesel are also used for bunkering, this sale increased by 2.0 percent from 2000 to 2001. The bunkering deliveries were about 15 percent lower in 2001 than in the top year for bunkering sales 1997. Thedeliveries of marine gas oil and diesel remain stable whereas thedeliveries of heavy fuel oil fell by more than 30 per cent from 1997 to2001.
Microbiological contamination risk: A measure of the probabilitythat damage to life, health, property, and/or the environment will occuras a result of microbiological contamination.
Mineral oils: Mineral oil is used to reduce dustiness in animal feedsand mineral supplements, to serve as a lubricant in the preparation ofpellets, cubes or blocks and to improve resistance to moisture of suchpellets, cubes or blocks, to prevent the segregation of trace minerals inmineralized salt and to minimize electrostatic problems. Mineral oil isproduced from highly refined hydrogenated paraffin base stocks havingthe following properties: low sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen contents,low volatility, and color and oxygen stability. Mineral: A naturally occurring inorganic element or compound havingan orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition.
Nitrate: Plant nutrient and inorganic fertilizer that enters water supplysources from septic systems, animal feed lots, agricultural fertilizers,manure, industrial waste waters, sanitary landfills and garbage dumps.
Organic waste: Carbonaceous waste contained in plant or animalmatter and originating from domestic or industrial sources.
Oxides: The oxide class of minerals is a rather diverse class. It includesminerals that are quite hard (corundum) and some that are quite softsuch as psilomelane. It has metallic minerals such as hematite andgemstones such as corundum, chrysoberyl and spinel. Many oxides areblack but others can be very colourful. The large diversity of oxides canbe partially attributed to the extreme abundance of oxygen in the Earth’scrust. By convention therefore, the oxides are limited to non-complexminerals containing oxygen or hydroxide. Oxides also contain mostlyionic bonds and this helps distinguish members from the more complexmineral classes whose bonds are typically more covalent in nature.
Parameter: A variable, measurable property whose value is adeterminant of the characteristics of a system; e.g. temperature, pressureand density are parameters of the atmosphere.
Particulate matter PM10: Particulates: 1. Fine liquid or solidparticles such as dust, smoke, mist, fumes, or smog, found in air oremissions. 2. Very small solids suspended in water; they can vary insize, shape, density and electrical charge and can be gathered togetherby coagulation and flocculation.
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Perched aquifer: Zone of unpressurized water held above the watertable by impermeable rock or sediment.
Phenols: Organic compounds that are byproducts of petroleum refining,tanning, and textile, dye, and resin manufacturing. Low concentrationscause taste and odour problems in water; higher concentrations can killaquatic life and humans.
Phosphates: Certain chemical compounds containing phosphorus.Phosphogypsum Piles (Stacks): Principal byproduct generated inproduction of phosphoric acid from phosphate rock. These piles maygenerate radioactive radon gas.
Potable water supply: Water that is safe for drinking and cooking.
Power generation: The amount of work or energy expended in a givenamount of time. For example, the watt is a unit of power, which isdefined as a joule per second.
Salinity: The percentage of salt in water.
Salmonella: Bacteria consisting of a range of very closely relatedbacteria, many of which cause diseases of the intestines in humans andanimals.
Sectoral water consumption: Sectoral use of water: key aspects andfactors of water demand management in the different economic sectors– urban, industrial and agricultural.
Water consumption: Adequacy of water production and distributionsystems to satisfy demand.
Solid waste: As defined under RCRA, any solid, semi-solid, liquid, orcontained gaseous materials discarded from industrial, commercial,mining, or agricultural operations, and from community activities. Solidwaste includes garbage, construction debris, commercial refuse, sludgefrom water supply or waste treatment plants, or air pollution controlfacilities, and other discarded materials.
Solid Waste Management: Supervised handling of waste materialsfrom their source through recovery processes to disposal.
Streptococci: Group A streptococcus is a bacterium often found in thethroat and on the skin. On rare occasions, these bacteria can cause othersevere and even life-threatening diseases
Sustainable development: Balancing economic growth andenvironmental protection.
Turbidity: 1. Haziness in air caused by the presence of particles andpollutants. 2. A cloudy condition in water due to suspended silt ororganic matter.
Urbanisation: The process in which the number of people living incities increases compared with the number of people living in ruralareas. This usually occurs when a country is still developing. A country
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is considered to be urbanised when over 50% of its population lives inurban places.
Waste: 1. Unwanted materials left over from a manufacturing process.2. Refuse from places of human or animal habitation.
Waste Generation: The weight or volume of materials and productsthat enter the waste stream before recycling, composting, landfilling, orcombustion takes place. Also can represent the amount of wastegenerated by a given source or category of sources.
Waste Stream: The total flow of solid waste from homes, businesses,institutions, and manufacturing plants that is recycled, burned, ordisposed of in landfills, or segments thereof such as the “residentialwaste stream” or the “recyclable waste stream”.
Waste Treatment Plant: A facility containing a series of tanks,screens, filters and other processes by which pollutants are removedfrom water.
Water pollution: Water quality has degraded throughout regions withintensive agriculture and large urban or industrial areas. Common waterpollutants are petroleum products, pesticides and herbicides, heavymetals, hazardous chemical wastes, fertilizers and sediments.Waterborne diseases from faecal contamination of surface waters area major cause of sickness and death in the developing world.
LIST OF ACRONYMS
CD Construction and Demolishing/DemolitionKT KnotLTO Land and Take-OffMg/Ltr Milli grams per LitreMSL Mean Sea LevelMSW Municipal Solid/Stream WastePH AcidityRCVs Refuse Collecting VehiclesRO Reverse OsmosisSWM Solid Waste ManagementUTC
GASES AND THEIR SYMBOLS
Ammonia NH3
Carbon Dioxide CO2
Carbon Monoxide COMethane CH4
Nitrous Oxide N2ONon-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds NMVOCsOxides of Nitrogen NOx
Sulphur Dioxide SO2
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