Dr. Joel Adrián Hernández Escamilla
Introduction
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(SKC Gulf Coast Inc., 2001; EPA, 2009; EIA, 2010;)
2µm 50µm 2000µm
PM2.5 PM10 TSP
Particles
2 µm 50 µm 200 µm
TCEQ Image: Chelsea street; El Paso, TX.
Photo courtesy of Dr. Porfirio-Peinado3
Airbone Particles Samplers
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MiniVol™ TAS TSP High volsDeployable Particulate
SamplerBSNE
Inverted Frisbee shapedcollecting bowl (IFSCB)
Marble Dust Collector(MDCO)
Modified Wilson and Cooke (MWAC)
Rotorod sampler
Design an innovated rotorods technique toimplement in different percentages of sand, silt,clay, sampling height and wind speed in order tofind TSP such as metals and identification of fungiin air.
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Make an identification and physical characterization of the sites of dust storm sources
Design and implement a dust chamber for the assessment of saturation and emission of particulate matter
Design and develop of 2 automatic rotorods systems for the improvement of TSP and PM measurements
Implementation of innovated rotorods systems in natural and anthropogenic dust storms
Determine the trend of PM based on factors associated with dust storms during the previous evaluated events
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METHODOLOGY
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Preparation of samplers (TSI and rotorods)• 3 Soil samples
Dust source (Natural and anthropogenic)• 20 mph, 30 mph, 40 mph
Dust sampling• 36 samples (Rotorods)
Sample storage• Microscope slides in Petri dishes
Sample analysis• PM, elemental, texture, moisture.
Correlate PM values with speed truck and previous measures
with old rotorod and TSI.
METHODOLOGY
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Weight sample and TSP
Gravimetric method
Elemental analysis
XRF analysis Elemental quantification
Particles distribution and size
Scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDS)
Elemental identification
Texture, sand, silt and clay percentages
Bouyoucos method
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Agar preparation (PDA)Inoculate with sticky tape
sampledFungal growing
CFU and color Fungal isolation
METHODOLOGY
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Site number Experimental site Latitude Longitude Soil moisture (%) Soil texture
Clay Silt Sand
1 Arroyo de las víboras 31°45'35.94"N 106°30'22.42"W 5.08 18 76.92 0.84 LS
2 Las Torres-Porvenir 31°36'31.20"N 106°23'47.96"W 7.08 11 81.92 0.42 LS
Soil particle size (%)
Abbreviation of soil texture: LS, Loamy sand
Soil particle size distribution and soil moisture content for each experimental site
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% % %
Sand 1 50 Silt 1 19 Clay 1 31
Sand 2 38 Silt 2 37 Clay 2 25
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
20MPH 30 MPH 40 MPH Natural 1M Natural 2M
TSP
(µ
g/m
3)
DUST STORM
[TSP] from anthropogenic and natural dust storms in Juarez, Chihuahua
Pythium sp. Trichoderma sp. Aspergillus sp.
Cladosporium sp. Rhizopus sp. Aspergillus sp.
Identification of Rhizopus sp.
.
100x
10x
b
c
a
a
Identification of Aspergillus sp.
e
Identification of Trichoderma sp.
c
b
a
Identification of Cladosporium sp.
a b
b
Identification of Pythium sp.
Percentage of prevalence of microscopic fungi found in air samples during natural duststorms in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua.
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19%
51%
13%
10%7%
Aspergillus sp.
Cladosporium sp.
Pythium sp.
Trichoderma sp.
Rhizopus sp.
NATURAL SANDSTORM
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Left side Center Right side
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USDA Particle Size Distribution
BinsFrequency Count
%
Clay 0.002 0 0
Very Fine Silt 0.005 0 0
Silt 0.05 7027 91.68
Very Fine Sand 0.1 356 4.64
Fine Sand 0.25 190 2.48
Medium Sand 0.5 60 0.78
Coarse Sand 1 24 0.31
Very Coarse Sand 2 8 0.10
Bin Limits Frequency Count %clay 0.002 0 0silt 0.02 6206 80.96
sand 2 1459 19.03TOTAL 7665 100
Bins Frequency
PM 2.5 2.5 0
PM 10 10 4807
PM 200 200 2736
NATURAL SANDSTORM
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Left side Center Right side
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USDA Particle Size Distribution
BinsFrequency Count
%
Clay 0.002 1 0.08896797
Very Fine Silt 0.005 1 0.08896797
Silt 0.05 26 2.31
Very Fine Sand 0.1 28 2.49
Fine Sand 0.25 84 7.47
Medium Sand 0.5 141 12.54
Coarse Sand 1 281 25.00
Very Coarse Sand 2 562 50.00
Bin Limits Frequency Count %clay 0.002 1 0.08silt 0.02 10 0.88
sand 2 1113 99.02TOTAL 1124 100
Bins Frequency
PM 2.5 2.5 1
PM 10 10 4
PM 200 200 107
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1.0000
10.0000
100.0000
1000.0000
10000.0000
100000.0000
1000000.0000
Mo Zr Sr Rb Zn W Fe Cr V Ti Sc Ca K S Nb Al P Si Cl
PP
M (
LOG
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)
ELEMENTS
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS (XRF) ANTHROPOGENIC AND NATURAL SOURCE
BLANCO SOIL 20 MPH 30 MPH 40 MPH TNANAPRA TNTORRES
Conclusions
The Cladosporium sp. was the fungi genus that was mostfound in air during dust storms, following the Aspergillus sp.
The distribution of the particles on the sticky tape ishomogenous and the range of particle texture to be trappedfor sand is from 16 % to 75%, for silt 13% to 33% and for clayfrom 12% to 47%.
The elements identified in dust storm samples are correctaccording the literature, the principal elements in the Earth´sCrust.
Conclusions
The samples obtained from the rotorods during thedust storms they could correlate with the particle sizepercentage in soil with the micrographs.
The micrographs were easier than the past methodusing the SEM, we recommend use the conductivetape around the sample to analyze.
Conclusions
The anthropogenic source at the speed of 20 mphreach 14% of dust storm, 30 mph reach 18% and 40mph reach 30% of the dust storm particulate matter.
Zr, W, V, Ti, P, Si, Al, Fe, Ca and K, were the elementsthat increased during the dust storms, some of themrelated to industry and the last five with the soil of thesites.
Rotorod sampler
Low cost technique(Microscope slide, double sided tape)
Portable, height, RPM and time adjustable; two samples by rotorod
Easy handle and maintenance (bluetooth, recargable battery)
Sample analyze (fungal, elemental, particle size, pollen)
Suspended particle matter (PM, emission factor, [TSP])
Spot sampling Short duration
Duration varies from less tan 30 minutes to several hours
It is useful for the random checking of pollution at any point due to some local source.
*Recommendations: If will be use the samples for the scanning electron microscope, use conductive tape during the sampling. For natural dust storm events the sampling is better for 15 minutes, and for anthropogenic dust storm events from 15 to 60 minutes.
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TSP (mg/m3) = Sample weight obtained
(RPM * π * 151.8 cm3 * sample time)/1x106
TSP (mg/m3) = Sample weight obtained
(RPM * π * 151.8 cm3 * sample time)/1x106
Final conclusion
• The improved rotorod technique is useful for spotsamplings. The low cost, easy handle, double sample andits analysis, are characteristics that made the improvedrotorod a good alternative technique to measure airboneparticles, during natural and anthrophogenic dust events.
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Acknowledgement
• Thesis committee
• CONACyt (Scholarship supported)
• Mechatronic Enginners:• German Tadeo Liendo Villafaña
• Rubén Alfonso Loya Herrera
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