Dr. Joel Adrián Hernández Escamilla

Introduction

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(SKC Gulf Coast Inc., 2001; EPA, 2009; EIA, 2010;)

2µm 50µm 2000µm

PM2.5 PM10 TSP

Particles

2 µm 50 µm 200 µm

TCEQ Image: Chelsea street; El Paso, TX.

Photo courtesy of Dr. Porfirio-Peinado3

Airbone Particles Samplers

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MiniVol™ TAS TSP High volsDeployable Particulate

SamplerBSNE

Inverted Frisbee shapedcollecting bowl (IFSCB)

Marble Dust Collector(MDCO)

Modified Wilson and Cooke (MWAC)

Rotorod sampler

Design an innovated rotorods technique toimplement in different percentages of sand, silt,clay, sampling height and wind speed in order tofind TSP such as metals and identification of fungiin air.

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Make an identification and physical characterization of the sites of dust storm sources

Design and implement a dust chamber for the assessment of saturation and emission of particulate matter

Design and develop of 2 automatic rotorods systems for the improvement of TSP and PM measurements

Implementation of innovated rotorods systems in natural and anthropogenic dust storms

Determine the trend of PM based on factors associated with dust storms during the previous evaluated events

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METHODOLOGY

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Preparation of samplers (TSI and rotorods)• 3 Soil samples

Dust source (Natural and anthropogenic)• 20 mph, 30 mph, 40 mph

Dust sampling• 36 samples (Rotorods)

Sample storage• Microscope slides in Petri dishes

Sample analysis• PM, elemental, texture, moisture.

Correlate PM values with speed truck and previous measures

with old rotorod and TSI.

METHODOLOGY

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Weight sample and TSP

Gravimetric method

Elemental analysis

XRF analysis Elemental quantification

Particles distribution and size

Scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDS)

Elemental identification

Texture, sand, silt and clay percentages

Bouyoucos method

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Agar preparation (PDA)Inoculate with sticky tape

sampledFungal growing

CFU and color Fungal isolation

METHODOLOGY

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5

Site number Experimental site Latitude Longitude Soil moisture (%) Soil texture

Clay Silt Sand

1 Arroyo de las víboras 31°45'35.94"N 106°30'22.42"W 5.08 18 76.92 0.84 LS

2 Las Torres-Porvenir 31°36'31.20"N 106°23'47.96"W 7.08 11 81.92 0.42 LS

Soil particle size (%)

Abbreviation of soil texture: LS, Loamy sand

Soil particle size distribution and soil moisture content for each experimental site

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% % %

Sand 1 50 Silt 1 19 Clay 1 31

Sand 2 38 Silt 2 37 Clay 2 25

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

20MPH 30 MPH 40 MPH Natural 1M Natural 2M

TSP

(µ

g/m

3)

DUST STORM

[TSP] from anthropogenic and natural dust storms in Juarez, Chihuahua

Pythium sp. Trichoderma sp. Aspergillus sp.

Cladosporium sp. Rhizopus sp. Aspergillus sp.

Identification of Rhizopus sp.

.

100x

10x

b

c

a

a

Identification of Aspergillus sp.

e

Identification of Trichoderma sp.

c

b

a

Identification of Cladosporium sp.

a b

b

Identification of Pythium sp.

Percentage of prevalence of microscopic fungi found in air samples during natural duststorms in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua.

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19%

51%

13%

10%7%

Aspergillus sp.

Cladosporium sp.

Pythium sp.

Trichoderma sp.

Rhizopus sp.

NATURAL SANDSTORM

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Left side Center Right side

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USDA Particle Size Distribution

BinsFrequency Count

%

Clay 0.002 0 0

Very Fine Silt 0.005 0 0

Silt 0.05 7027 91.68

Very Fine Sand 0.1 356 4.64

Fine Sand 0.25 190 2.48

Medium Sand 0.5 60 0.78

Coarse Sand 1 24 0.31

Very Coarse Sand 2 8 0.10

Bin Limits Frequency Count %clay 0.002 0 0silt 0.02 6206 80.96

sand 2 1459 19.03TOTAL 7665 100

Bins Frequency

PM 2.5 2.5 0

PM 10 10 4807

PM 200 200 2736

NATURAL SANDSTORM

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Left side Center Right side

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USDA Particle Size Distribution

BinsFrequency Count

%

Clay 0.002 1 0.08896797

Very Fine Silt 0.005 1 0.08896797

Silt 0.05 26 2.31

Very Fine Sand 0.1 28 2.49

Fine Sand 0.25 84 7.47

Medium Sand 0.5 141 12.54

Coarse Sand 1 281 25.00

Very Coarse Sand 2 562 50.00

Bin Limits Frequency Count %clay 0.002 1 0.08silt 0.02 10 0.88

sand 2 1113 99.02TOTAL 1124 100

Bins Frequency

PM 2.5 2.5 1

PM 10 10 4

PM 200 200 107

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1.0000

10.0000

100.0000

1000.0000

10000.0000

100000.0000

1000000.0000

Mo Zr Sr Rb Zn W Fe Cr V Ti Sc Ca K S Nb Al P Si Cl

PP

M (

LOG

10

)

ELEMENTS

ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS (XRF) ANTHROPOGENIC AND NATURAL SOURCE

BLANCO SOIL 20 MPH 30 MPH 40 MPH TNANAPRA TNTORRES

Conclusions

The Cladosporium sp. was the fungi genus that was mostfound in air during dust storms, following the Aspergillus sp.

The distribution of the particles on the sticky tape ishomogenous and the range of particle texture to be trappedfor sand is from 16 % to 75%, for silt 13% to 33% and for clayfrom 12% to 47%.

The elements identified in dust storm samples are correctaccording the literature, the principal elements in the Earth´sCrust.

Conclusions

The samples obtained from the rotorods during thedust storms they could correlate with the particle sizepercentage in soil with the micrographs.

The micrographs were easier than the past methodusing the SEM, we recommend use the conductivetape around the sample to analyze.

Conclusions

The anthropogenic source at the speed of 20 mphreach 14% of dust storm, 30 mph reach 18% and 40mph reach 30% of the dust storm particulate matter.

Zr, W, V, Ti, P, Si, Al, Fe, Ca and K, were the elementsthat increased during the dust storms, some of themrelated to industry and the last five with the soil of thesites.

Rotorod sampler

Low cost technique(Microscope slide, double sided tape)

Portable, height, RPM and time adjustable; two samples by rotorod

Easy handle and maintenance (bluetooth, recargable battery)

Sample analyze (fungal, elemental, particle size, pollen)

Suspended particle matter (PM, emission factor, [TSP])

Spot sampling Short duration

Duration varies from less tan 30 minutes to several hours

It is useful for the random checking of pollution at any point due to some local source.

*Recommendations: If will be use the samples for the scanning electron microscope, use conductive tape during the sampling. For natural dust storm events the sampling is better for 15 minutes, and for anthropogenic dust storm events from 15 to 60 minutes.

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TSP (mg/m3) = Sample weight obtained

(RPM * π * 151.8 cm3 * sample time)/1x106

TSP (mg/m3) = Sample weight obtained

(RPM * π * 151.8 cm3 * sample time)/1x106

Final conclusion

• The improved rotorod technique is useful for spotsamplings. The low cost, easy handle, double sample andits analysis, are characteristics that made the improvedrotorod a good alternative technique to measure airboneparticles, during natural and anthrophogenic dust events.

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Acknowledgement

• Thesis committee

• CONACyt (Scholarship supported)

• Mechatronic Enginners:• German Tadeo Liendo Villafaña

• Rubén Alfonso Loya Herrera

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