Recap: The 8 Stages
Erikson’s Personality Development
At each stage we encounter a choice or “crisis”
If a stage is not mastered or overcome it can cause trouble later where mastery is required.
Successes and failures mould how we see the world, ourselves and others.
Personality can be changed by new experience at any stage. (choosing a fork in the road)
Key Concepts
Development depends on whether or not needs are being met.
Trust comes with predictability of care.
Unpredictability and uncertainty of care/support creates mistrust.
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy = independence, ability to stand alone.
Age 2-3Taking care of themselves, walking, talking
Independence through learning and exploring
Need for encouraging caregivers
Shame comes from discouragement and over-protection
2. Autonomy vs. Doubt
Age 4-5
Child is learning to feel purposeful and take initiative
Freedom, exploration and questioning “Why??”
Guilt comes from criticism, lack of recognition
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
Age 6 to 11Industry = making an effort
Inferiority = feeling less important, defeatedExpanding beyond family – school, sports,
activities
Importance of family life in preparing for school.
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
Adolescence (12-18)Focus on peers and social groups
Modelling yourself after someone
Influence of friends, teachers, media and less focus on family
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
Young adulthood
Seeking out a partner, “testing the waters” of relationships
Good experiences leads to intimacy
Rejection, disappointment leads to isolation
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
Mid-lifeGenerativity = full, productive lifeStagnation = lack of development
Generativity creates a sense of accomplishment (family, career, kids)
Stagnation fosters lack of achievement, low self worth
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
Old age
Integrity = completeness, pride
“Am I proud of what I have done?”.
Facing regrets, dissatisfaction, mistakes, failures.
Integrity vs. Despair
Kohlberg’s Moral Development 3 Levels, 6 Sub-Stages
1920s-1980s
American psychologist and university professor
Expert in moral education and logic
Interested in: How people respond to moral dilemmas!
Lawrence Kohlberg
Level determined by the reasons a person gives for making a decision.
Levels
Child will care about what is right or wrong, good or bad.
Judges an action based on the consequences they experience
Level 1 - Pre-Conventional
Child acts to AVOID punishment. Acts in order to receive reward.Obey rules for positive consequence.
Stage #1 – Punishment Orientation
Personal needs determine right and wrong.
Right action satisfies own needs and maybe the needs of others.
“Making a trade” or doing a favour.
Stage #2 – Reward Orientation
Make decisions to live up to the expectations of others.
Family, Friends, Social Group, Nation, the Law
Meeting these expectations is more important than consequences.
Level 2 - Conventional
Good behaviours = actions that please others!
Appearing to be “normal” or have “good intentions” is important.
Approval indicates moral behaviour.
Kohlberg believes that MOST People don’t move past this stage.
Stage #3 – “Good Kid” Orientation
Good behaviour = following the rules and respecting authority
Behaving to maintain social order and display respect.
Example: Respecting others’ property.
Stage #4 – Maintaining Social Order
A person identifies morality and values according to validity.
Less influenced by authority and personal interest.
Judgements based on abstract personal principles.
Level 3 - Post-Conventional
Right actions determined by more “general rights”
Agreed on by society as a whole Awareness of both personal values and legal
Not all cultures and societies have the same concepts of right and wrong.
Stage #5 – Social Contract
Right decision is a decision of personal conscience.
Appeals to universal, consistent truths.
Focus: Justice, Equality, Human Dignity.
#6 – Universal Moral Orientation
We have to go step by step – no skipping stages!
People typically do not reach the higher stages.
Seeing and knowing people in the higher stages helps us grow. Learning by example.
Stages progress from an individual to universal level.
Key Points
Pre-conventional consequences they see, meeting own needs.
Conventional The expectations of othersRules and social order
Post-conventionalAbstract personal principlesLESS on authority
Judgements Based On:
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