December 6, 2010Beginning with van Leeuwenhoek Create a time line with the names of those instrumental in discoveries connected with the microscope and the cell theoryDescribe the cell theory.Notes on 7.1/ 7.2Problem Solving lab 7.1
NOTEBOOK Check on 6
1600 1700 1800A. Hooke – cork cellsB. Leeuwenhock – single lens, saw red blood cells and bacteriaC. Schleiden – plantsD. Schwann – animal cells
Cell Theory1. All organisms composed of 1 or more cells2. The cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms3. All cells come from preexisting cells (cell divides to form 2 identical cells)
A B C D
Chapter 7 Cells
Muscle Cell
December 7, 2010Bola SpiderNo WebCatches with a spider silk thread with a sticky glob on the end (bola)Generates the same scent as the female moth to attract the male moth600% elasticSticky irreproducible adhesiveCatches up to 8 moths/nite
7.1 The Discovery of Cells
History of Cell TheoryCells basic units of living organisms
Compound Light Microscope
Series of LensesAdjustableUp to 1500x magnification
van Leeuwenhoek – 1 lens
Object set on top of screw and adjusted to bring into viewMade most discoveries
Robert Hooke – 1635-1703
Discovered and named the first CellFound in CorkNamed for monastery cells
Theodor Schwann – 1810-1882
GermanDiscovered animals made of cellsFather of cytologyDiscovered Schwann CellsDeveloped the Cell Theory
Matthias Jakob Schleiden1804-1881
Discovered all Plants made of CellsTogether with Schwann developed the Cell Theory
Cell Theory1. All organisms composed of 1 or more cells2. The cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms3. All cells come from preexisting cells (cell divides to form 2 identical cells)
Eyepiece
Fine adjustmentArm
Stage
Condenser control knob
Base
Body tubeCoarse adjustment
Iris diaphragm
Revolving nosepiece
Objective
ClipCondenser
Mirror
Different Parts of the Microscope
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Electron Microscopes
1940’s – uses a beam of electrons instead of natural light to magnify structures up to 500,000x Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM)
- scans surface of cells to learn 3D shape Transmission Electron Microscope
(TEM) - study the structures contained in the cell
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) – uses flow of electrons to investigate atoms on the surface of the molecule
Electron Microscope
2 Basic Cell Types1. Prokaryotes – Cells that do not have an internal membrane bound structure – unicellular like bacteria2. Eukaryotes – cells containing membrane bound structures multicellular like algae, yeastOrganelles – small membrane bound structures allows various chemical reactions to occur simultaneouslyBrown, Virchov – decided main structure that was responsible for cell divisionNucleus – central membrane bound organelle that manages cellular functions
ProkaryotesNucleoid region contains the DNA
•Cell membrane & cell wall
• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm
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Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic cell structures:NucleusCell MembraneCytoplasm with organelles
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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
December 7, 2010
Draw and Label a Prokaryote & Eukaryote Cell?? What is the function of the plasma membrane?Notes 7.2PS Lab 7.2
December 13, 2010Cell Function Worksheet – Due Wed?? For Plant and Animal Cell LabAnimal Cells – muscles, bone, cerebellum 1. Are these cells alive (once living)? 2. Describe the shape of each cell. 3. Is there a cell wall?
Elodea Cell – plant 1. Is the Elodea Cell alive (once living)? 2. Describe the color and shape of chloroplasts 3. Is a cell wall present?
7.2 Plasma Membrane -boundary between the cell and its environment
Homeostasis – process of maintaining the cells environment
Selective Permeability– Process by which the plasma membrane allows some molecules in to the cell while keeping others out (selective – H2O, Calcium, sodium, glucose)
Structure of Plasma Membrane
Phospholipids – lipids with a phosphate group attached to themPlasma membrane has a glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group
Fluid Mosaic model
Model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bi-layerPolar head outside attracts water but is selectively permeable
Other ComponentsCholesterol – helps stabilize the phospholipids, keeps them from sticking togetherTransport Proteins – proteins that along the plasma membrane creating a selectively permeable membrane that regulates which molecules enter and leave a cell
Fluid Mosaic Model
December 14, 2010?? Of the day:Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell or Plasma Membrane – make sure to draw a picture
Diffusion Pre-Lab with NotesI will collect grade for Microscope LabProgress Reports – please have signed and return for 10 pts
Cell Membrane
Diffusion Lab
Every cell is covered by a membrane that controls what can enter and leave the cell. The cell membrane or plasma membrane is selectively permeable. It allows some substances to enter and keeps some substances out. This is important for all life processes. A diagram of cell membrane structure is below.
Diffusion Lab (cont)The cell membrane is made up of lipids and proteins. Small non-polar molecules can go right through the membrane by osmosis but ions or larger molecules need assistance by either diffusion and/or by transport proteins.
7.3 Eukaryotic Cell 7.3 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Structure Contains Contains Organelles:Organelles:
Very small size
Can only be observed under a microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
Made of protein and phospholipids
Selectively permeable
Cell membrane
Plasma Membrane -Plasma Membrane -Surrounding the CellSurrounding the Cell
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Living layerControls the movement of materials into and out of the cell
Selectively permeable
Cell membrane
Cell or Plasma Cell or Plasma MembraneMembrane
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Dead layerLarge empty spaces present between cellulose fibers
Freely permeableMade of cellulose which forms very thin fibers
Strong and rigidFound in plant cells
Plant Cell - Cell Plant Cell - Cell Wall Wall
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Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm)
Resist entry of excess water into the cell
Give shape to the cell
Cell wall
Plant CellPlant Cell
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Controls the normal activities of the cell
Bounded by a nuclear membrane
Contains chromosomes
Control Organelle-Nucleus
Nucleus
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Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes
Genes control cell characteristics
Nucleus
More on the More on the NucleusNucleus
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Nucleolus Cell may have Cell may have 1 1 to 3to 3 nucleoli nucleoli
Inside nucleusInside nucleus
DisappearsDisappears when when cell dividescell divides
Makes ribosomesMakes ribosomes that make that make proteinsproteins
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Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm of a Cytoplasm of a Cell Cell
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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum –assembly and transport of proteinsSmooth ER
lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell
Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
Golgi Apparatus Stacks of Stacks of flattened flattened sacssacs
Have a shipping Have a shipping side & a receiving side & a receiving sideside
Receive & Receive & modify modify proteinsproteins made by made by ERER
Transport vesiclesTransport vesicles with modified with modified proteins pinch off proteins pinch off the endsthe ends
Transport
vesicle
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LysosomeContain digestive Contain digestive enzymesenzymes
Break down food Break down food and worn out cell and worn out cell parts for cells parts for cells
Programmed for Programmed for cell death (lyse & cell death (lyse & release enzymes release enzymes to break down & to break down & recycle cell parts)recycle cell parts) http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
Plants have a large central vacuole
Animals several smallvacuolesStorageContains cell sapSugars, proteins,
minerals, wastes, & pigments
Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesVacuole
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Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
Traps sunlight to make sugars (food)
Process called photosynthesis
Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles
Chloropla
st
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Rod shapeSite of Cellular respiration
Cell PowerhouseCell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion( mitochondria )
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Active cells like muscles have more mitochondriaBurn sugars to produce energy ATP
In Animal Cells:In Animal Cells:
Mitochondria
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Different kinds of Different kinds of plant cellsplant cells
Onion Epidermal Cells
Root Hair Cell
root hair
Guard Cells
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mitochondrion
nucleus
glycogen granule
cell membrane
cytoplasm Animal cellAnimal cell
No cell wall or chloroplastStores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy
vacuole
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Different kinds of Different kinds of animal cellsanimal cells
white blood cell
red blood cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
muscle cell
Amoeba
Parameciumhttp://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology
Similarities between Similarities between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal cellscells
Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
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Differences between Differences between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal cellscells
Animal cells Plant cells
Relatively smaller in
sizeIrregular shape
No cell wall
Relatively larger in size
Regular shapeCell wall present
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Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuole small or absent
Glycogen as food storage
Nucleus at the center
Large central vacuole
Starch as food storage
Nucleus near cell wall
Differences between Plant Differences between Plant Cells and Animal CellsCells and Animal Cells
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Structure and SupportCytoskeleton –
Support structure,Rods and filaments Constantly changing
Microtubules –Thin hollow cylinders
Made of proteins
Microfilaments - Thin, solid protein fibers
Movement of the Cell
Flagella – long projections that propel the cell with whip like motionsCilia – hair like projections that wave
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Cell Analogy Model – 100 pts
Title/Communication:/10ptsCreativity/Originality/Neatness/10 ptsUse of Color and in 3D/10 ptsCommunication of ideas with Appropriate Analogies / 5 pts ea Total of 12/60 ptsTotal/100 pts
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