Download - Convergent EEvolutionvolution ...€¦ · Key concept ::EvolutionEvolution occurs in patterns • Evolution through natural selection is not random. • Natural selection can have

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Page 1: Convergent EEvolutionvolution ...€¦ · Key concept ::EvolutionEvolution occurs in patterns • Evolution through natural selection is not random. • Natural selection can have

Key concept :Key concept : Evolution Evolution occurs in occurs in patternspatternsy py p pp• Evolution through natural selection is not random.

• Natural selection can have directionNatural selection can have direction.• The effects of natural selection add up over time.

Convergent Convergent EEvolution volution 

Defined: Describes evolution toward similar traits in unrelated speciesspecies.

• Survival advantage to a particular environment.• Ex: Tuna (fish) and dolphins (mammals). They are an unrelatedEx: Tuna (fish) and dolphins (mammals).  They are an unrelated 

species living in a similar environment, the ocean.• Faced similar evolutionary pressures.

DivergentDivergent EEvolution volution 

ancestor

red fox kit fox

• Defined: Describes evolution toward different l l l dtraits in closely related species.

– Cause: Different environments

Page 2: Convergent EEvolutionvolution ...€¦ · Key concept ::EvolutionEvolution occurs in patterns • Evolution through natural selection is not random. • Natural selection can have

CoevolutionCoevolution

• Defined: Two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other– Evolutionary paths become connected– Both species receive benefits from the other as a result of adaptations.

• Ex: Plants and Insects– Plants: provide insects with nectar– Insect: transfers pollen from one plant to another

CoevolutionCoevolution Continued…Continued…

• Coevolution can occur in competitive relationships, sometimes called an evolutionary arms race.– Example: Crab vs. Snail & Bacteria vs. Humans

Evolutionary Arms Race Continued…  Evolutionary Arms Race Continued…  A tibi tiA tibi ti R i tR i tAntibiotic Antibiotic ResistanceResistance

GoodBad

• Antibiotics: chemicals designed to kill bacteria– Produced by other microorganisms to fight bacteria

• Antibiotic Resistance: Bacteria are adapting to the use of antibioticsAntibiotic Resistance: Bacteria are adapting to the use of antibiotics– Overuse & misuse speeds up the process– Importance: Bacteria infections are becoming harder to treat

Page 3: Convergent EEvolutionvolution ...€¦ · Key concept ::EvolutionEvolution occurs in patterns • Evolution through natural selection is not random. • Natural selection can have

Species Species CCan an BBecome ecome EExtinct  xtinct  • Defined: The elimination of a species from Earth• Defined: The elimination of a species from Earth.

• Background Extinctions:

– Cause: Local changes in environment

Forest fires habitat destruction

• Mass Extinctions:

– Cause: Catastrophic events

– Ice Age, Meteorites– Forest fires, habitat destruction.

– Less severe.

– Affects a few species in a small area

Ice Age, Meteorites

– Very severe

– Destroys many species at global level

R b t h i t– Occur at roughly the same rate as speciation

– Rare but much more intense

– At least 5 mass extinctions in last 600 million years

How Fast Does Evolution Occur?

• No exact time frame• Gradualism: slow & steady change of 1 species into another– Small changes continually build

• Punctuated Equilibrium: Rapid periods of evolution– Due to sudden environment change– Ex: Mammal diversity exploded after dinosaur extinction

• Examples of both models exist

G d liGradualism of the Horseof the Horse

How Fast Does Evolution Occur?• Many species evolve from one species during adaptive radiation.

– Ancestral species diversifies into many descendent species

– Descendent speciesusually adapted towide range ofwide range ofenvironments