Convergent EEvolutionvolution ...€¦ · Key concept ::EvolutionEvolution occurs in patterns •...

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Key concept: Key concept : Evolution Evolution occurs in occurs in patterns patterns Evolution through natural selection is not random. Natural selection can have direction Natural selection can have direction. The effects of natural selection add up over time. Convergent Convergent Evolution volution Defined : Describes evolution toward similar traits in unrelated species species. Survival advantage to a particular environment. Ex: Tuna (fish) and dolphins (mammals). They are an unrelated Ex: Tuna (fish) and dolphins (mammals). They are an unrelated species living in a similar environment, the ocean. Faced similar evolutionary pressures. Divergent Divergent Evolution volution ancestor red fox kit fox Defined : Describes evolution toward different l l l d traits in closely related species. Cause: Different environments

Transcript of Convergent EEvolutionvolution ...€¦ · Key concept ::EvolutionEvolution occurs in patterns •...

Page 1: Convergent EEvolutionvolution ...€¦ · Key concept ::EvolutionEvolution occurs in patterns • Evolution through natural selection is not random. • Natural selection can have

Key concept :Key concept : Evolution Evolution occurs in occurs in patternspatternsy py p pp• Evolution through natural selection is not random.

• Natural selection can have directionNatural selection can have direction.• The effects of natural selection add up over time.

Convergent Convergent EEvolution volution 

Defined: Describes evolution toward similar traits in unrelated speciesspecies.

• Survival advantage to a particular environment.• Ex: Tuna (fish) and dolphins (mammals). They are an unrelatedEx: Tuna (fish) and dolphins (mammals).  They are an unrelated 

species living in a similar environment, the ocean.• Faced similar evolutionary pressures.

DivergentDivergent EEvolution volution 

ancestor

red fox kit fox

• Defined: Describes evolution toward different l l l dtraits in closely related species.

– Cause: Different environments

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CoevolutionCoevolution

• Defined: Two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other– Evolutionary paths become connected– Both species receive benefits from the other as a result of adaptations.

• Ex: Plants and Insects– Plants: provide insects with nectar– Insect: transfers pollen from one plant to another

CoevolutionCoevolution Continued…Continued…

• Coevolution can occur in competitive relationships, sometimes called an evolutionary arms race.– Example: Crab vs. Snail & Bacteria vs. Humans

Evolutionary Arms Race Continued…  Evolutionary Arms Race Continued…  A tibi tiA tibi ti R i tR i tAntibiotic Antibiotic ResistanceResistance

GoodBad

• Antibiotics: chemicals designed to kill bacteria– Produced by other microorganisms to fight bacteria

• Antibiotic Resistance: Bacteria are adapting to the use of antibioticsAntibiotic Resistance: Bacteria are adapting to the use of antibiotics– Overuse & misuse speeds up the process– Importance: Bacteria infections are becoming harder to treat

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Species Species CCan an BBecome ecome EExtinct  xtinct  • Defined: The elimination of a species from Earth• Defined: The elimination of a species from Earth.

• Background Extinctions:

– Cause: Local changes in environment

Forest fires habitat destruction

• Mass Extinctions:

– Cause: Catastrophic events

– Ice Age, Meteorites– Forest fires, habitat destruction.

– Less severe.

– Affects a few species in a small area

Ice Age, Meteorites

– Very severe

– Destroys many species at global level

R b t h i t– Occur at roughly the same rate as speciation

– Rare but much more intense

– At least 5 mass extinctions in last 600 million years

How Fast Does Evolution Occur?

• No exact time frame• Gradualism: slow & steady change of 1 species into another– Small changes continually build

• Punctuated Equilibrium: Rapid periods of evolution– Due to sudden environment change– Ex: Mammal diversity exploded after dinosaur extinction

• Examples of both models exist

G d liGradualism of the Horseof the Horse

How Fast Does Evolution Occur?• Many species evolve from one species during adaptive radiation.

– Ancestral species diversifies into many descendent species

– Descendent speciesusually adapted towide range ofwide range ofenvironments