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Is the world getting warmer?
If so, are the actions of mankind to blame forearths temperature increase?
What can/should be done about theseissues?
Are the potential resolutions worth the cost toimplement them?
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?
The main reason behind the ClimateChange is Global Warming.
Global warming is mainly caused due toGHGs emissions.
Burning fuels such as coal, natural gas & oil produces
Green house gases in excessive amounts.
There is a Increase CO2 emissions, especially in China and developing countries like
India
With rise in Economic growth , industries are increasing at incredible rate due towhich rate of carbon dioxide has increased
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GJJ99 3Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research
The greenhouse effect
SUNSome solar radiation is
reflected by the earths
surface and the atmosphere
ATMOSPHERE
Solar radiationpasses through the
clear atmosphere
EARTHMost solar radiation is absorbedby the surface, which warms
Some of the infrared
radiation is absorbed
and re-emitted by the
greenhouse gases.
The effect of this is to
warm the surface
and the lower
atmosphere
Infrared radiation
is emitted from the
Earths surface
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CONSEQUENCES
OFGLOBAL
WARMING
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-0.6
-0.4-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1920 1960 2000
Year
TemperatureChange(C)
1920 1960 2000
Year
Northern vs. Southern Latitude Land vs. Ocean
Northern HemisphereSouthern Hemisphere
LandOcean
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GRACE (gravity measured by satellite) foundmelting of Antarctica equivalent to sea levelrise of 0.4 mm/year (2 in/century)
Zwally, 2005 (satellite radaraltimetry)
confirmed Antarctica melting
Greenland ice melting onexterior, accumulating inland(higher precipitation)
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Present rate is 1.8 0.3 mm/yr (7.4in/century)
Accelerating at a rate of 0.013 0.006
mm/yr2
If acceleration continues, could result in 12in/century sea level rise
Scenarios claiming 1 meter or more rise areunrealistic
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Polar Bears
Require pack ice to live
Might eventually go extinct in the wild
Sea turtlesBreed on the same islands as
their birth
Could go extinct on some islands
as beaches are flooded
Other species may go extinct as rainfall patterns
change throughout the world
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Decreased thermohaline circulation
Cooler temperatures in North Atlantic
CO2 fertilization effect
Precipitation changes Droughts and famine (some areas)
Expanded arable land in Canada, Soviet Union
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-50 -20 -10 -5 5 10 20 50
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Lake Faguibine Lake Chad
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Impact on Agricultural Sector
A report from Carnegie Inst, shows that
in past 20 years annual yield ofworlds
six largest crops has decreased due to
increasingly warmer temperature. These
drop in yield led to a economic loss of $5billion a year.
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According To Nicholas Stern ClimateChange will have a serious impact oneconomic growth that 1% of GDP will berequired to mitigate its effects. Thats lotof money, given that GDP was almost
$70 trillion in 2008,according to worldbank.
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DIFFERENT EFFECTS ON COUNTRIES
Oxfam Internationals report concludedthat trade patterns will likely to shift asclimate changes take hold.
Richer parts of world will receive a boost,while poorer regions suffer .American Agricultural profits will raise by$1.3 billion annually ,while sub saharan will
lose $2 billion annually due to viability ofregions staple crops ,maize ,declined.
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Electricity costs will go up 90% till 2035,
Prices of petrol will rise rapidly up 58%
Price of Natural gas will rise up 55% till 2035
There will be increase in the cost impact on
Individual rising from average $829 to
$1241 by 2035
There will be job losses averaging 11 lakhs
From any point b/w 2012 to 2035
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INVESTMENT TREND
According to new Energy Finance ,total newglobal investment in clean energy were $33.4billion in 2004, $ 58.7 billion in 2005, 148.4
billion in 2007 (60% increase)It will increase through 2030.
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TRANSPORTATION COSTS
The increase in temperature will causevarious transport infrastructure like roads,bridges, ships to face greater temperature
changes. Due to this the maintenance cost ofthe transport will increase. This will causebroken runways, malformed roads & sunken
foundations.
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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
There are 5 essential biological systems whichsupport the world economy Croplands
Forests Grasslands Oceans Fresh waterways
With change in temperature, it degrades theseecological factors. Hence, doing seriousdamage to economy.
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IMPACT ON LIVING BEINGS
30 new diseases emerged in last 20 years,many thrived in warmer weather.
Lyme disease is linked to warmer humid
conditions that breed more deer ticks. Fewer deaths from cold, more from heat.
50 years from now, malaria could spreadto parts of world that are now too cold tosupport lifecycle of the mosquitoes & itsparasites that transmit the disease.
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ConservationReduce energy needs
Recycling
Alternate energy sourcesNuclear
Wind
Geothermal
HydroelectricSolar
Fusion?
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Depleted oil and gas reservoirs
CO2 in enhanced oil and gas recovery
Deep saline formations (a) offshore (b) onshore CO2 in enhanced coal bed methane recovery
Ada ted from IPCC SRCCS Figure TS-7
3a2
3b 14
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Increased frequency of extremetemperature events (such as heat waves,forest fire etc.).
Heightened storm intensity. Altered precipitation patterns.
Sea-level rise(Melting of glaciers).
Reversal of ocean currents . These factors can have relevant effects on
the functioning of ecosystems, the viability
of wildlife, and the well-being of humans.
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Global warming is happening
Most warming is probably the result ofhuman activities
There will be positive and negative (mostly)repercussions from global warming
The costs to mitigate global warming will be
high better spent elsewhere?
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