ST. XAVIER’S SCHOOLS-CHANDIGARH, PANCHKULA, MOHALI, ZIRAKPUR

Class 9 English Worksheet-10 (Language)

ADJECTIVES

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

ADJECTIVES:- An adjective is a word that describes a noun or a pronoun.

ADJECTIVES- WORD ORDER

When we use two or more adjectives to describe a noun, we have to take care of the word

order. The position of the adjectives depends on how closely they are related to the noun.

Adjectives – usual order Noun

Quality Size/Age/Shape Colour Origin

Past

Participle

beautiful old brown Indian handmade

table, marble

kitchen table

artistic, expensive old gold necklace

dirty narrow dark room

beautiful oval multicoloured carpet

e.g-

o A beautiful old brown Indian handmade marble kitchen table. o An artistic expensive old gold necklace. o A dirty narrow dark room. o A beautiful oval multicoloured carpet.

CORRECT USE OF ADJECTIVES

1. Later, latest: Both denote time. ‘Later’ is opposed to ‘earlier’

- Sarita came later than I expected.

- Did you hear the latest news?

a young man a pleasant day

a square table a small room

2. Latter, last: Both are used for position or order. ‘Latter’ refers to the second of

two things that have just been mentioned. ‘Latter’ is opposed to

‘former’. ‘Last’ is used for happening or coming after all other

similar things. ’Last’ is opposed to ‘first’.

-The principal accepted the latter proposal.

-He lives in the last house in the lane.

3. Nearest, next: ‘Nearest ‘refers to the distance`

-The nearest railway station is a kilometer away from here.

-My friend lives in the next town.

4. Elder, Eldest: Both are used for members of the same family. ‘Elder’ is never

followed by ‘than’.

-Maya is my elder sister.

-Parul is my eldest daughter.

5. Older, Oldest: Both are used for persons and things.

-He is older than his friend.

-This tree is older than that.

-Sridhar is the oldest villager.

-This is the oldest temple in our village.

6. Farther, further: ‘Farther’ means more distant. ‘Further’ means additional

-There is a post office at the farther end of the street.

-Can you do this without further delay?

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES:When adjectives change in form to show

comparison, they are called the Degrees of Comparison. The degrees of comparison are

classified into Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees of comparison.

❖ Positive Degree:The positive degree of an adjective is the adjective in its simple

form. It is used to denote the mere existence of some quality. E.g- -He is as tall as his father.

-The mango is sweet.

-Aruna is a clever girl.

❖ Comparative Degree:The comparative degree of an adjective is used when two

things or two sets of things are compared. E.g- -Sam is taller than his father.

-The mango is sweeter than the banana. -

Aruna is cleverer than Niti.

❖ Superlative Degree: The superlative degree of an adjective denotes the

highest degree of the quality. It is used when more than two things or sets of

things are compared. E.g- -Sam is the tallest in the class.

-The mango is the sweetest of all the fruits.

-Aruna is the cleverest girl in the class.

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Positive Comparative Superlative

small smaller smallest

wise wiser wisest

good better best

happy happier happiest

dry drier driest

big bigger biggest

grey greyer greyest

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

difficult more difficult most difficult

intelligent more intelligent most intelligent

Note:-

1. When a comparison is made by means of a Comparative Degree followed by

than, the thing that is compared must always be excluded from the class of things

with which it is compared, by using the word: other:

- Iron is more useful than any other metal.

- Tagore is greater than any other author.

- Solomon was wiser than all other men.

- Kalidasa is greater than all other Indian poets.

- Reena is more industrious than any other student.

2. When a comparison is made by means of a Superlative Degree, the thing or class

of things compared must be included in the comparison of the Superlative

- Ganga is said to be the holiest of all the rivers.

- He is the cleverest of all the pupils.

3. Comapartives ending in –‘or’ are followed by to instead of than.

-This necklace is superior to that one.

- His painting is inferior to yours.

-James is junior to all his brothers.

- This event took place prior to the First World War.

INTERCHANGE OF DEGREES OF COMPARISON

It is possible to change the Degree of Comparison of an Adjective or Adverb in a

sentence without changing its meaning.

Examples:

Positive No other metal is as valuable as gold.

Comparative Gold is more valuable than any other metal

Superlative Gold is the most valuable of all the metals.

Superlative Nehru was one of the greatest leaders.

Comparative Nehru was greater than many other leaders.

Positive Very few leaders were as great as Nehru.

Positive Jack is as strong as John.

Comparative John is not stronger than Jack.

Comparative An airplane flies faster than birds.

Positive Birds do not fly as fast as an airplane.

TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES AS PER INTERCHANGE OF DEGREES

OF COMPARISON.

SOLVED EXAMPLES:

Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each.

1. Gandhiji was more popular than any other contemporary leaders. [ Use:’most popular’

instead of ‘more popular’

-Gandhiji was the most popular contemporary leader.

2. He is not the best boy in the class.[Begin: He is not better than…..]

-He is not better than many of the boys in the class.

3. A living ass is better than a dead horse. [Use: ‘good’ instead of ‘better’]

- A dead horse is not as good as a living ass

4. She is as fresh as a flower. [Begin: A flower…..]

-A flower is not fresher than she is.

5. This town is not as clean as that town. [ Use ‘ cleaner’]

-That town is cleaner than this town.

Exercise-1

Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each.

Do not alter the meaning. 1.Jaipur is one of the most beautiful cities. [Begin: Very few…..]

2.Macbeth is the best play I have ever seen. [Begin: Macbeth is better….]

3.Raghu is one of the tallest boys in the class. [Begin: Very few…..]

4.Very few cities in the world are as big as Tokyo. [Begin: Tokyo……]

5.David Copperfield is the best book that I have ever read. [Begin: No other….]

6.No other democracy in the world is as large as India. [Begin: India is the largest..]

7.I have never seen so big a diamond as this. [End: ……that I have ever seen]

8.Helen of Troy was more beautiful than any other woman.[Begin: No other…..]

9.Hyderabad is one of the biggest of Indian cities.[ End:……..as big as Hyderabad]

10.Australia is the largest island in the world. [ End:……. other island in the world]

Exercise-2

Change the Degrees of Comparison without changing the meanings:

1. Malacca is the oldest town in Malaysia.

2. Peter is cleverer than any other boy in the class.

3. Jupiter is the biggest of all planets.

4. Very few boys are as industrious as John.

5. Shakespeare was greater than any other playwright.

6. Asoka was one of the greatest Indian kings.

7. Greenland is the largest island in the world.

8. Lead is heavier than any other metal.

9. Very few animals are as useful as the cow.

10. Abdul is as strong as Amar.

Exercise-3

Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each. Make

other changes that may be necessary, but do not change the meaning of each sentence.

1. I am as tall as he is. [Use: ‘taller’ instead of ‘tall’]

2. Mumbai is one of the richest cities in India. [Use ‘rich’ instead of ‘richest’]

3. Anita is not as good a singer as Avanti. [Use: ‘than’]

4. Riya is as intelligent as Siya. [ Use: ‘more intelligent’]

5. Akbar was one of the greatest kings.[Use: ‘great’]

6. Some boys are at least as industrious as Karim. [ Use: ‘most industrious’]

7. Bengaluru is cooler than Mysore. [ Use: ‘cool’]

8. No other bowler in the team is so good as Rama. [Use: ‘better’]

9. This newspaper has a bigger circulation than any other morning paper.[Use: ’big’]

10. Very few cities in India are as big as Chennai. [Use: ‘biggest’]

Note: Dear students,kindly also keep working on the assignments given in

your English Grammar workbook Chapter 15 (page no.229 and 230).

Answer key of English Worksheet-9 An Angel in Disguise

Ans 1. The village people looked at Maggie with sympathy but no one wanted to take charge of her

because she was a crippled child and was unable to leave her bed on her own. She was dependent on

others.

Ans 2. The rough man suggested that Maggie should be left in the poor house. It would be a good place

for her. There she would be kept clean, have healthy food and would be provided with medical aid.

Ans 3. Joe Thompson, the wheelwright, was a kind man. He took pity on Maggie and said that it was a

cruel thing to leave her alone in the hovel.

Ans 4. Joe Thompson felt pity for Maggie, the crippled child. But he did not know what to do with her.

He was puzzled for a while, but then went back to Maggie's hovel out of compassion for her.

He observed that she had raised herself to an upright position and was sitting on the bed.

Maggie told Joe Thompson not to leave her alone in the hovel.

Ans 5. Joe Thompson was a kind man. Though he had a rough exterior, he had a heart that was tender in

some places.

He assured Maggie that she wont be left alone in the hovel.

Ans 6. Mrs. Joe Thompson, who happened to be childless was not a woman of saintly temper. She did not

believe in doing something good for others.

Joe Thompson knew that his wife would not approve of her.

Ans 7. Mrs. Thompson reacted angrily and astonishingly when her husband reached home with the sick

child in his arms.

Her husband Joe Thompson, gave her a firm and resolute look.

Ans 8. Joe Thompson confronted his wife with firmness and resoluteness.

He told her that he thought that women's hearts were sometimes very hard.

Ans 9. Joe Thompson referred to the Bible in order to tell his wife that the savior rebuked those disciples

who did not receive children kindly.

He wanted to convey to his wife that those who loved children and looked after them kindly would be

rewarded.

Ans 10. A light shining through the little chamber windows was the first thing that attracted Joe's

attention when he returned after the days work.

He was relieved when he saw Mrs. Thompson sitting by Maggie's bed and talking to her.

Ans 11. Maggie looked at Joe tenderly, gratefully and pleadingly when he entered her little bedroom.

Joe noticed that Maggie had an attractive face and it was full of childish sweetness which suffering had

not been able to wipe out.

Ans 12. Maggie's gratitude awoke to new life old human feelings which had been slumbering in Mrs.

Thompson's heart for years. A soft feeling of love and care crept into her heart.

Mrs. Thompson told Joe that they should keep Maggie for a day or two longer as she was too weak and

helpless.

Ans 13. Maggie brought light and blessings to the home of Joe Thompson. The house that was dark and

cold for years was filled with warmth and happiness. Her love, gratitude and patience transformed Mrs.

Thompson to a loving and caring person.

Joe led a dull and empty life.

Ans 14. The sweetness of the child who looked upon Mrs. Thompson with love, patience and gratitude

transformed Mrs. Thompson completely.

Ans 15. The Angel referred to here is Maggie.

She brought light, blessings and happiness to the life of Joe Thompson.

Dear Students, you must try and do the extracts of this poem in the Workbook (preferably with a

pencil).

Class 9 Hindi Worksheet-9

Class 9 Punjabi Worksheet-10

ਕਾਵਿ- ਕਥਾ ਸੰਿੇਦਨਾ

ਪਾਠ- 2 ਭੱਤਾ-ਸੰਤ ਵਸੰਘ ਸੇਖੋਂ

ਹੇਠ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਤੀ ਗਈ ਦਿਖਤ ਨ ੂੰ ਦਿਆਨ ਨ ਿ ਪੜ੍ਹ ਕੇ ਦ ਿੱਤੇ ਗਏ ਪਰਸ਼ਨ ਾਂ ੇ ਉੱਤਰ ਅਦਿਆਸ ਪੁਸਤਕ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਦਿਖੋ।

ਪਰਸ਼ਨ -1 ਮੈਂ ੀ ਜਗ ਉਂ ੀ ਨਹੀਂ, ਅਿੱਜ ਰਟੋੀ ਤ ੂੰ ਹੀ ਦਿਜ ਣੀ ਹ,ੈ ਜ ੋਂ ਜੀ ਕਰ ੇਿੈ ਜੀ। ਓਥ ੇਤਰੇ ਪਤੂੰ ਰ ਹੀ ਤੈਨ ੂੰ ਸਮ ਰ ।

(੧)-ਇਹ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਵਕਸ ਨੇ, ਵਕਸ ਨ ੰ , ਕਦੋਂ ਤੇ

ਵਕਉਂ ਕਹ?ੇ

(੨)-ਭੱਤਾ ਕੀ ਹ ੰ ਦਾ ਹੈ? ਭੱਤਾ ਵਕਸ ਨੇ,ਵਕਸ ਲੲੀੀ ਤੇ ਵਕਥੇ ਲੈ ਜਾਣਾ ਸੀ?

(੩)-ਭੱਤਾ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਦੇ ਪਾਤਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ ਵਲਖੋ ਤੇ ਦਸੋ ਭੱਤਾ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੇਖਕ ਕੀ ਦੱਸਣਾ ਚਾਹ ੰ ਦਾ ਹੈ?

(੪)ਨ ਮ ੋ ੀ ਮ ਾਂ ੇਸਿੁ ਅ ਬ ਰ ੇਦਿਖ।ੋ

-----------------------------------------------

ਪਰਸ਼ਨ- 2 ਮ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਕੂੰਮ ੇਿ ਿਚ ਕਰਕ ੇਤਰੋੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਨ ਮ ੋਹੀ ਿਜੇ ਦ ਿੱਤੀ। ਬਿ ਨ ੂੰ ਇਿੱਕ ਪਰ ਣੀ ਹਰੋ ਮ ਰ ਦ ਿੱਤੀ।

(੧)- ਉਪਰਕੋਤ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਵਕਸ ਪਾਤਰ ਦੇ ਮਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਏ ਤੇ ਉਹ ਕੀ ਸੋਚ ਵਰਹਾ ਸੀ?

(੨)- ਭੱਤਾ ਕੌਣ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਆਇਆ ਸੀ ਤੇ ਉਸ ਦਾ ਸੋਚਣ ਿਾਲੇ ਪਾਤਰ ਨਾਲ ਕੀ ਸੰਬੰਧ ਹੈ?

(੩)-ਸੋਚਣ ਿਾਲੇ ਪਾਤਰ ਨ ੰ ਆਪਣਾ ਵਪਤਾ ਹੋਰ ਵਦਨਾਂ ਨਾਲੋਂ ਚੰਗਾ ਵਕਉਂ ਲਗ ਵਰਹਾ ਸੀ?

(੪)- ਭੱਤਾ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਆਉਣ ਿਾਲੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ ਵਲਖ ੋਤੇ ਦੱਸੋ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੇ ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਅੱਗੇ ਵਕੱਥ ੇਜਾਣਾ ਸੀ ਤੇ ਵਕਉ?

Answer key of Punjabi Worksheet-8

ਪਾਠ-੧ ਪਹ ਤਾ ਪਾਂਧੀ

ਉੱਤਰ-3

(੧)-ਗਿੱਡੀ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਿੋਕ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਇਿੱਕ ਸ ਰੀ ਨ ੂੰ ਬੀੜ੍ੀ ਪੀਣ ਤੋਂ ਰਦੋਕਆ। ਗਿੱਡੀ ੇਡਿੱਬ ੇਦ ਿੱਚ ਇਿੱਕ ਦ ਅਕਤੀ ਬੀੜ੍ੀ ਪੀਣ ਚ ਹੁੂੰ ਸੀ

ਤ ੇਿੋਕ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ੀ ਇਿੱਜ਼ਤ ਜੋਂ ਉਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਮਨਹ ਕਰ ਦ ਿੱਤ । ਜ ੋਂ ਇਹ ਗਿੱਿ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨੇ ਸਣੁੀ ਤ ਾਂ ਉਨਹ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਦਕਹ ਦਕ

ਦਸਗਰਟ ਜ਼ਰ ਰ ਪੀਣ ਪਰ ਕਈੋ ਿੀਆ ਦਜਹੀ। ਜ ੋਂ ਿੋਕ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਪੁਿੱਦਿਆ ਿੀਆ ਦਜਹੀ ਦਕਉਂ, ਤ ਾਂ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨੇ ਦਕਹ ਕੀ ਕਈ

ਰ ਅੂੰਗਰਜੇ਼ ਅਫਸਰ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਇਸ ਿ ੂੰਆਾਂ ਸ ਡ ੇਮ ੂੰਹ ਤ ੇਮ ਦਰਆ ਹ ੈ।ਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਇਸ ੀ ਆ ਤ ਹ।ੈ ਪਰ ਜ ੋਂ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨ ੂੰ ਪਤ

ਿਿੱਗ ਦਕ ਇਸ ਨੇ ਬੀੜ੍ੀ ਪੀਣੀ ਹੈ, ਤ ਾਂ ਉਹ ਮਖੌਿ ਕਰ ੇ ਹੋਏ ਬੋਿੇ ਦਕ ਬੀੜ੍ੀ ਿ ੂੰਆਾਂ ਬ ਰੀ ਤੋਂ ਬ ਹਰ ੀ ਸੁਿੱਟੀ ਪਰ ਪੀ ੀਂ

ਜ਼ਰ ਰ।

(੨) ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨੇ ਉਸ ਦ ਅਕਤੀ ਨ ੂੰ ਇਹ ਕਦਹ ਕ ੇਖੁਿੱਿ ਦ ਿੱਤੀ ਦਕ ਦਸਗਰਟ ਪੀਣ ਜ਼ਰ ਰ ਪਰ ਕਈੋ ਿੀਆ ਦਜਹੀ।ਦਕਉਂਦਕ

ਕਈ ਰੀ ਅੂੰਗਰਜੇ਼ ਅਫਸਰ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਦਸਗਰਟ ਿ ੂੰਆਾਂ ਸ ਡ ੇਮ ੂੰਹ ਤ ੇਮ ਦਰਆ ਹ,ੈ ਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਇਸ ੀ ਆ ਤ ਹ।ੈਪਰ ਜ ੋਂ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ

ਨ ੂੰ ਪਤ ਿਿੱਗ ਦਕ ਇਸ ਬੂੰ ੇਨੇ ਬੀੜ੍ੀ ਪੀਣੀ ਹ,ੈ ਤ ਾਂ ਮਖਿੌ ਕਰ ੇਹਏੋ ਬਿੇੋ ਕੀ ਬੀੜ੍ੀ ਿ ੂੰਆਾਂ ਬ ਰੀ ਤੋਂ ਬ ਹਰ ਹੀ ਸੁਿੱਟੀ ਪਰ

ਪੀ ੀਂ ਜ਼ਰ ਰ।

-----------------------------------------------

ਉੱਤਰ-4

(੧)-ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨੇ ਪਦਹਿੇ ਰਜ ੇ ੇਡਿੱਬ ੇਨ ੂੰ ਪ-ੇ ਮਦਰਆਾਂ ਡਿੱਬ ਦਕਹ । ਦਕਉਂਦਕ ਜ ੋਂ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਪਦਹਿੇ ਰਜ ੇ ੇਡਿੱਬ ੇ

ਦ ਿੱਚ ਬਠੇੈ ਤ ਾਂ ਉਨਹ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਦੇਖਆ ਕੀ ਇਿੱਥ ੇਕੋਈ ਅਖਬ ਰ ਪੜ੍ਹ ਦਰਹ ਹ,ੈਕਈੋ ਦਕਤ ਬ ਮੁੂੰਹ ਅਿੱਗ ੇਿਰੀ ਬਠੈ ਹ ੈਤ ੇਕਈੋ ਦਸਗਰਟ ੇ

ਿ ੂੰਏਂ ਿੱਿ ਖੇੀ ਜ ਦਰਹ ਹ।ੈ ਕਈੋ ਦਕਸ ੇਨ ਿ ਗਿੱਿਬ ਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰ । ਉੱਥ ੇਇੂੰਜ ਜ ਪ ਸੀ ਦਜ ੇਂ ਏਥ ੇਸਿ ੇਮ ਪ ੇਮਰ ਗਏ

ਹਣੋ। ਇਸ ਿਈ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਪਦਹਿੇ ਰਜ ੇ ਡਿੱਬ ਿਿੱਡ ਕ ੇਤੀਜ ੇ ਰਜ ੇ ੇਡਿੱਬ ੇਦ ਿੱਚ ਆ ਗਏ।

(੨)-ਇਿੱਕ ਹਿੌ ਰ ਨੇ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨ ੂੰ ਪੁਿੱਦਿਆ ਦਕ ਉਹ ਪਦਹਿੇ ਰਜ ੇ ਿੇ ਡਿੱਬ ੇਦ ਿੱਚ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ੀ ਸੀਟ ਤ ੇਬਠੈ ਜ ,ੇ

ਤ ਾਂ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨੇ ਉਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਮਨ ਕਰ ੇਹਏੋ ਦਕਹ ਦਕ ਨ ਓਥ ੇਨ ਬਠੈੀ। ਓਥ ੇਮਰੇ ਜ ਨ ਨਸ਼ੀਨ ਬਠੈ ਹ।ੈ ਪੁਿੱਿਣ ਤ ੇਮਜੇਰ

ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨੇ ਿੱਦਸਆ ਕੀ ਤੁਰ ੀ ਗਿੱਡੀ ੇਜੂੰਗਿੇ ਨ ਿ ਕਈੋ ਿਟਕ ਦਗਆ ਸੀ ,ਮਨੈ ੂੰ ਡਰ ਿਿੱਗ ਦਕ ਦਕਤ ੇਮਰ ਨ ਜ ੇ। ਫਰੇ

ਗ ਦਹਆ ਿੁਗਤਣੀਆਾਂ ਪਣੈਗੀਆਾਂ। ਮੈਂ ਉਹਨ ੂੰ ਆਦਖਆ ਦਕਸ ੇਹਰੋ ਡਿੱਬ ੇਦ ਿੱਚ ਬਠੈ ਜ ,ੇ ਪਰ ਉਹ ਮਰੇ ੇਪਰੈ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਪ ੈਦਗਆ ਦਕ

ਮਨੈ ੂੰ ਦਕਸ ੇਨੇ ਥ ਾਂ ਨਹੀਂ ਣੇੀ। ਮ ੈਆਪਣੀ ਦਟਕਟ ਉਸ ੇਨ ਿ ਟ ਕ ੇਇਿੱਥ ੇਆ ਦਗਆ। ਏਥ ੇਬੂੰਤ ਦਸੂੰਘ ਹਰੋੀਂ ਬਠੇੈ ਸਨ, ਮ ੈਇਥ ੇ

ਹੀ ਰਕੁ ਦਗਆ।

-----------------------------------------------

ੳੱਤਰ- 5

(੧)- ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨੇ ਿੋਕ ਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਆਪਣੀ ਤ ਰੀਫ਼ ਕਰਨ ਸਮ ਾਂ ਹੀ ਨ ਦ ਿੱਤ ਹ।ੈ ਇਹ ਉਹਨ ਾਂ ੇਚਦਰਿੱਤਰ ਸਿ ਤੋਂ ਸਹੋਣ

ਗਣੁ ਸੀ। ਦਜ ੇਂ ਹੀ ਕਈੋ ਕੁਝ ਬਿੋਣ ਿਿੱਗ ੇਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਕਈੋ ਹਰੋ ਗਿੱਿ ਕਰਕ ੇਉਹਨ ੂੰ ਚੁਿੱਪ ਕਰ ਦ ੂੰ ।ੇ ਿੋਕ ਾਂ ੁਆਰ ਉਹਨ ਾਂ

ਪਤ ਮੂੰਗਣ ਤ ੇਉਹਨ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਦਕਹ ਇਸ ਰ ਮਆੁਫ਼ੀ ੇਦ ਉ ।ਜ ੇਫਰੇ ਕ ੇਇਹ ੋਦਜਹ , ਦਮਿਣ ਮਕੌ ਦਮਦਿਆ ਤ ਾਂ ਪਤ

ਜ਼ਰ ਰ ਨੋਟ ਕਰ ਦ ਆਾਂਗ ।

(੨)- ਸਬ ਬ ਯੁਿੱਿ ਮੁਕ ਿਈਏ ਇਹ ਅਰਥ ਸੀ ਕੀ ਪਦਹਿੇ ਰਜੇ ੇ ਡਿੱਬੇ ਦ ਿੱਚੋਂ ਆਪਣ ਸਮ ਨ ਇਕਿੱਠ ਕਰ ਦਿਆ

ਜ ।ੇ ਦਕਉਂਦਕ ਅਗਿੇ ਸਟਸੇ਼ਨ ਤ ੇਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨੇ ਿਦਹ ਜ ਣ ਸੀ। ਇਸ ਿਈ ਉਹ ਗਿੱਡੀ ਰਕੁਣ ਤੋਂ ਪਦਹਿ ਆਪਣ ਸਮ ਨ

ਇਕਿੱਠ ਕਰਨ ਚ ਹੁੂੰ ੇਸੀ।

(੩)- ਡਿੱਬ ੇ ੀ ਰ ਹ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨ ੂੰ ਆਦਖਆ ਦਗਆ ਹ।ੈ ਉਹਨ ਾਂ ੇ ਇਆ ਪ ਰ ਕ, ਮ ਗ ਰ, ਦਮਿਣਸ ਰ ਤ ੇਰਣੋਕੀ ਸਿੁ ਅ

ਕ ਰਨ ੳੁਹੁ ਡਿੱਬ ੇ ੀ ਰ ਹ ਬਣ ਗਏ। ਉਹਨ ਾਂ ੇਬਠੈਣ ਨ ਿ ਡਿੱਬ ੇ ਮ ਹਿੌ ਬ ਿ ਦਗਆ। ਸ ਰੀਆਾਂ ਉਹਨ ਾਂ ੇਸਿੁ ਅ ਤੋਂ

ਬਹਤੁ ਪਰਿ ਦ ਤ ਸਨ। ਜ ੋਂ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਡਿੱਬ ੇਦ ਿੱਚ ੋਉੱਤਰ ਗਏ ਤ ਾਂ ਇੂੰਜ ਮਦਹਸ ਸ ਹਇੋਆ ਦਜ ੇਂ ਡਿੱਬ ੇ ੀ ਰ ਹ ਮ ਕਰ

ਹਦੈਨਕਿ ਗਈ ਹ ੋ।ੇ

(੪)- ਿੇਖਕ ਗਰੁਬਖਸ਼ ਦਸੂੰਘ ਪਰੀਤਿੜ੍ੀ ਨੇ ਇਸ ਕਹ ਣੀ ਰ ਹੀਂ ਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਇਹ ਸੂੰ ਸੇ਼ ਦ ਿੱਤ ਹ ੈਦਕ ਗਿੱਡੀ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਦਕੂੰਨੀਆਾਂ ਸ ਰੀਆਾਂ

ਰਜੋ਼ ਸਫ਼ਰ ਕਰ ੀਆਾਂ ਹਨ, ਪਰ ਹਜ਼ ਰ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਕਈੋ ਇਿੱਕ ਪਹਤੁ ਪ ਾਂਿੀ ਹੁੂੰ ਹ ੈ, ਜ ੋਦਨਸਆੁਰਥ ਿ ਨ ਨ ਿ ਿੋਕ ਾਂ ੀ ਮ

ਕਰ ਹ।ੈ ਸ ਨ ੂੰ ੀ ਆਪਣੀ ਦਜ਼ੂੰ ਗੀ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਇਸ ਤਰਹ ਾਂ ਪਹਤੁ ਪ ਾਂਿੀ ਬਣਨ ੀ ਕਦੋਸ਼ਸ਼ ਕਰਨੀ ਚ ਹੀ ੀ ਹ।ੈ ਿੋਕ ਾਂ ੀਆਾਂ

ਿੋਟੀਆਾਂ -ਿਟੋੀਆਾਂ ਤਕਿੀਫ ਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਸਮਝਣ , ਦਮਿੱਠ ਬਿੋਣ ਤ ੇਉਨਹ ਾਂ ੀ ਮ ਕਰਨ ਹੀ ਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਪਹਤੁ ਪ ਾਂਿੀ ਬਣ ਉਂ ਹ।ੈ

-----------------------------------------------

Class 9 History Civics Worksheet-9

ORIGIN:

In 1921 & 1922 some excavations were made by the Indian archaeologists named

R.B.DAYARAM SAHNI and R.D BANERJEE. The excavations took place at

HARAPPA and MOHENJODARO, the discovery of this civilisation was a great event

that took place in the history of India. This civilisation is also known as the Indus valley

civilisation as it was on the bank of river Indus. The main sources of the civilisation are

the evidences like buildings, seals, toys, ancient cities.

EXTENT OF HARAPPAN CIVILISATION

The civilisation is extended over 1600 KM from HARAPPA and MOHENJODARO to

PUNJAB, SINDH ,PAKISTAN, RAJASTHAN, UTTAR PRADESH, GUJARAT to

some parts of SPUTH INDIA . The civilisation also included some lands covered by the

rivers RAVI, BEAS, SATLUJ, CHENAB, JHELUM, INDUS.

URBAN PLANNING

The Indus valley people had remarkable skill of town planning. They made streets and

lanes according to proper plan. The cities had a good drainage system.

THE GREAT BATH

Great Bath, ancient structure at MOHENJODARO, PAKISTAN, is an archaeological

site featuring ruins of the INDUS VALLEY. The Great Bath dates to the is believed to

have been used for ritual bathing. The bath is built of fine brickwork and measures 897

square feet (83 square metres). It is 8 feet (2.5metres) lower than the surrounding

pavement

.

THE GREAT BATH THE

DANCING GIRL AND THE BEARDED MAN

CITADEL:

It is referred to that part of the city which included important buildings like great granary,

workshops, palaces, etc.

DANCING GIRL:

The statue is 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in) tall, and depicts a naked young woman or girl with

stylized proportions standing in a confident, naturalistic pose. Dancing Girl is well-

regarded as a work of art, and is a cultural artefact of the Indus Valley Civilisation.

BEARDED MAN:

It is also known as PRIEST KING. It is a sculpture of a seated man draped in a shawl

decorated with trefoil pattern. The sculpture of the bearded man was found at Sindh (

PAKISTAN).

DANCING GIRL

It was found at Mohenjadaro. It is a bronze statue of a dancing girl. Her eyes are large

nose is flat and she is seen wearing various ornaments.

SEALS

Figures of animals and human beings are engraved on the seals. From those seals we get

to know about the dress, hairstyle, ornaments of the Indus valley

people. Some important seals are Pashupati seal, Unicorn seal, Hump bull seal.

THE SEALS OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

DOCKYARD

Dockyard Lothal developed as the most important port and centre for the industry. It is

223 metre long 35 metres in width and 8 metre in depth. It was a significant trading

centre of Harappan civilization.

SCRIPT

Harappan people knew the art of writing. Harappan scripts have been found on copper

tablets seal, pottery.

TRADE

Trade and commerce flourished as an occupation for the people of Indus valley. They

imported stones, different metals and other articles from southern and eastern India,

Kashmir and Central Asia.

ART AND CRAFT

Statues of dancing girl, watch dog and male dancer have been found at different sites of

Indus valley civilization. All these nicely show the physical features of animals and

people of whose statues these are.

DECLINE OF HARAPPAN

By 1800 BCE, the Indus Valley Civilization saw the beginning of their decline. The

reasons for this decline are not entirely clear, but it is believed that the drying up of

the Saraswati River, a process which had begun around 1900 BCE, was the main cause.

Other experts speak of a great flood in the area.

QUESTIONS

1. What was the extent of Harappan civilization?

2. Name some important seals of Harappan valley civilization?

3. Mention two reasons to show that the people of Harappan civilization had a good

sense of town planning?

4. Name a major trading centre of Harappan civilization?

5. Write a short note on the Great Bath, Bearded Man and Dancing Girl.

6. What led to decline of Harappan civilization?

Answer key of History Civics Worksheet-8

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

Q.1 Define the term ‘Elections’ .

Ans.1 Election is the process through which people choose their representatives who

then form the government . It is a contest between or amongst candidates in an electoral

constituency to win the majority vote in order to be elected .

Q.2 What is an ‘Election Commission ’ ?

Ans.2 To ensure free , fair and impartial elections , the Constitution established the

Election Commission by Part XV (Article 324 ) . It is a body which is free from political

or executive influences . It is a body which helps in the smooth conduct of elections

across the country .

Q.3 Mention the composition of election commission .

Ans.3 COMPOSITION OF ELECTION COMMISSION

1.The Election Commission comprises of the Chief Election Commissioner and other

Election Commissioners , as appointed by the President .

2.At the state level , there is a Chief Electoral Officer of the State , appointed by the

Election Commission .

3.At the District level , there are – district election officers , electoral registration officers

and returning officers .

Q.4 State the differences between direct and indirect election.

Ans.4 DIRECT ELECTIONS

In Direct Elections , voters directly choose their representatives for the union and state

governments . All the eligible citizens vote for their representatives to the Lok Sabha ,

Vidhan Sabha , municipal corporations , etc .

INDIRECT ELECTION

In Indirect Elections , voters do not directly choose their representatives . They vote and

elect an intermediate body of representatives who then play the role of direct voters . In

this way , the intermediate voters elect members of the Rajya Sabha , Vidhan Parishad ,

the President and the Vice-President of India .

Q.5 Write a short note on types of elections .

Ans.5 There are three types of Elections :-

1. General Election

2. By-election

3. Mid-term Election

GENERAL ELECTION

General elections are elections which are held generally after a period of five years

for electing the members of primary Legislative bodies like the Lok Sabha and the

Legislative Assembly .

BY-ELECTION

Such an election is held to fill a vacant seat in Lok Sabha or Vidhan Sabha . It

takes place when an elected representative resigns , dies or becomes disqualified

under parliamentary law . The newly elected representative holds office for the

remaining term .

MID-TERM ELECTION

Sometimes , the Lok Sabha or the Vidhan Sabha may be dissolved before the

normal term of five years is over . A mid-term election is then held to form a new

House .

Class 9 Geography Worksheet-9

LANDFORMS OF THE EARTH

CONTINUED….

PLATEAUS

Plateau is an elevated tract of comparatively flat or level land usually having steep

slopes falling on the margins abruptly to lower land. It is also known as table land. The

top surface of a plateau may have plain land or rolling hills. Sometimes these plateaus are

highly dissected by streams or glaciers up to such extent that their original characteristics

can't be recognized easily.

TYPES OF PLATEAUS

Diastrophic Plateaus: Diastrophism denotes all the processes of the major deformation

of the Earth’s crust that produces continents, ocean basins, mountains, etc. All the highest

plateaus are the products of diastrophism. Their uplift has been modified by various agents

of gradation or by volcanic action or sometimes by minor earth movements. Plateaus may

be classified on the basis of their origin.

1. Intermontane Plateau. These are the highest and most extensive plateaus in the

world. Such plateaus are enclosed by Fold Mountains from all sides and have a great

variety of topographical features. For example:

(a) The Tibetan plateau which is also known as the “Roof of the World” is the

highest plateau, located between Kunlun and the Himalayas.

(b) The Anatolian plateau between the Pontic and Taurus mountain in Turkey.

(c) The Bolivian plateau is surrounded by Great Andes mountain ranges.

(d) The Mexican plateau between the Eastern and Western Sierra Madre.

2. Volcanic Plateau. These plateaus are formed by the solidification of successive

sheets of lava. For example - Deccan plateau in India, the plateau of Columbia

(U.S.A.) which has a thick cover of basalt flow. The Columbian plateau is highly

eroded by river Snake.

SIGNIFICANCE OF PLATEAUS

1. Most of the plateaus of the world have arid or dry climate so this support fewer

inhabitants than the plains.

2. Grazing and forestry are the main occupations.

3. Deccan plateau in India is rich in minerals so it supports mineral based industries.

4. Some large cities like Mexico City, Quito and Bogota, located over 2000 m above

the sea level are situated on higher plateaus. Here, slightly higher rainfall can

support more people.

PLAINS

A level or gentle undulating land with relatively minor differences in

elevation less than 150 m. above the sea level is known as a plain land. Plains

may be completely level or have gentle rolling topography. They have gradual

slopes, extensive flat area with low altitude. They are found in the all types of

climatic regions.

Plains may be formed by internal forces of the Earth as well as external processes

like degradation and heavy deposition are also responsible for the formation.

The Great Northern Plain in India (The Ganga Plain) has average elevation of

200 m but it is just 6 to 10 m high near the delta region.

TYPES OF PLAINS

Plains are classified according to their mode of formation. They are of two types:

1. Structural Plains.

2. Depositional Plains.

1. Structural Plains

The internal or endogenetic forces of the Earth formed these plains. These

plains come into existence when the continental shelf emerges due to internal

forces of the Earth. These extensive lowlands are bordering all the

continents. The Malabar coastal plain of Kerala in India is formed by the

upliftment of continental shelf. Coastal plains of Belgium, Holland and

Germany are also good examples.

Sometimes, plains are also formed by structural depressions of extensive

lowlands. For example, The Great Siberian Plain of Russia, Great Plains of

U.S.A.

2. Depositional Plains

Various agents of gradation do erosion work in the rocky areas, they transport the

eroded material and deposit the load in low lying areas such as depressions, lakes,

sea beds. When the deposition of sediments takes place on a large scale, such plains

are formed. They are classified according to the agent of deposition.

(a) Alluvial Plains. The plains formed by gradual deposition of alluvium

brought down by streams are known as alluvial plains. They are of three

categories.

1. Piedmont alluvial plains as the river leaves mountains and enters the plain

region, the slope of land changes from steep to gentle so it is difficult for the river

to carry its eroded materials (pebbles, boulders, etc.) with it. The river starts

depositing its load at the foothill areas of the mountains and forms Piedmont

Alluvial Fans or Plains. In India, it is known as “Bhabar”, which is found along

the foothill regions of the Himalayas.

2. Flood Plains are formed in the middle course of a river where the river flows

sluggishly, making meanders. The load turns into fine clay and sand. When river

overflows its banks during floods, the load is deposited over large areas forming

flood plains. For example, the plains of Mississippi, Ganga, Nile, etc.

3. Delta plains are formed at the mouth of a river. The river flows very slowly due

to excess of load being carried by it. The large amount of silt is deposited every

year during floods and the soil gets replenished. Delta plains support agriculture,

as they are very fertile. For example, the Ganga - Brahmaputra delta in

Bangladesh, Hwang-Ho plain in China, Nile delta of Egypt, etc.

(b) Glacial Deposits. These Plains are extensive, very fertile and formed by the

deposition of debris or moraines of the glaciers. When the glaciers melt, the

deposits are left over there, which form large plains. Parts of Central North

America, Western European Plains are the examples of glacial deposits.

(c) Lacustrine Plains. These plains are the result of filling of lake beds by

heavy deposition of sediments or silt brought by the rivers. The Kashmir

Valleys, the plains of Hungary are some good examples of such planes.

(d) Loess Plains- these Plains are formed by the material transported and

deposited by wind noise is very fine dust rich in lime and elevation colour it

is carried by wind from baron surfaces of interior parts of the desert and

deposited somewhere else. Example Northwest China and Western

Rajasthan.

(e) Coastal Plain- these are the result of depositional work done by the sea

waves . It forms tidal lowlands coastal swamps etc. Belgium, Netherlands

have such plains.

Significance of Plains

1. They are the cradles of ancient civilizations.

2. Plains made by Alluvial soil deposited by rivers support agriculture.

3. Plains are favourable for the development of communication and

transportation facilities so they are densely populated.

4. Plains provide most favourable conditions for plant and animal life as

well as human settlement.

5. Rivers flowing in the plains are suitable for navigation.

6. Planes provide great facilities for trade and manufacturing.

Based upon your reading answer the following questions:

1. What are endogenic and exogenic forces?

2. What is a mountain?

3. Give three examples of young fold mountains.

4. What is a plateau?

5. What are plains?

6. What is bhabar? How are they formed?

7. Differentiate:

Fold mountain and block mountain

Horst and graben

Class 9 Physics Worksheet-10

Laws of motion

1.Newton's Second Law of Motion:

The rate of change of linear momentum of a body is directly proportional to the force

applied to it and the change in momentum takes place in the direction in which the force

is applied.The SI unit of force is newton (N)

#Consider a body of mass m having an initial velocity u. The initial momentum of this

body will be mu. Suppose a force f, acts on this body for time t and causes the final

velocity to become v. The final momentum will become mv.

Now, the change in momentum will be (mv–mu) and the time taken for this change is t.

So, according to the 2nd law of motion.

F α (mv-mu) / t

F α m(v-u) / t

But (v-u)/t represents the change in velocity by the time taken as acceleration ‘a’

F α m*a

F = k*m*a

The value of k in SI values is 1. So the above equation becomes,

F=m*a or Force = mass * acceleration.

2. Applications:

1.Catching a cricket ball

A fielder pulls his hand backwards while catching a cricket ball coming with a great

speed to reduce the momentum of the ball with a little delay.

2.The case of a high jumper

A high jumper is provided with either a cushion or a heap of sand to land on. This is done

to prevent injury to the athlete when he falls.

3.Newton's Third Law of Motion:

For every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction.The action and reaction

never act on the same body, but they always act simultaneously on two different

bodies.Forces always occur in a pair.

Application:

1.When a bullet has fired the gun jerks back because of the reaction force acting on the

gun when the bullet moves forward at a great speed.

2.Jet aeroplanes and rockets use this principle of action – reaction to propel forward.

4.Universal Law of Gravitation:

The force of attraction acting between two particles is directly proportional to the product

of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

F = m1m2/r2 where G is the universal gravitational constant

The value of G is equal to 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2

5.Gravity:

The force with which the earth attracts a body is called the force due to gravity.

The rate at which the velocity of a freely falling body increases is called the acceleration

due to gravity (g).The mean value of g at the earth’s surface is taken to be 9.8 m s-2 . The

value of g at the centre of earth is zero

g = GM/R2

where M = mass of earth and R = radius of the earth.

#Problems:

1. State all three laws of motion .

2. Give mathematical expression for 2nd law of motion.

3. Difference between g and G.

4. What is the total momentum of a bullet and a gun before firing?

5. Name the principle on which a rocket works.

6. Body A is heavier than body Question: Which has more inertia?

7. A body is moving with uniform acceleration. Is its momentum constant?

8. Name the physical quantity that corresponds to the rate of change of momentum.

9. Which principle is involved in the working of a jet plane?

10. Why mass is sometimes called coefficient of linear inertia?

11. When a force acting on a body has equal and opposite reaction, then why should

the body move at all?

12. What happens to the wheels of the car when it overturns while taking a turn?

(a) The inner and outer wheel leaves the ground first

(b) The inner wheel leaves the ground first

(c) There is no change in the inner wheel

(d) None of the above.

Answers key of Physics Worksheet-9

Solution

1. Newton

2. A coin placed on a card(rested at the edges of the glass) remains at rest because of

ans. I. Inertia of rest

3. ans None of these

5.Why does an athlete take a longer jump if he comes running from a distance than when

he jumps suddenly from the take-off line?

Ans. Because it helps in jumping higher and longer because of inertia of motion gained

due to the motion. When the athletes Jump they already have a forward motion that

would be greater than that of a jump made from standing in one spot.

6. A football and a stone has same mass

Ans. II. Both have same momentum

7.State Galileo’s law of inertia.

Ans.If a body is in a state of rest, then it will remain in that state, and if the body is in a

state of motion, then it will continue moving with the same velocity in the same direction

unless an external force is applied to it.

8.What is inertia ?

Ans.The property of an object by virtue of which it neither changes its state nor tends to

change the state is called inertia. In other words, inertia is that property of a body due to

which it resists a change in its state of rest or of uniform motion.

Class 9 Chemistry Worksheet-10

HYDROGEN CHAPTER CONTINUED

INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN-BOSCH PROCESS

It is prepared using coke and steam. It involves two steps.

STEP I: PRODUCTION OF WATER GAS

1000°C

C + H2O CO + H2

Coke steam water gas

Mixture of CO and H2 is known as water gas.

STEP II: REDUCTION OF STEAM TO HYDROGEN

Fe2O3/450°C

CO + H2 + H2O CO2 + 2H2

Water Gas

STEP III: PURIFICATION OF HYDROGEN GAS BY REMOVING CARBON

DIOXIDE (formed in step II) AND CARBON MONOXIDE(formed in step I but left

unreacted)

This is done by passing the above mixture of gases through two solutions

1.KOH to absorb CO2

2KOH + CO2 K2CO3 + H2O

2. Ammoniacal cuprous chloride solution to remove water

CuCl + CO +2H2O CuCl.CO.2H2O

TEST FOR HYDROGEN GAS

PURE HYDROGEN: It burns quietly in air.

HYDROGEN-AIR MIXTURE: It burns with a pop sound.

USES OF HYDROGEN

1. As a fuel: e,g liquid hydrogen, coal gas, water gas.

It is used as a fuel because it has a very high calorific value and is non-polluting.

2. In meteorological balloons: as it is lighter than air. BUT being inflammable it catches

fire so it is replaced by helium.

3. In hydrogenation of oils and coal: Adding hydrogen to organic compounds in presence of

nickel as catalyst under high pressure is called hydrogenation. Vegetable oils on

hydrogenation change into semi solid fat called vanaspati ghee.

4. In extraction of metals as hydrogen acts as a reducing agent.

5. In welding and cutting of metals because oxyhydrogen flame produces a very high

temperature of around 2800°C.

6. In manufacture of ammonia, hydrogen chloride, water etc.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING

1.Write reactions involved in the bosch process.

2. Name the reagents used to purify hydrogen gas in the bosch process.

3. Give reasons:

a) What is the role of hydrogen in the extraction of metals?

b) Why is hydrogen used in meteorological balloons?

c) Why is hydrogen preferred as a fuel?

Answers key of Chemistry Worksheet-9

1. It acts as a catalyst.

2. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

3. It is insoluble in water and forms an explosive mixture with air.

Class 9 Biology Worksheet-10

ANIMAL TISSUES-The remaining two types of animal tissues are:

MUSCLE TISSUE.

NEURAL TISSUE

MUSCLE TISSUE -These forms the muscles of the body. Muscles can contract and

relax.

Three kinds of muscles are:

a) Striated (skeletal, striped, or voluntary) muscles.

b) Unstriated (smooth, unstriped or involuntary) muscles.

c) Heart or cardiac muscles.

a) STRIATED MUSCLES-These are made of long fibres which are nucleated and

striped which means dark and light bands run across the fibres. These are under

our control.

LOCATION-Found in the arms, legs, face, neck etc.

b) UNSTRIATED MUSCLES- These are made up of spindle shaped cells which

are uninucleated.These are not under our control.

LOCATION-Found in the walls of the intestine, muscles of iris of the eye, lining

of blood vessels etc.

c) CARDIAC MUSCLES-These are made up of fibres which are striated,

uninucleated and branched. These are involuntary in function.

LOCATION - Found in the walls of the heart.

NEURAL TISSUE-This tissue is made up of specialized elongated cells called neurons.

Neurons are the longest cells of the body. Each nerve cell consists of a cell body or

perikaryon or cyton containing the nucleus. Emerging from the cyton are dendrites and

axon. Axon is usually a long process and dendrites are short processes which arise out of

the cell body. Axons bundled together to form a nerve. The nerve tissue is concerned

with the perception and responses of animals.

Function of Nodes of Ranvier-Allows the rapid conduction of nerve impulses.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ASSIGNMENT:

Q) 1 Give location of each of the following:

a) Striated muscle.

b) Unstriated muscle.

c) Cardiac muscle.

Q) 2 Give difference between voluntary muscles and involuntary muscles.

Q) 3 Draw a well labeled diagram of a nerve cell.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Answer key of Biology Worksheet-9

Q1

a) Location-found in the lining surfaces of mouth and nasal cavities, blood vessels

b) Location-Found in skin and cornea.

c) Location-Found in some parts of kidney tubules.

d) Location-In the lining of trachea (windpipe)

Q2

a) Function-The cells of ciliated epithelium have thread like projections called cilia

which constantly keep lashing and move the materials which enter these regions.

b) Function-It stores fat and padding under the skin acts as an insulation for retaining

body heat.

Q3

a) Tendon connects muscle to bone and ligaments connect bone to bone.

b) Bone-It is hard porous tissue. It has a good supply of blood vessels and nerves and

Cartilage-It is soft non porous tissue. It is semi-transparent and elastic .It has no

blood vessels or nerves.

c) Blood-It is composed of liquid part plasma and cellular part red blood cells, white

blood cells and platelets.

Lymph-It is the fluid surrounding the body cells. It is composed of blood plasma

and white blood cells .It does not contain red blood cells.

Class 9 Commercial Studies Worksheet-8

JOINT STOCK COMPANY

When you think of all the largest companies in the world, these are not proprietorships or

partnerships. These companies are all joint stock companies. When dealing with business

on a fairly large scale, a joint stock company is the most suitable form of business

organisation.

The simplest way to describe a joint stock company is that it is a business organisation

that is owned jointly by all its shareholders. All the shareholders own a certain amount of

stock in the company, which is represented by their shares.

Professor Haney defines it as “a voluntary association of persons for profit, having the

capital divided into some transferable shares, and the ownership of such shares is the

condition of membership of the company.” Studying the features of a joint stock company

will clarify its structure.

Joint Stock Company is a voluntary association of persons to carry on the business. It is

an association of persons who contribute money which is called capital for some common

purpose. These persons are members of the company. The proportion of capital to which

each member is entitled is his share and every member holding such share is called

shareholders and the capital of the company is known as share capital. The Companies

Act 1956 defines a joint stock company as an artificial person created by law, having

separate legal entity from its owner with perpetual succession and a common seal.

Shareholders of Joint Stock Company have limited liability i.e liability limited by

guarantee or shares. Shares of such company are easily transferable. From the above

definition the following features of a Joint Stock Company can be easily identified:

1.Artificial Person : A Joint Stock Company is an artificial person as it does not

possess any physical attributes of a natural person and it is created by law. Thus, it

has a legal entity separate from its members.

2. Separate legal Entity : Being an artificial person a company has its own legal

entity separate from its members. It can own assets or property, enter into

contracts, sue or can be sued by anyone in the court of law. Its shareholders can

not be held liable for any conduct of the company.

3. Perpetual Succession : A company once formed continues to exist as long as it

is fulfilling all the conditions prescribed by the law. Its existence is not affected by

the death, insolvency or retirement of its members.

4. Limited liability of shareholders : Shareholders of a joint stock company are

only liable to the extent of shares they hold in a company not more than that. Their

liability is limited by guarantee or shares held by them.

5. Common Seal : Being an artificial person a joint stock company cannot sign

any documents thus this common seal is the company’s representative while

dealing with the outsiders. Any document having common seal and the signature

of the officer is binding on the company.

6. Transferability of Shares : Members of a joint stock company are free to

transfer their shares to anyone.

7. Capital : A joint stock company can raise large amount of capital by issuing its

shares.

8. Management : A joint stock company has a democratic management which is

managed by the elected representatives of shareholders, known as directors of the

company.

9. Membership : To form a private limited company minimum number of

members prescribed in the companies Act is 2 and the maximum number is 50.

But in the case of public limited company the minimum limit is 7 and no limit on

maximum number of members.

10. Formation : Generally a company is formed with the initiative of group of

members who are also known as promoters but it comes into existence after

completing all the formalities prescribed in Companies Act 1956.

OPC(ONE PERSON COMPANY)

Section 2(62) of Companies Act defines a one-person company as a company that

has only one person as to its member. Furthermore, members of a company are

nothing but subscribers to its memorandum of association, or its shareholders. So,

an OPC is effectively a company that has only one shareholder as its member.

Such companies are generally created when there is only one founder/promoter for

the business. Entrepreneurs whose businesses lie in early stages prefer to create

OPCs instead of sole proprietorship business because of the several advantages

that OPCs offer.

Q1. Define Joint stock company.

Q2. What do you understand by OPC (ONE PERSON COMPANY)?

Q3. What is meant by perpetual succession in joint stock company?

Q4. What do you understand by separate legal entity of a joint stock company?

Q5. What is common seal in joint stock company.

ANSWER KEY OF PREVIOUS WORKSHEET(PARTNERSHIP)

Ans:1 A partnership is a voluntary association of two or more persons who agree

to carry on some business jointly and share its profits and losses.

In other words, a partnership is a formal arrangement by two or more parties to

manage and operate a business and share its profits.

A partnership is an arrangement between two or more people to oversee

business operations and share its profits and liabilities.

In a general partnership company, all members share both profits and liabilities.

Ans:2 The features of partnership are as follows:

1. Sharing of profit : The agreement between the partners must be to share the

profits of a business. There can be no partnership without the intention of mutual

gain. The profits must be distributed among the partners in an agreed ratio.

Similarly, losses should be shared among the partners.

2.Mutual agency : Partnership business can be carried on by all the partners or by

any of them acting on behalf of the others. In other words, every partner is an

implied agent of the other partners and of the firm. Each partner is liable for acts

performed by other partners on behalf of the firm.

3.Utmost good faith : The relations between partners are based upon mutual trust

and confidence. Every partner is expected to act in the best interests of other partners

and of the firm as a whole. He must observe utmost good faith in all the dealings

with his co-partners. He must render true accounts and make no secret profits from

the business.

Ans:3

S.No. Basis of Distinction Sole Proprietorship Partnership

1. Number of owners One person Minimum – 2, Maximum – 50

2. Agreement No agreement is required

Agreement is essential.

3. Division of profits/loss

No division of profit and no sharing of risk

Division among the partners in agreed ratio.

4. Implied agency No implied agency Generally every partner is an implied agent of the firm.

5. Ownership and control

Not shared Shared by partners.

Ans:4 Limited liability partnership is a combination of both partnership and

corporation. It has the feature of both these forms. Partners have limited liability in the

company which means that personal assets of the partners are not used for paying off the

debts of the company. Nowadays it has become very popular form of business as many

entrepreneurs are opting this. There are a number of partners in the firm and hence they

are not liable or responsible for others misconduct. Every one is liable for their own acts.

*********************************************************************

Class 9 Maths Worksheet-10

QUESTION 1 : Prove that √3 is irrational.

Solution: Using long division method we are going to find the square root of 3

Since the division is non- repeating and non-terminating,

Hence, √3 is irrational..

REAL NUMBERS:

A real number is any number found on a number line. Every

natural number, every whole number, every integer, every

fraction, every rational number, every irrational numbers are real

numbers.

SURDS: A number that can't be simplified to remove a square root (or cube root

etc).

Examples: • √2 (square root of 2) can't be simplified further so it is a surd.

• √4 (square root of 4) can be simplified to 2, so it is NOT a surd.

RATIONALISING OF SURDS:

Suppose we are given a number whose denominator is irrational.

Then, the process of converting its denominator to a rational number, by multiplying its

numerator and denominator by a suitable number, is called rationalisation.

QUESTION 2:Rationalize the denominator of 4

√5

Solution: on multiplying the numerator and denominator of the given number by √5,

we get

4

√5 =

4

√5 x

√5

√5 =

4 √5

5

If the denominator is in the form of a ±√𝒃 or a ± c√𝒃 (where, b is a rational

number).

Then we have to multiply both the numerator and denominator by its conjugate.

a + √𝒃 and a - √𝒃 are conjugate of each other.

a + c√𝒃 and a - c√𝒃 are conjugate of each other.

QUESTION 3: Rationalise the denominator of 1

5+3√2

Solution: 1

5+3√2 =

1

5+3√2 x

5−3√2

5−3√2

=(5−3√2)

(5+3√2 )(5−3√2 )

= (5−3√2)

(5)2− (3√2)2 { using formula (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2 }

= 5−3 √2

25−18

= 5−3√2

7

If the denominator is in the form of √𝒂 ± √𝒃 (where a and b are rational numbers).

Then we have to multiply both the numerator and denominator by its conjugate.

√𝒂 + √𝒃 and √𝒂 - √𝒃 are conjugate of each other.

QUESTION 4: Rationalize the denominator 6+ √5

6− √5

Solution : 𝟔+ √𝟓

𝟔− √𝟓 x

6+ √5

6+ √5

=( 6+ √5)2

( 6 )2−(√5)2

= (6)2+ (√5)2+2 .6 .√5

36−5 { using the formula of (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑎)2 − (𝑏)2 }

=36+5+12 √5

31

= 41+12 √5

31

Question 5: If 2+ √3

2− √3 = x + y √3 , find the value of x and y.

Solution :

Now we have to compare the final answer with R.H.S

The values of x and y are 7 and 4 respectively.

QUESTION 6: If 𝑥 = 2 + √3, find the value of 𝑥2 + 1

𝑥2.

Solution: Given: 𝑥 = 2 + √3

1

𝑥=

1

2+ √3

1

𝑥=

1

2+ √3 x

2− √3

2− √3 { by rationalizing the denominator }

1

𝑥=

2− √3

(2)2− (√3)2

1

𝑥=

2− √3

4−3 = 2 – √3

Therefore, (𝑥 + 1

𝑥 ) =( 2 +√3 ) + (2 - √3 )= 4

Now, squaring both sides we get

(𝑥 + 1

𝑥 )2 = (4)2

𝑥2 + 1

𝑥2+ 2. 𝑥.

1

𝑥= 16 {applying the formula (a+b)2 }

𝑥2 + 1

𝑥2 = 16 − 2

Hence, 𝑥2 + 1

𝑥2 = 14

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTISE:

1. Rationalise the denominator of each of the following:

(i) 1

3+√5

(ii) 1

√6− √3

(iii) √3−1

√3+1

(iv) 6

√5− √3

(v) √3+ √2

√3− √2

2. If √3+1

√3−1 = a + b √3 , find the values of a and b.

3. If 5− √6

5+ √6 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 √3, , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏.

4. Simplify : √5+ √3

√5− √3+

√5− √3

√5+ √3 { HINT: solve each separately and then add}

5. If 𝑥 = 3 + √8, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥2 + 1

𝑥2

Answer key of Maths Worksheet-9

1. 17

20 ,

19

20

2. (i) 21

40 ,

11

20 ,

23

20 (ii)

−1

6 ,

−1

12 , 0 ,

1

12

3.

(i) Rational

(ii) Rational

(iii) Irrational

(iv) Irrational

(v) Rational

(vi) Rational

(vii) Irrational

(viii) Rational

(ix) Irrational

(x) Irrational

(xi) Rational

(xii) Irrational

(xiii) Irrational

(xiv) Rational

4. Rationals in U = { -8, √25 , −3

5 , 2. 4 ̅ , 0 }

Irrationals in U = {√8 , 𝜋, 3√5, −√3 }

5. (i) irrational (ii) irrational (iii) irrational (iv) irrational (v) rational

6. (i) 12

(ii)28 + 10√3

(iii)15 - 6√6

Class 9 Economics Worksheet-8

CONCEPT OF PRODUCTION

Production means creation of utility. Utility can be created in many ways. For

example, utility can be created by changing the form of a commodity.

By production we mean the process of creating various goods and services. Which

are consumed by the people of the country Production is a process in which some

materials are transformed from one form to other. Whatever is, used in the

production process is called an Input or a factor of production and whatever is

obtained from the process is an output.

A carpenter converts wood into the table, potter creates utility by converting mud

into utensils etc.

Creating utility is a necessary condition of any production activity.

Only those goods and services will be classified in production which possess the

following characteristics.

(a) These are created by human labour and capital.

(b)These are capable of satisfying human wants directly or as producers goods

(i.e. machines, raw materials etc.) indirectly.

(c)These have a cost of production and hence command price.

Hence ‘Production is a physical process carried out by an enterprise in which

labour and capital along with land are used to convert inputs into output of goods

and services. It can also be defined as activity that results in value added.’

FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Check the link: https://youtu.be/0LJtWaJDRIY

Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called

a factor of production.

All those things which help in production are generally grouped into two parts:

Factor Input and Non- factor Inputs.

Non-factor inputs consist of intermediate goods EXAMPLE -Raw material, fuel

etc. Factor Inputs are applied to convert them into finished goods. For instance,

raw cotton is an intermediate good (or non-factor input). When Labour and

Capital are applied on it, it gets converted into cotton yarn - a finished product.

Similarly, wood is a non-factor input which is used in making of furniture. By

using labour and capital, a producer converts wood into furniture. Remember,

non-factor inputs are of perishable nature. They generally lose their identity in

the production process.

Factor inputs (popularly known as factors of production) are of permanent nature.

They are used to convert intermediate goods into finished goods. They (factor

inputs) are the basic factors of production which are used in the production process.

Economists generally classify basic factors of production into four main groups viz.

Land, Labour, Capital, and Organisation .

LAND

As the Penguin Dictionary of Economics has put it: “Land in economics is taken to

mean not simply that part of the earth’s surface not covered by water, but also all

the free gifts of nature’s such as minerals, soil fertility, as also the resources of sea.

Land provides both space and specific resources”.

From the above definition, it is quite clear that land includes farming and building

land, forests, and mineral deposits. Fisheries, rivers, lakes, etc. all those natural

resources (or gifts of nature) which help us (the members of the society) to produce

useful goods and services.

Thus Land in economics, means not only the surface of the earth, but all those free

gifts of nature,the supply of which can be regulated.

LABOUR

By labour, we mean all types of human work - physical or mental - done with a view

to earn income.

Labour is also a primary factor of production. The distinctive feature of the factor

of production, called labour, is that it provides a human service. It refers to human

effect of any kind—physical and mental— which is directed to the production of

goods and services. ‘Labour’ is the collective name given to the productive services

embodied in human physical effort, skill, intellectual powers, etc. The term covers

clerical, managerial and administrative functions as well as skilled and unskilled

manual work.

CAPITAL

Capital- It is a stock, the amount of which can be increased by investment.

Capital is defined as the 'produced means of production'. There are two important

points in this definition. First, it is produced, i.e., it is produced by man (through

work on the natural resources) and is not a free gift of nature. Second, it is a means

of production, i.e., it is used as an input in producing other goods. It is not directly

consumed. Thus, different types of machines, raw materials, buses, trucks, rail

engines, ships etc., are examples of capital. Producers use these goods as factors of

production. So these goods are also called capital goods. Capital has, therefore, been

defined as ‘produced means of production.’ It is a man-made resource. To put it

more clearly, capital is that part of wealth which is not used for the purpose of

consumption but is utilized in the process of production. Economists use the term

capital to mean goods used for further production.

ORGANISATION

No production is possible without bringing these three factors of production

together and using them in right proportion. So there must be somebody to hire

them from their owners by paying rent, wages and interest as rewards and to decide

the quantities of each needed for production. This is known as organization.

Organisation refers to the services of an entrepreneur who controls, organises and

undertakes all risks. One who plans, organises and manages a business enterprise is

an organizer.

Organisation, as a factor of production, refers to the task of bringing land, labour

and capital together. It involves the establishment of co-ordination and co-operation

among these factors. The person in charge of organisation is known as an organiser

or an entrepreneur. So, the entrepreneur is the person who takes the charge of

supervising the organisation of production and of framing the necessary policy

regarding business.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

Q1. Define the term Production?

Q2. Name the four factors of Production?

Q3. Explain any two factors of Production in detail?

Answer Key of Economics Worksheet-7

Answers to the following Questions:

Q1. Define the term Wealth?

Ans: ‘Wealth refers to all the goods which can satisfy human wants and for which

payments are made’. OR Wealth has been defined as ‘Stock of goods existing at a given

time that have money value’

Q2. Describe any two basic characteristics of wealth?

Ans: Two basic characteristics are-

1. Utility -Wealth must have power to satisfy human wants. Any commodity which has no

utility cannot be termed as wealth. It must possess utility: That is, it must have the power

to satisfy a want. As Marshall says, ‘they must be desirable’.

2. Scarcity - Scarcity is another essential characteristic of wealth. To be wealth a

commodity must have scarcity in supply in relation to its demand. It must be limited in

supply. For example, air, sunshine are all essential for life. In fact, man cannot live without

them. They possess great utility but they are not considered wealth because they are

available in large quantities. Their supply is not limited. In other words, there is no scarcity

of those goods. Such goods are known as free goods.

Q3. Explain (Any) two forms of wealth?

Ans: Forms of Wealth or Classification of Wealth

Personal Wealth (Individual Wealth)

Wealth owned by an individual is called private or individual wealth

The wealth of a person consists of both material and non-material goods. Thus the wealth

of the person includes such material things as land, houses, furniture, machinery and so on.

Not only that, if a person has some shares in companies or bonds which require others to

pay money to him, they should be included in his personal wealth. On the other hand, if he

owes some debt to others, it should be regarded as negative wealth and so subtracted from

his gross wealth. Then we get the net wealth of a person. An individual may hold wealth in

the following forms - Cash in hand or at banks, Financial- assets such as bonds, shares of

companies, Real assets such as houses, farms, cars etc

Thus a person’s wealth is defined as the stock of all transferable goods owned by any

person.

Social Wealth (Collective Wealth)

Social wealth consists of all these goods that can be enjoyed by all members of a society.

Social wealth includes public roads, public parks, public schools, government hospitals,

public libraries, museums and so on. In short, it includes all kinds of public property and

ownership. Most of these things are called collective goods, i.e., goods that are not in

private ownership.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Class 9 Physical Education Worksheet-8

The Human Anatomy and Physiology

Fore Limb- Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals and Phalanges

Humerus

The humerus is the bone in upper arm.

It runs from the shoulder to the elbow.

It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder and with the radius and ulna at the

elbow.

It is the largest bone of the upper limb.

It has two extremities and a shaft.

Radius: The radius is slightly smaller than ulna. It pivots around ulna to produce

movement at radio-ulnar joint. It is a bone with a shaft and two extremities.

Ulna: The ulna is slightly larger than the radius. It is a long bone. It has two extremities

and a shaft.

Carpals: There are eight carpal bones in each wrist.

These bones are arranged in two rows i.e. four bones

in each row. The shape of carpals is irregular.

Metacarpals: There are five metacarpals bones in each

Hand. Each bone has a shaft and two extremities. These

bones articulates with carpals and phalanges.

Phalanges: The phalanges are also long bones. Each

bone has a shaft and two extremities. There are

fourteen phalanges, three in each finger and two in

thumb.

Spine- Vertebral Column

Vertebrae: There are 33 vertebrae or vertebral bones in

vertebral column. The vertebrae in human vertebral

column are named according to the region they occupy.

1. Cervical: 7 Vertebrae

2. Thoracic: 12 Vertebrae

3. Lumbar: 5 Vertebrae

4. Sacrum: 5 Vertebrae

5. Coccyx: 4 Vertebrae

Hip- Pelvis

Pelvis: Pelvis is the lower trunk of the human body between abdomen and the thighs.

Pelvis is divided into two- True pelvis and false pelvis.

Pelvis provides support for various muscles and ligaments used during

locomotion.

They also provide support to abdominal viscera.

They transfer weight from upper axial skeleton to the lower appendicular

components of skeleton.

Hind Limbs- Femur, Patella, Fibula, Tibia, Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phalanges.

Femur: The femur is also called thigh bone.

It is the single bone of the thigh region.

It is the longest and strongest bone of the body.

It accounts for approximately ¼ of a person’s

total height

It is long bone with a shaft and two extremities.

All the body weight is supported by the femur

during activities such as running, jumping,

walking and standing.

It runs from hip to knee.

Patella: The patella is derived from latin means

‘small plate’.

It is also known as knee cap.

It articulates with the femur and covers and

protects articular surface of the knee joint.

It is situated on the front of the knee joint.

The function of patella is knee extension.

It is attached to the tendon of the quadriceps

muscle, which contracts to extend or

straighten the knee.

Fibula: The fibula or calf bone is long, thin and

lateral bone of the lower leg.

It runs parallel to the tibia or shin bone.

It is smaller of the two bones.

It plays a significant role in stabilizing the ankle and supporting the muscles of the

lower leg.

It has a shaft and two extremities.

Tibia: The tibia is also known as shin bone

It is larger and stronger of the two lower leg bones.

It forms the knee joint with femur and ankle joint with the fibula and tarsals.

It carries the weight of the body from femur to the feet.

It has a shaft and two extremities.

Tarsals: There are seven tarsal bones

These bones are arranged in three rows.

These bones build the connection between lower

leg and metatarsals.

These bones support the weight of the body in

standing.

Metatarsals: There are five metatarsal bones.

These are long bones with a shaft and two extremities.

The first metatarsal is thick and short, whereas, the second metatarsal is the

longest.

Phalanges: The phalanges are the bones that make up the toes of the foot.

There are fourteen phalanges in the foot.

There are three types of phalanges i.e. proximal, intermediate and distal.

Proximal phalanges articulate with the metatarsals.

The intermediate phalanges are the small phalanges in the middle of the toes.

The distal phalanges are the bones farthest away from the body.

Questions

1. Discuss about pelvis.

2. Give brief description of femur.

3. What is patella?

4. Discuss about fibula.

5. Discuss about tibia and its functions.

6. Briefly explain about vertebral column.

7. Discuss about tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Class 9 Computer Application Worksheet-8

INTRODUCTION TO JAVA

Object Oriented Programming (OOPs) Concept in Java

Object-oriented programming: As the name suggests, Object-Oriented Programming

or OOPs refers to languages that uses objects in programming. Object-oriented

programming aims to implement real-world entities like inheritance, hiding,

polymorphism etc in programming. The main aim of OOP is to bind together the data

and the functions that operate on them so that no other part of the code can access this

data except that function.

OR

Object-oriented programming System(OOPs) is a programming paradigm based on the

concept of “objects” that contain data and methods. The primary purpose of object-

oriented programming is to increase the flexibility and maintainability of programs.

Object oriented programming brings together data and its behaviour(methods) in a single

location(object) makes it easier to understand how a program works.

We will cover each and every feature of OOPs in detail so that you won’t face any

difficultly understanding OOPs Concepts.

OOPs Concepts :

Object

Class

Abstraction

Encapsulation

Polymorphism

Inheritance

Core OOPS concepts are

1) Object

An object can be defined as an instance of a class, and there can be multiple instances of

a class in a program. An Object contains both the data and the function, which operates

on the data. For example - chair, bike, marker, pen, table, car, etc.

2) Class

The class is a group of similar entities. It is only an logical component and not the

physical entity. For example, if you had a class called “Expensive Cars” it could have

objects like Mercedes, BMW, Toyota, etc. Its properties(data) can be price or speed of

these cars. While the methods may be performed with these cars are driving, reverse,

braking etc.

3) Inheritance

Inheritance is an OOPS concept in which one object acquires the properties and

behaviours of the parent object. It’s creating a parent-child relationship between two

classes. It offers robust and natural mechanism for organizing and structure of any

software.

4) Polymorphism

Polymorphism refers to the ability of a variable, object or function to take on multiple

forms. For example, in English, the verb run has a different meaning if you use it with a

laptop, a foot race, and business. Here, we understand the meaning of run based on the

other words used along with it.The same also applied to Polymorphism.

5) Abstraction

An abstraction is an act of representing essential features without including background

details. It is a technique of creating a new data type that is suited for a specific

application. For example, while driving a car, you do not have to be concerned with its

internal working. Here you just need to concern about parts like steering wheel, Gears,

accelerator, etc.

6) Encapsulation

Encapsulation is an OOP technique of wrapping the data and code. In this OOPS concept,

the variables of a class are always hidden from other classes. It can only be accessed

using the methods of their current class. For example - in school, a student cannot exist

without a class.

Advantages of OOPS:

OOP offers easy to understand and a clear modular structure for programs.

Objects created for Object-Oriented Programs can be reused in other programs.

Thus it saves significant development cost.

Large programs are difficult to write, but if the development and designing team

follow OOPS concept then they can better design with minimum flaws.

It also enhances program modularity because every object exists independently.

ASSIGNMENT

Q1. What do you understand by OOP ?

Q2. Describe any three features or concepts of OOPs other than object and class.