21
CHAPTER
TWO
REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
22
Chapter 2
Review of Literature
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Purpose of Literature Review
2.3 Kinds of Sources
2.4 Previous Studies
2.5 References
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Chapter 2
Review of Literature
2.1 Introduction
A Literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points
of current knowledge on a particular topic. The literature review usually
precedes a research proposal, methodology and results section. Its ultimate
goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and
forms the basis for another goal, such as the justification for future research in
the area.
Those undertaking a literature review must provide a comprehensive and
up-to-date overview of the principal scholarly research and expert opinion
relating to their topic. The review helps form the intellectual framework for
their paper, report, thesis, or dissertation research. In writing a review the
researcher is gained thorough knowledge of the subject area being studied.
The literature review should contain the most pertinent related studies and
show an awareness of important past research and practices and promising
current research and practices in the field. A review of the literature is:
• A "re" view or "look again" at what has already been written about the
topic.
• A compilation of the research that has been published on a topic by
recognized scholars and researchers.
• Defined by a guiding concept. It is not just a descriptive list of the
material available, or a set of summaries.
• A background for the problem, the researcher put the problem into
historical perspective and, shows how others handled similar problems
in the past.
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A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it
usually has is a recap of the important information of the source, but a
synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information. It might
give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old
interpretations or it might trace the intellectual progression of the field,
including major debates. And depending on the situation, the literature review
may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or
relevant.
According to Cooper (1988) "A literature review uses as its database
reports of primary or original scholarship, and does not report new primary
scholarship itself. The primary reports used in the literature may be verbal,
but in the vast majority of cases reports are written documents. The types of
scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, critical, analytic, or methodological
in nature. Second a literature review seeks to describe, summarise, evaluate,
clarify and integrate the content of primary reports".1
The review of relevant literature is nearly always a standard chapter of a
thesis or dissertation. The review forms an important chapter in a thesis
where its purpose is to provide the background to and justification for the
research undertaken; Bruce (1994) has identified six elements of a literature
review. These elements comprise a list; a search; a survey; a vehicle for
learning; a research facilitator; and a report.
1 Cooper, H.M. (1988) Integration research: a guide for literature reviews, 2nd ed, sage publication, new bury park, Calife.
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2.2 Purpose of Literature Review
• To identify gaps in the literature
• To avoid reinventing the wheel (at the very least this will save time and
it can stop you from making the same mistakes as others)
• To carry on from where others have already reached (reviewing the
field allows you to build on the platform of existing knowledge and ideas)
• To identify other people working in the same fields (a researcher
network is a valuable resource)
• To increase your breadth of knowledge of your subject area
• To identify seminal works in your area
• To provide the intellectual context for your own work, enabling you
• To position your project relative to other work
• To identify opposing views
• To put your work into perspective
• To demonstrate that you can access previous work in an area
• To identify information and ideas that may be relevant to your project
• To identify methods that could be relevant to your project.
The purpose of a literature review is to convey to the reader what
knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what are the
strengths and weaknesses. The literature review allows the reader to be
brought up to date regarding the state of research in the field and familiarizes
the reader with any contrasting perspectives and viewpoints on the topic.
26
2.3 Kinds of Sources
E documents it’s a literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other
sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular
issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical
evaluation of each work. Sources include documentary sources, primary,
secondary and tertiary information sources. The primary sources are the first to
appear. Secondary sources come out next. The tertiary sources are the last to
appear. There is need to consult a wide range of information sources. Informal
sources include contact with peers, colleagues, other researchers, faculty liaison
librarian, and his/her supervisor. Just as important as the network of informal
contacts are the formal sources, such as:
Books, Theses, Dissertations, Journals, Newspapers, Encyclopedias,
Bibliographies, Maps , Indexes abstracts Printed, Hand books, Conference
proceedings, Research papers, Standards, Statistics, Government legislation,
Internet, World wide web, Electronic databases, etc.
2.4 previous studies
Several studies have been done on topic “Network of university libraries in
Iraq". Therefore a researcher has to survey the available literature relating to
her topic, including Journals, Books and Theses, such as:
2.4.1 Articles
Qandilji, A.A (1986) had done important study on university libraries in
Iraq. It discusses information network and the possibility application in Iraq.
The study included of only six university libraries in Iraq. Also gives historical
overview about those libraries and the need for information network. It gives
details about collection, users, staff, computers, hardware, software, internet,
databases…etc.
27
Gakher A.P. (1992) discussed regarding network development among
South & South West Asia countries concept of network & recourse sharing of
information and possibilities of information transmission & networking. But
problems arising in network development between South & South West Asia
were not discussed.
Hicks, Alison & Tedd, Lucy (1995) suggested that through connecting
medical colleges libraries in UK with networking plenty of books & journals
can be utilized & stored at lower cost. It facilities easy transfer of data and
increases the other services. It also discussed various projects conducted in
UK. This article includes the project health libraries & information network
(HECIN,NIMR, & OMNT) Organizing Medical Network Information). All
objective of these projects is to connect all libraries of medical colleges in UK
, with www network and develop them. But this article didn’t discuss the
problem of networking , co-ordination of libraries, networking configuration
and cost aspect.
Stoker, Devid (1995) The author attended 19th annual conference for
Agriculture Information Association for Australia at Malwora university. It was
sponsored by International Association of Agriculture Information specialists,
discussed connected libraries with each other with the help of networking to
collect information relating Agriculture. He also narrated that networking
helpful to provide information service relating to agriculture field and research
work. He emphasized only on Australia but not included other agro-based
nations of the world to connect agriculture information network.
Larry L. Peterson & Bruce S. Davie (1996) gives details about computer
network system with a quick introduction to basic networking concepts, then
look at abstract protocol implementation in the context of the x-kernel system
(fragments of code from which are used throughout to illustrate
implementation issues). They very broadly follow the standard network layers
28
upwards, and link issues (Ethernets and token-rings, encoding, framing, and
error detection); on packet switching and routing; on bridges, internetworking,
IP and IPv6, DNS, and multicast; on end-to-end protocols (UDP, TCP, RPC,
and performance issues); and on end-to-end data (presentation, encryption,
compression). Also discusses congestion control (especially in TCP
implementations) and high-speed networking.
Gopinath M.A. (1998) described the qualitative information collection
through network, basic network elements and model of library & information
network. It is the limitation of this article that there is no discussion about
types of network, its topology & network configuration.
Rowley, Jennifer & Slack, Frames (1999) discussed in their article distils
the views obtained from a number of conversation and interviews with staff
associated with CALICO ( Cape Libraries Cooperative) and GAELIC (
Gauteng and Environs Library Consortium) during a study visit in Dec. 1997
Not the six library co-operation in south Africa. FRELICO (Free State Library
Cooperative). SEALS (South Eastern Academic Library System) (ATNIP,
EASEL) (Eastern Seaboard Libraries) CALICO & GAELIC present two case
studies of CALICO & GAELIC focusing on mission structure and
management and activities concludes that CALICO & GAELIC and the other
library co-operatives and consortia in South Africa have been formed at a
time when the challenges facing the new South Africa and in particular,
higher education in South Africa are considerable. Their objectives and
activities reflect the issues facing the management of library resources in
higher education in South Africa including the increasing cost of periodical
subscription leading library managers to seek collaborative acquisition
strategies and to consider the potential of electronic periodicals and other
forms of electronic documents delivery.
29
Raina Roshan (2000) studied possibilities of connecting libraries&
information centers to network for exchange of information within the libraries
of laboratory of education & research institute situated at luck now. He
discussed the required hardware & software, as well as network architecture
and training for manpower development.
Hi yeao kim (2000) discussed how information services can be enriched
by connecting, only single network in Singapore by national library board .
Singapore is the first nation of world having national wide broadband network.
It also discussed how the services of library and information center can be
widening through one high band width network & cable modem.
Shipp John (2002) discussed the utility of Australians library network &
the services performed by it in development of the national network more over
it provides guidelines and inspiration in the development of national library
network. It has not covered the problems involved in development of national
library network and the remedial steps for it.
According to Gonsai Atul & Soni Nilesh (2004) the consortium technology
for a library is significant. The library network and its security are major issues
for the library professionals. Libraries and information centers are changing
rapidly towards digitization. Now a day’s stand- alone computer is of no use. It
must be on network to utilize the resource. Computer networking involves
connecting desktop computer, laptop, hubs, switches and other connectivity
devices library professional require inside planning in establishment library
network is respect of data transmission speed and library application. This
paper present model for library networks from low bandwidth application to
the multimedia rich high bandwidth intensive library application.
30
Kumar P.S.K (2004) discussed in depth about definition, objectives,
types & application of network, also discussed the problem involved in library
network as well as merits & demerits of library network .
Manoj Kumar Sinha & Kishor Chandra Satpathy (2004), discuses library
automation & networking for managing library & information services. It also
gives idea about library & information center has been playing an important
role in extending requisite services to its users. In the age of information
communication technology, computers are being used for the house keeping
activity of the library. It discusses the scenario of use of information
technology in library services. It has also started using multi-media, digital
computers with latest software, hardware (configuration) with communication
devices and teleconferencing device, digital web camera, etc, for information
storage processing, retrieval & dissemination of information, creation of
databases, and housekeeping of library operations. It also discusses IT based
library and information services like searching of in-house data bases, through
OPAC, CD-ROM databases searching, on –line databases, E- journal through
Internet. Also gives details about establishment of INFLIBNET& other
networks have been bringing new changes in the automation library services,
information management and networking.
Kristina, Hormia Poutanen & others (2006) discussed about consortia
model applied in more than 180 organization in more than 40 European
consortia . There are three main models (1) National Centralized Model (2)
National decentralized model & (3) Regional models national centralized
model is a typical model. Nurdie consortia is an illustration of it. France is an
example of National decentralized model. French & Flemish speaking
universities have their own consortium which is known as regional
concertina. In Finland , finelif consortium provides resources through the
National Electronic Library programme for higher education, research &
31
learning 19,500 journals, 230 database & 23000 e- books , dictionary, hand
book & software were acquired & maximum information was collected
through acquisition & consortium of all libraries located in Finland.
Konnur, P.V. & Ragavan, S.S. (2007) have written the paper entitled
"Bangalore University Academic Library Network (BALNET)". It gives an overview
of it proposed network model for Bangalore University. The university has a central
library at a sprawling campus called Jnana Bharati and branch library in the heart
of the city at the central college campus. All the 440 affiliated colleges have
independent libraries. A number of libraries have already computerized their
housekeeping operations and created bibliographical databases of their
collections. It also discusses the need, importance, architecture and objectives of
the proposed academic library network and benefits foreseen. The Project is called
as “Bangalore University Academic Library Network (BALNET)”.
Pantelis N. Karamolegkos, Charalampos Patrikakis & Emmanuel
Protonotarios (2008) have written about autonomic networking refers to a
recently emerged communications paradigm that uses distributed techniques
( swarm intelligence-based methods) and distributed hash tables to implement
traditional functionalities of networking, including among others, routing,
service and resource discovery, addressing, load balancing, etc. The shift of
interest toward the autonomic networking approach has been mainly
motivated by the pervasion of novel algorithms into relevant fields of computer
communication science. These innovative techniques have been greatly
alleviated by their fusion with already established solutions and applications
(i.e., agent-based systems, network middleware development, etc.) so as to
form a new ever-evolving landscape in networking. Also authors discussed
about new challenges by specific recently emerged forms of networking such
as peer- to- peer (P2P), ad-hoc, and sensor networks. Currently, there is an
ongoing worldwide research activity spanning the range of traditional and
32
modern thematic fields of computer communications, including but not limited
to the aforementioned areas.
Somvir Sudha Kaushik (2009) has discussed the impact of information
technology in the academic library & library automation, networking and
digitalization of academic Networking system at the national and local levels
are described. It has includes details about INFLIBNET, CALIBNET, DELNET,
BONET, and NICNET. Indexing of documents, Abstracting, Preparation of
thesaurus, compilation of union catalogue, bibliography, inter library loan,
reproduction of documents and searching and providing relevant information
etc. It has discussed the use of Information technology in Libraries helps to
give better services to the end user and the stock of knowledge used in a
better way for the development of academic libraries.
Shiva Kanauji Sukula (2009) reflects the networked information
environment with emphasis on information service in ch. Charan Singh
University, Meerut, India. It gives idea about networked information service,
electronic library, and information systems library structure of modern
academic systems. It discusses academic networked environment, strategies
& options in university libraries and transformation in higher education by
using networks and networked information. It also highlight on university
libraries, its components and technical details of networking and key
underlying factors affecting use of technology. The paper gives an overview of
networked information services in ch.charan singh university, Meerut, India
and useful to librarians to discern the gradual change towards establishing
network in center for higher learning (universities).
Vasanth N. & Mahesh V. Mudhol (2009) have given plan for the
establishment of networking, in technical libraries to provide electronic
resources in networked environment, with networking technology of Internet. It
33
is possible to form any number of logical networks using the net as the back-
bone. It also discusses library & information system networking in India, by
utilizing the support of the regional and national level networking. Also gives
details about many technical libraries and their own network existing within
their own location. It describes these networks can be expanded to enhance
the access to the information resources through collaborative partnerships, in
the form of consortia. This paper also discusses the library networking
INDEST, and AICTI consortium.
Utschick Wolfgang, Boche Holger & Mathar Rudolf (2010) presents
monographs about fundamental topics and trends in signal processing,
communications networking and information technology. Also focuses on
mathematical foundations and methodologies for the understanding, modeling
and optimization of technical systems driven by information technology.
Zahiruddin Khurshid (2010) the study discusses university libraries &
networking in Saudi Arabia have wasted much time and money in carrying out
automation activities on their own. It also gives details about some universities
which have acquired the same library application software,” DOBIS/LIBIS”,
which has an excellent network capability waiting to be exploited. The paper
presents a conceptual model based on the network structure of DOBIS/LIBIS.
The infrastructure of the network, and can greatly help in the realization of
network goals. The King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Library
has the necessary resources and capabilities to become a central node in the
network and to host a union catalog of participating libraries
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2.4.2 Books
Pandey S.K. Sharma ( 1995) gives idea regarding the concept of library
network existed before computer invaded libraries .According to him application
of computers it certainly become easy to any part of the world instantaneously at
less cost without any difficulty and that also without parting with the documents
physically. That computerized networking continues to attract the attention of
libraries & Information systems. Computer network is connected & interlinked
computer systems, or information communication system. It also discusses
network refers to inter linked libraries, or a system in which many library points, it
stretched across a locality, city, state, region, nation or the world are linked each
other for information communication. Networking, context of libraries, ensures
high degree of resource sharing among libraries by linking the collection of a
group of libraries and accessing these on one’s own computer terminal. It is a
common experience that at one hand financial resources of libraries are
shrinking & on the other hand the cost of books and periodicals are touching sky
heights. Subscriptions refer of periodical publications & reference books have
become exorbitant and beyond the reach of each library. In such a situation it is
expected for libraries to enter in to resource sharing through computerized
networking. Information today is being published with such a speed & in such a
bulk. The scholar does not have time & facility to trace and go through all that is
being published in his/her field of specialization. Students & researchers today
are becoming more and more multidisciplinary and hence a researcher is not
satisfied with the specialized collection of his/her library. In order to encounter the
pressure created by knowledge explosion. It is essential to develop computerized
networking among libraries. The Information in machine readable form or on
paper as the choice may be. Therefore it is essential to develop well knit
computerized networking facilities among libraries at local, regional, national and
international levels. He has also discussed about type, and topology of network,
its advantage & disadvantage, transmission channel, and standards, etc.
35
Kaul, H.K. (1999) discusses library resource sharing and networking, It
highlights the impact of the growing information & knowledge on resource sharing.
It gives historical overview of library cooperation and resource sharing in different
parts of the world. It describes the library networks, their services and models and
includes the network scenario in the U.S, Australia, South Africa, Sweden, Russia,
China and Thailand. It includes growth of Indian library networks with special
reference to DELNET. It has also discussed Resource sharing tools such as
databases, national bibliographic databases, digital library, internet, union lists and
catalogues, etc. It has also covered 7 modes of document delivery. It has
discussed about resource sharing technology & Manpower needs. It highlights
user's problems and issues that have a direct bearing on resource sharing. A
detailed discussion on barriers of resource sharing , functional model of resource
sharing and its management, future of resource sharing, in digital environment
have been discussed.
Sumath, G. (1999) discusses resource sharing and networking of
university libraries, its close study of the university libraries in Andhra Pradesh
against the background of initiatives in the direction of resource sharing taken
by UGC and other Central Government Agencies. It focuses on resource
sharing and networking of university libraries. It describes the library is the
“heart of the university" and the success of the academic programmers
depends on the library facilities and service. It deals with use of computer and
telecommunications technology in library and information science, it overview
new information technology, resources sharing and networking of university
libraries. It focuses on recourse sharing objectives, needs, methods, types, in
university libraries. Also deals with global and Indian scenario of networks,
and international scene, the concept of inter-library loan, union catalogues,
co- operative acquisitions, co-operative cataloging, Also covers networking of
the university libraries, & objectives of a successful library network, network
models, function, services and advantages. Also refer standards for
information handling.
36
Lyer V. K. (1999) discusses networking and the future of libraries. It
focuses on public library system resource sharing and networking. It gives a
brief note on the purpose and participating libraries and the state network
should eventually connect with the national level. It includes details about
library automation and networking in India, all type of libraries public,
academic, & special library. It includes the efforts for automation software as
well as library and information networking in India, specially made by
NICNET, INDONET, INFLIBNET, and DELNET. It deals with Information
Technology, automated library system and the need for building the
information technology infrastructure. It refer to history of cooperative
networking and interlibrary lending, Internet, services, Gopher, WWW. HTTP,
TCP/IP protocol software, LAN and MAN networks. It focuses use of on
advanced technology in India; it describes national Information system for
science and Technology (NISSAT) & its efforts to establish Sectoral
Information Centers (SICs) with the object of creating Information awareness
and to meet the information needs of scientists, technologists, academicians,
entrepreneurs, management executives and decision-makers. Also covers
OCLC, RLG/RLIN, WLN, Sagar, P.V. (2005) gives details about the network
concept includes the development of cooperative systems of libraries, at
state, national and even international level. History of interlibrary loan, early
sponsors of interlibrary loan with networking began to develop on a national
scale with the activities of the LC. It focuses network meaning and scope, the
need of resource sharing in libraries. It also gives methods and techniques of
library resource sharing through networking refer to computerized information
system. It discusses important resource sharing through computer networks in
higher education, and the data communication through packet switching,
software for libraries, document delivery, NICNET (Satellite Based
Government Informatics Network) etc.
37
Amjad Ali (2007) presents monographs about digital libraries Information
networks, and trends in technology communication. He describes the concept
of digital library, & human computer interaction, document management &
retrieval. Also some popular digital libraries & Information networks have been
discussed in detail, which have been developed and operated internationally
as well as within the country. India has developed some very reputed
information network. Also gives idea about International and Indian networks.
S.P. Singh (2008) indicates development of library network, and electronic
media in the field of Information technology. The major issues described in
this work such as use of computer & telecommunication in library network,
hardware, cataloguing videos in library, minicomputer & academic library.
Charles R. Mcclure & Jon Carlo Bertot (2008) present numbers of
perspectives on evaluating networked Information services & resources
sharing. Also discuss definition of networks, networked services, evaluations,
and assessment in a networked context. Authors try to draw increased
attention to the need and importance of evaluating networked Information
services. Equally important is to demonstrate that considerable thinking about
this topic is occurring innovative ideas & techniques are being tried, and new
approaches to assess networked services are also developed.
Dr Amrit Pal Kaur & Rajeev Manhas (2010) discuss regarding uses of
networking, networking components, their application physical media etc.
They have also included network architecture, type, topologies, genesis,
development & services of Internet, global digital libraries.
38
2.4.3 Theses
One of the most prominent Arab study by Younis, A.M. (1983) dealing
with university libraries networks. The study was undertaken for award of Ph.
D degree in Department of Library and Information Science. It discusses
resource sharing and Information network for academic and special libraries
in Jordan university of Pittsburgh. The study also discusses the possibility of
building an information network and identifies the elements of networking of
university libraries. The hypotheses of "participation in the resources and
adopt a collaborative work among the libraries in Jordan will be able to
achieve better services and help to build information network". It also gives
many of the most important results "that the library has scientific information
and that the libraries of the Jordanian universities and Yarmouk university are
the richest and largest libraries both in resources, budget, staff, and collection,
however, the most libraries suffer from economic constraints. The cooperation
between libraries is limited to the exchange and gifts services, so there is a
need for cooperation and to establish an information network. The study gives
plan includes providing information about acquisition, indexing,
cataloging, and circulation.
Rawal C. N. (2001) gives details about modernization of university
libraries in India. It was undertaken for award of Ph. D degree in Department
of Library and Information Science, S P university under the guidance of Prof.
M.K.R. Naidu. It also discusses the impact of IT and its applications on
university libraries in India and the need for modernization of university
libraries with particular reference to UGC, INFLIBNET programme. It also
includes information from ancient and medieval period up to the 20th century
on technology, from Stone Age to information age. It covers ancient libraries
from 3000 B.C starts from the Sumerian, Babylonian, and Assyrian in Iraq and
developments from Nalanda, Taxsila. Also covers different media of print from
Stone Age to paper media, to microform, microfiche and micro media to
39
computer media and paperless society. It also covers the CD-ROM, virtual,
computer disks, bar coding, multimedia and networking of libraries,
development of academic libraries and the role of UGC in this direction,
Dr.Ranganathans contribution in development of academic libraries in India,
the policy of UGC for the development of university libraries. It discusses
impact of information technology specially computer, computer generation,
infrastructure of computer, software development, communication, resource
sharing, networking, information policy of India. Also deals with evolution of
INFLIBNET program, its services objectives, and efforts in modernization of
university libraries.
Thaker, U.A. (2002), most important study regarding computerization of
university libraries in Gujarat state. The study was undertaken for award of
Ph.D degree in Department of Library and Information Science, S P University
under the guidance of Prof. M.K.R. Naidu explain rule of university library in
higher education, & establishes needs for computerization in university library.
Also include history and development of university libraries from ancient
period up to 21st century. She describes the impacts of computer,
communization and IT on libraries. She has examined possibilited to
computerization & networking in university libraries in Gujarat. It has provided
an action plan for computerization & networking.
40
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