21

CHAPTER

TWO

REVIEW OF

LITERATURE

22

Chapter 2

Review of Literature

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Purpose of Literature Review

2.3 Kinds of Sources

2.4 Previous Studies

2.5 References

23

Chapter 2

Review of Literature

2.1 Introduction

A Literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points

of current knowledge on a particular topic. The literature review usually

precedes a research proposal, methodology and results section. Its ultimate

goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and

forms the basis for another goal, such as the justification for future research in

the area.

Those undertaking a literature review must provide a comprehensive and

up-to-date overview of the principal scholarly research and expert opinion

relating to their topic. The review helps form the intellectual framework for

their paper, report, thesis, or dissertation research. In writing a review the

researcher is gained thorough knowledge of the subject area being studied.

The literature review should contain the most pertinent related studies and

show an awareness of important past research and practices and promising

current research and practices in the field. A review of the literature is:

• A "re" view or "look again" at what has already been written about the

topic.

• A compilation of the research that has been published on a topic by

recognized scholars and researchers.

• Defined by a guiding concept. It is not just a descriptive list of the

material available, or a set of summaries.

• A background for the problem, the researcher put the problem into

historical perspective and, shows how others handled similar problems

in the past.

24

A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it

usually has is a recap of the important information of the source, but a

synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information. It might

give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old

interpretations or it might trace the intellectual progression of the field,

including major debates. And depending on the situation, the literature review

may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or

relevant.

According to Cooper (1988) "A literature review uses as its database

reports of primary or original scholarship, and does not report new primary

scholarship itself. The primary reports used in the literature may be verbal,

but in the vast majority of cases reports are written documents. The types of

scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, critical, analytic, or methodological

in nature. Second a literature review seeks to describe, summarise, evaluate,

clarify and integrate the content of primary reports".1

The review of relevant literature is nearly always a standard chapter of a

thesis or dissertation. The review forms an important chapter in a thesis

where its purpose is to provide the background to and justification for the

research undertaken; Bruce (1994) has identified six elements of a literature

review. These elements comprise a list; a search; a survey; a vehicle for

learning; a research facilitator; and a report.

1 Cooper, H.M. (1988) Integration research: a guide for literature reviews, 2nd ed, sage publication, new bury park, Calife.

25

2.2 Purpose of Literature Review

• To identify gaps in the literature

• To avoid reinventing the wheel (at the very least this will save time and

it can stop you from making the same mistakes as others)

• To carry on from where others have already reached (reviewing the

field allows you to build on the platform of existing knowledge and ideas)

• To identify other people working in the same fields (a researcher

network is a valuable resource)

• To increase your breadth of knowledge of your subject area

• To identify seminal works in your area

• To provide the intellectual context for your own work, enabling you

• To position your project relative to other work

• To identify opposing views

• To put your work into perspective

• To demonstrate that you can access previous work in an area

• To identify information and ideas that may be relevant to your project

• To identify methods that could be relevant to your project.

The purpose of a literature review is to convey to the reader what

knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what are the

strengths and weaknesses. The literature review allows the reader to be

brought up to date regarding the state of research in the field and familiarizes

the reader with any contrasting perspectives and viewpoints on the topic.

26

2.3 Kinds of Sources

E documents it’s a literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other

sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular

issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical

evaluation of each work. Sources include documentary sources, primary,

secondary and tertiary information sources. The primary sources are the first to

appear. Secondary sources come out next. The tertiary sources are the last to

appear. There is need to consult a wide range of information sources. Informal

sources include contact with peers, colleagues, other researchers, faculty liaison

librarian, and his/her supervisor. Just as important as the network of informal

contacts are the formal sources, such as:

Books, Theses, Dissertations, Journals, Newspapers, Encyclopedias,

Bibliographies, Maps , Indexes abstracts Printed, Hand books, Conference

proceedings, Research papers, Standards, Statistics, Government legislation,

Internet, World wide web, Electronic databases, etc.

2.4 previous studies

Several studies have been done on topic “Network of university libraries in

Iraq". Therefore a researcher has to survey the available literature relating to

her topic, including Journals, Books and Theses, such as:

2.4.1 Articles

Qandilji, A.A (1986) had done important study on university libraries in

Iraq. It discusses information network and the possibility application in Iraq.

The study included of only six university libraries in Iraq. Also gives historical

overview about those libraries and the need for information network. It gives

details about collection, users, staff, computers, hardware, software, internet,

databases…etc.

27

Gakher A.P. (1992) discussed regarding network development among

South & South West Asia countries concept of network & recourse sharing of

information and possibilities of information transmission & networking. But

problems arising in network development between South & South West Asia

were not discussed.

Hicks, Alison & Tedd, Lucy (1995) suggested that through connecting

medical colleges libraries in UK with networking plenty of books & journals

can be utilized & stored at lower cost. It facilities easy transfer of data and

increases the other services. It also discussed various projects conducted in

UK. This article includes the project health libraries & information network

(HECIN,NIMR, & OMNT) Organizing Medical Network Information). All

objective of these projects is to connect all libraries of medical colleges in UK

, with www network and develop them. But this article didn’t discuss the

problem of networking , co-ordination of libraries, networking configuration

and cost aspect.

Stoker, Devid (1995) The author attended 19th annual conference for

Agriculture Information Association for Australia at Malwora university. It was

sponsored by International Association of Agriculture Information specialists,

discussed connected libraries with each other with the help of networking to

collect information relating Agriculture. He also narrated that networking

helpful to provide information service relating to agriculture field and research

work. He emphasized only on Australia but not included other agro-based

nations of the world to connect agriculture information network.

Larry L. Peterson & Bruce S. Davie (1996) gives details about computer

network system with a quick introduction to basic networking concepts, then

look at abstract protocol implementation in the context of the x-kernel system

(fragments of code from which are used throughout to illustrate

implementation issues). They very broadly follow the standard network layers

28

upwards, and link issues (Ethernets and token-rings, encoding, framing, and

error detection); on packet switching and routing; on bridges, internetworking,

IP and IPv6, DNS, and multicast; on end-to-end protocols (UDP, TCP, RPC,

and performance issues); and on end-to-end data (presentation, encryption,

compression). Also discusses congestion control (especially in TCP

implementations) and high-speed networking.

Gopinath M.A. (1998) described the qualitative information collection

through network, basic network elements and model of library & information

network. It is the limitation of this article that there is no discussion about

types of network, its topology & network configuration.

Rowley, Jennifer & Slack, Frames (1999) discussed in their article distils

the views obtained from a number of conversation and interviews with staff

associated with CALICO ( Cape Libraries Cooperative) and GAELIC (

Gauteng and Environs Library Consortium) during a study visit in Dec. 1997

Not the six library co-operation in south Africa. FRELICO (Free State Library

Cooperative). SEALS (South Eastern Academic Library System) (ATNIP,

EASEL) (Eastern Seaboard Libraries) CALICO & GAELIC present two case

studies of CALICO & GAELIC focusing on mission structure and

management and activities concludes that CALICO & GAELIC and the other

library co-operatives and consortia in South Africa have been formed at a

time when the challenges facing the new South Africa and in particular,

higher education in South Africa are considerable. Their objectives and

activities reflect the issues facing the management of library resources in

higher education in South Africa including the increasing cost of periodical

subscription leading library managers to seek collaborative acquisition

strategies and to consider the potential of electronic periodicals and other

forms of electronic documents delivery.

29

Raina Roshan (2000) studied possibilities of connecting libraries&

information centers to network for exchange of information within the libraries

of laboratory of education & research institute situated at luck now. He

discussed the required hardware & software, as well as network architecture

and training for manpower development.

Hi yeao kim (2000) discussed how information services can be enriched

by connecting, only single network in Singapore by national library board .

Singapore is the first nation of world having national wide broadband network.

It also discussed how the services of library and information center can be

widening through one high band width network & cable modem.

Shipp John (2002) discussed the utility of Australians library network &

the services performed by it in development of the national network more over

it provides guidelines and inspiration in the development of national library

network. It has not covered the problems involved in development of national

library network and the remedial steps for it.

According to Gonsai Atul & Soni Nilesh (2004) the consortium technology

for a library is significant. The library network and its security are major issues

for the library professionals. Libraries and information centers are changing

rapidly towards digitization. Now a day’s stand- alone computer is of no use. It

must be on network to utilize the resource. Computer networking involves

connecting desktop computer, laptop, hubs, switches and other connectivity

devices library professional require inside planning in establishment library

network is respect of data transmission speed and library application. This

paper present model for library networks from low bandwidth application to

the multimedia rich high bandwidth intensive library application.

30

Kumar P.S.K (2004) discussed in depth about definition, objectives,

types & application of network, also discussed the problem involved in library

network as well as merits & demerits of library network .

Manoj Kumar Sinha & Kishor Chandra Satpathy (2004), discuses library

automation & networking for managing library & information services. It also

gives idea about library & information center has been playing an important

role in extending requisite services to its users. In the age of information

communication technology, computers are being used for the house keeping

activity of the library. It discusses the scenario of use of information

technology in library services. It has also started using multi-media, digital

computers with latest software, hardware (configuration) with communication

devices and teleconferencing device, digital web camera, etc, for information

storage processing, retrieval & dissemination of information, creation of

databases, and housekeeping of library operations. It also discusses IT based

library and information services like searching of in-house data bases, through

OPAC, CD-ROM databases searching, on –line databases, E- journal through

Internet. Also gives details about establishment of INFLIBNET& other

networks have been bringing new changes in the automation library services,

information management and networking.

Kristina, Hormia Poutanen & others (2006) discussed about consortia

model applied in more than 180 organization in more than 40 European

consortia . There are three main models (1) National Centralized Model (2)

National decentralized model & (3) Regional models national centralized

model is a typical model. Nurdie consortia is an illustration of it. France is an

example of National decentralized model. French & Flemish speaking

universities have their own consortium which is known as regional

concertina. In Finland , finelif consortium provides resources through the

National Electronic Library programme for higher education, research &

31

learning 19,500 journals, 230 database & 23000 e- books , dictionary, hand

book & software were acquired & maximum information was collected

through acquisition & consortium of all libraries located in Finland.

Konnur, P.V. & Ragavan, S.S. (2007) have written the paper entitled

"Bangalore University Academic Library Network (BALNET)". It gives an overview

of it proposed network model for Bangalore University. The university has a central

library at a sprawling campus called Jnana Bharati and branch library in the heart

of the city at the central college campus. All the 440 affiliated colleges have

independent libraries. A number of libraries have already computerized their

housekeeping operations and created bibliographical databases of their

collections. It also discusses the need, importance, architecture and objectives of

the proposed academic library network and benefits foreseen. The Project is called

as “Bangalore University Academic Library Network (BALNET)”.

Pantelis N. Karamolegkos, Charalampos Patrikakis & Emmanuel

Protonotarios (2008) have written about autonomic networking refers to a

recently emerged communications paradigm that uses distributed techniques

( swarm intelligence-based methods) and distributed hash tables to implement

traditional functionalities of networking, including among others, routing,

service and resource discovery, addressing, load balancing, etc. The shift of

interest toward the autonomic networking approach has been mainly

motivated by the pervasion of novel algorithms into relevant fields of computer

communication science. These innovative techniques have been greatly

alleviated by their fusion with already established solutions and applications

(i.e., agent-based systems, network middleware development, etc.) so as to

form a new ever-evolving landscape in networking. Also authors discussed

about new challenges by specific recently emerged forms of networking such

as peer- to- peer (P2P), ad-hoc, and sensor networks. Currently, there is an

ongoing worldwide research activity spanning the range of traditional and

32

modern thematic fields of computer communications, including but not limited

to the aforementioned areas.

Somvir Sudha Kaushik (2009) has discussed the impact of information

technology in the academic library & library automation, networking and

digitalization of academic Networking system at the national and local levels

are described. It has includes details about INFLIBNET, CALIBNET, DELNET,

BONET, and NICNET. Indexing of documents, Abstracting, Preparation of

thesaurus, compilation of union catalogue, bibliography, inter library loan,

reproduction of documents and searching and providing relevant information

etc. It has discussed the use of Information technology in Libraries helps to

give better services to the end user and the stock of knowledge used in a

better way for the development of academic libraries.

Shiva Kanauji Sukula (2009) reflects the networked information

environment with emphasis on information service in ch. Charan Singh

University, Meerut, India. It gives idea about networked information service,

electronic library, and information systems library structure of modern

academic systems. It discusses academic networked environment, strategies

& options in university libraries and transformation in higher education by

using networks and networked information. It also highlight on university

libraries, its components and technical details of networking and key

underlying factors affecting use of technology. The paper gives an overview of

networked information services in ch.charan singh university, Meerut, India

and useful to librarians to discern the gradual change towards establishing

network in center for higher learning (universities).

Vasanth N. & Mahesh V. Mudhol (2009) have given plan for the

establishment of networking, in technical libraries to provide electronic

resources in networked environment, with networking technology of Internet. It

33

is possible to form any number of logical networks using the net as the back-

bone. It also discusses library & information system networking in India, by

utilizing the support of the regional and national level networking. Also gives

details about many technical libraries and their own network existing within

their own location. It describes these networks can be expanded to enhance

the access to the information resources through collaborative partnerships, in

the form of consortia. This paper also discusses the library networking

INDEST, and AICTI consortium.

Utschick Wolfgang, Boche Holger & Mathar Rudolf (2010) presents

monographs about fundamental topics and trends in signal processing,

communications networking and information technology. Also focuses on

mathematical foundations and methodologies for the understanding, modeling

and optimization of technical systems driven by information technology.

Zahiruddin Khurshid (2010) the study discusses university libraries &

networking in Saudi Arabia have wasted much time and money in carrying out

automation activities on their own. It also gives details about some universities

which have acquired the same library application software,” DOBIS/LIBIS”,

which has an excellent network capability waiting to be exploited. The paper

presents a conceptual model based on the network structure of DOBIS/LIBIS.

The infrastructure of the network, and can greatly help in the realization of

network goals. The King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Library

has the necessary resources and capabilities to become a central node in the

network and to host a union catalog of participating libraries

34

2.4.2 Books

Pandey S.K. Sharma ( 1995) gives idea regarding the concept of library

network existed before computer invaded libraries .According to him application

of computers it certainly become easy to any part of the world instantaneously at

less cost without any difficulty and that also without parting with the documents

physically. That computerized networking continues to attract the attention of

libraries & Information systems. Computer network is connected & interlinked

computer systems, or information communication system. It also discusses

network refers to inter linked libraries, or a system in which many library points, it

stretched across a locality, city, state, region, nation or the world are linked each

other for information communication. Networking, context of libraries, ensures

high degree of resource sharing among libraries by linking the collection of a

group of libraries and accessing these on one’s own computer terminal. It is a

common experience that at one hand financial resources of libraries are

shrinking & on the other hand the cost of books and periodicals are touching sky

heights. Subscriptions refer of periodical publications & reference books have

become exorbitant and beyond the reach of each library. In such a situation it is

expected for libraries to enter in to resource sharing through computerized

networking. Information today is being published with such a speed & in such a

bulk. The scholar does not have time & facility to trace and go through all that is

being published in his/her field of specialization. Students & researchers today

are becoming more and more multidisciplinary and hence a researcher is not

satisfied with the specialized collection of his/her library. In order to encounter the

pressure created by knowledge explosion. It is essential to develop computerized

networking among libraries. The Information in machine readable form or on

paper as the choice may be. Therefore it is essential to develop well knit

computerized networking facilities among libraries at local, regional, national and

international levels. He has also discussed about type, and topology of network,

its advantage & disadvantage, transmission channel, and standards, etc.

35

Kaul, H.K. (1999) discusses library resource sharing and networking, It

highlights the impact of the growing information & knowledge on resource sharing.

It gives historical overview of library cooperation and resource sharing in different

parts of the world. It describes the library networks, their services and models and

includes the network scenario in the U.S, Australia, South Africa, Sweden, Russia,

China and Thailand. It includes growth of Indian library networks with special

reference to DELNET. It has also discussed Resource sharing tools such as

databases, national bibliographic databases, digital library, internet, union lists and

catalogues, etc. It has also covered 7 modes of document delivery. It has

discussed about resource sharing technology & Manpower needs. It highlights

user's problems and issues that have a direct bearing on resource sharing. A

detailed discussion on barriers of resource sharing , functional model of resource

sharing and its management, future of resource sharing, in digital environment

have been discussed.

Sumath, G. (1999) discusses resource sharing and networking of

university libraries, its close study of the university libraries in Andhra Pradesh

against the background of initiatives in the direction of resource sharing taken

by UGC and other Central Government Agencies. It focuses on resource

sharing and networking of university libraries. It describes the library is the

“heart of the university" and the success of the academic programmers

depends on the library facilities and service. It deals with use of computer and

telecommunications technology in library and information science, it overview

new information technology, resources sharing and networking of university

libraries. It focuses on recourse sharing objectives, needs, methods, types, in

university libraries. Also deals with global and Indian scenario of networks,

and international scene, the concept of inter-library loan, union catalogues,

co- operative acquisitions, co-operative cataloging, Also covers networking of

the university libraries, & objectives of a successful library network, network

models, function, services and advantages. Also refer standards for

information handling.

36

Lyer V. K. (1999) discusses networking and the future of libraries. It

focuses on public library system resource sharing and networking. It gives a

brief note on the purpose and participating libraries and the state network

should eventually connect with the national level. It includes details about

library automation and networking in India, all type of libraries public,

academic, & special library. It includes the efforts for automation software as

well as library and information networking in India, specially made by

NICNET, INDONET, INFLIBNET, and DELNET. It deals with Information

Technology, automated library system and the need for building the

information technology infrastructure. It refer to history of cooperative

networking and interlibrary lending, Internet, services, Gopher, WWW. HTTP,

TCP/IP protocol software, LAN and MAN networks. It focuses use of on

advanced technology in India; it describes national Information system for

science and Technology (NISSAT) & its efforts to establish Sectoral

Information Centers (SICs) with the object of creating Information awareness

and to meet the information needs of scientists, technologists, academicians,

entrepreneurs, management executives and decision-makers. Also covers

OCLC, RLG/RLIN, WLN, Sagar, P.V. (2005) gives details about the network

concept includes the development of cooperative systems of libraries, at

state, national and even international level. History of interlibrary loan, early

sponsors of interlibrary loan with networking began to develop on a national

scale with the activities of the LC. It focuses network meaning and scope, the

need of resource sharing in libraries. It also gives methods and techniques of

library resource sharing through networking refer to computerized information

system. It discusses important resource sharing through computer networks in

higher education, and the data communication through packet switching,

software for libraries, document delivery, NICNET (Satellite Based

Government Informatics Network) etc.

37

Amjad Ali (2007) presents monographs about digital libraries Information

networks, and trends in technology communication. He describes the concept

of digital library, & human computer interaction, document management &

retrieval. Also some popular digital libraries & Information networks have been

discussed in detail, which have been developed and operated internationally

as well as within the country. India has developed some very reputed

information network. Also gives idea about International and Indian networks.

S.P. Singh (2008) indicates development of library network, and electronic

media in the field of Information technology. The major issues described in

this work such as use of computer & telecommunication in library network,

hardware, cataloguing videos in library, minicomputer & academic library.

Charles R. Mcclure & Jon Carlo Bertot (2008) present numbers of

perspectives on evaluating networked Information services & resources

sharing. Also discuss definition of networks, networked services, evaluations,

and assessment in a networked context. Authors try to draw increased

attention to the need and importance of evaluating networked Information

services. Equally important is to demonstrate that considerable thinking about

this topic is occurring innovative ideas & techniques are being tried, and new

approaches to assess networked services are also developed.

Dr Amrit Pal Kaur & Rajeev Manhas (2010) discuss regarding uses of

networking, networking components, their application physical media etc.

They have also included network architecture, type, topologies, genesis,

development & services of Internet, global digital libraries.

38

2.4.3 Theses

One of the most prominent Arab study by Younis, A.M. (1983) dealing

with university libraries networks. The study was undertaken for award of Ph.

D degree in Department of Library and Information Science. It discusses

resource sharing and Information network for academic and special libraries

in Jordan university of Pittsburgh. The study also discusses the possibility of

building an information network and identifies the elements of networking of

university libraries. The hypotheses of "participation in the resources and

adopt a collaborative work among the libraries in Jordan will be able to

achieve better services and help to build information network". It also gives

many of the most important results "that the library has scientific information

and that the libraries of the Jordanian universities and Yarmouk university are

the richest and largest libraries both in resources, budget, staff, and collection,

however, the most libraries suffer from economic constraints. The cooperation

between libraries is limited to the exchange and gifts services, so there is a

need for cooperation and to establish an information network. The study gives

plan includes providing information about acquisition, indexing,

cataloging, and circulation.

Rawal C. N. (2001) gives details about modernization of university

libraries in India. It was undertaken for award of Ph. D degree in Department

of Library and Information Science, S P university under the guidance of Prof.

M.K.R. Naidu. It also discusses the impact of IT and its applications on

university libraries in India and the need for modernization of university

libraries with particular reference to UGC, INFLIBNET programme. It also

includes information from ancient and medieval period up to the 20th century

on technology, from Stone Age to information age. It covers ancient libraries

from 3000 B.C starts from the Sumerian, Babylonian, and Assyrian in Iraq and

developments from Nalanda, Taxsila. Also covers different media of print from

Stone Age to paper media, to microform, microfiche and micro media to

39

computer media and paperless society. It also covers the CD-ROM, virtual,

computer disks, bar coding, multimedia and networking of libraries,

development of academic libraries and the role of UGC in this direction,

Dr.Ranganathans contribution in development of academic libraries in India,

the policy of UGC for the development of university libraries. It discusses

impact of information technology specially computer, computer generation,

infrastructure of computer, software development, communication, resource

sharing, networking, information policy of India. Also deals with evolution of

INFLIBNET program, its services objectives, and efforts in modernization of

university libraries.

Thaker, U.A. (2002), most important study regarding computerization of

university libraries in Gujarat state. The study was undertaken for award of

Ph.D degree in Department of Library and Information Science, S P University

under the guidance of Prof. M.K.R. Naidu explain rule of university library in

higher education, & establishes needs for computerization in university library.

Also include history and development of university libraries from ancient

period up to 21st century. She describes the impacts of computer,

communization and IT on libraries. She has examined possibilited to

computerization & networking in university libraries in Gujarat. It has provided

an action plan for computerization & networking.

40

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