The goal of science is to investigate and understand the
natural world, to explain events in the natural world, and to use
those explanations to make useful predictions. Knowledge,
especially that is gained through experience.
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Intro into Biology So why study Science? Why do we even care?
Has Science really effected YOUR life?
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The Steps of the Scientific Method Step 1: State the Problem
Step 2: Form a Hypothesis Step 3: Perform an Experiment Step 4:
Record the Data Step 5: Analyze the Data Step 6: Draw a
Conclusion
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So what is involved??? It starts with a Purpose/Problem
Identifying a problem that needs to be solved or investigated What
is your question? What are you trying to determine?
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Develop a Hypothesis Hypothesis: is a proposed scientific
explanation for a set of observations. Educated guess based on what
is already known A prediction of what you think will happen
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Now to design an experiment A Controlled Experiment: is an
experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time. All
other variables should be kept unchanged or controlled. Group whose
conditions remain the SAME and are NOT exposed to experimental
variable.
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Now to design an experiment Factors that can change in an
experiment is called a Variable Variables used in the experiment:
the control and experimental groups are designed to be identical
except for one factor or variable
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Now to design an experiment Independent Variable: The factor
that is changed in an experiment What do I change? Variable that
the experimenter MANIPULATES
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Now to design an experiment Dependent Variable: The variable
that is measured in an experiment. What do I observe? Variable that
changes as a result of what the experimenter manipulated. Control
Variable: The variable is kept constant to prevent their influence
on the effect of the independent variable on the dependent. What do
I keep the same?
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Now to design an experiment Control Variable: The variable is
kept constant to prevent their influence on the effect of the
independent variable on the dependent. What do I keep the
same?
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Observations Process of gathering information about events or
processes in a careful, orderly way. The information gathered is
called Data
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Thinking like a scientist How does science work?- You must
THINK like a scientist Observations: process of gathering
information about events or process
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Thinking like a scientist Information gathered from
observations is called Data 1. Quantitative Data Expressed in
numbers, obtained by counting or measuring 2. Qualitative Data Data
that is descriptive
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Analyzing Data Review your Data Place graph in a table Look for
trends Ask questions Do you need to collect more data? Did you make
any mistakes
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Analyzing Data Make a Graph On the graph place: Independent
variables on the x-axis Dependent Variables on the y-axis
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Independent Variable Dependent Variable
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How to determine the scale of each axis Determine the scale of
each axis, separately. Scale is the value given to each grid of the
graph along each axis. Use as much of the graph as possible on each
axis. a) Determine the range of each axis by subtracting the lowest
data value (or zero) from the highest data value HighestLowest
Range
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How to determine the scale of each axis b) Count the number of
grids/lines on each axis # of grids c) Divide the range of data
values by the number of grids on each axis. Range# of
GridsInterval
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How to determine the scale of each axis Let zero be the origin
for both axis unless the data makes it unrealistic. Maintain the
same interval throughout an axis.
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Interpreting Data After collecting data: Find meaning to the
collected data and make conclusions of the data Find if certain
factors (variables) changed or remained the same
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1. Identify the graph that matches each of the following
stories: A.I had just left home when I realized I had forgotten my
books so I went back to pick them up. B.Things went fine until I
had a flat tire. C.I started out calmly, but sped up when I
realized I was going to be late.
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How many total miles did the car travel? What was the average
speed of the car for the trip? Describe the motion of the car
between hours 5 and 12? What direction is represented by line CD?
How many miles were traveled in the first two hours of the trip?
Which line represents the fastest speed?
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Drawing conclusions Once data are collected and analyzed, a
conclusion is made as to whether the data supports the hypothesis.
A hypothesis can be supported but never proven because another
experiment with new data and new information may alter the
conclusion.
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Scientific Method Designing an Experiment State the Problem
Form a Hypothesis Set Up a Controlled Experiment Record Results
Analyze Results Draw a Conclusion Publish Results
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Problem #1 Dr. Smith thinks the drug, AZT, will cure AIDS. He
takes 100 patients with AIDS and gives the drug AZT to 50 of them
(Group A). To the other 50, he gives them a drug that looks just
like AZT, but is really just sugar (Group B). In one year, 30
patients in group A are still healthy, 10 patients in group B are
still healthy. In two years, 25 patients in group A are still
healthy. 8 patients in group B are still healthy.
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Hypothesis 1. What was the hypothesis? (What did Dr. Smith
think would happen?) The drug AZT will cure AIDS.
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Make a Chart Make a chart showing the # of people who are still
healthy in group A versus the # of people who are still healthy in
group B over the entire length of the experiment.
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Data Chart # Still Healthy Group A # Still Healthy Group B At
start After 1 year After 2 years 50 10 25 30 8
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Control Group 2. Which group was the control group? How do you
know? Group B because they did NOT receive the drug, the
experimental variable. Their conditions remained the same.
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Experimental Group 3. Which group was the experimental group?
How do you know? Group A, because they had their conditions
manipulated by taking the drug AZT.
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Independent Variable 4. What was the independent variable? In
other words, what did Dr. Smith make different between group A and
group B? The drug given (AZT or no drug/placebo)
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Dependent Variable 5. What was the dependent variable? In other
words, what changed at the end of the experiment as a result of the
independent variable? The number of healthy people, because it
depended on the type of drug given which was the independent
variable.
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Checking your Answer If your response for questions 4 & 5
are correct, the sentence below should make sense when you fill in
the blanks. ____________________________ (Dependent Variable, #5
answer) depends on ____________________________. (Independent
Variable, #4 answer) The number of healthy people The drug
given
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Conclusion 6. What should Dr. Smith's conclusion be? The drug
AZT will help to prevent AIDS.
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What is the Scientific Theory? A theory is an explanation or
model based on observation, experimentation and reasoning,
especially one that has been tested and confirmed as a general
principle helping to explain and predict natural phenomena
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Theory A theory unites and explains a broad range of
observations. No absolute certainty in a scientific theory. The
possibility always remains that future evidence will cause a
scientific theory to be revised or rejected.
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Theories. THEORY OF EVOLUTION BIG BANG THEORY GLOBAL WARMING
Many many more
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Bell Ringer 1/24/12 What is the difference between Quantitative
and Qualitative Data? How do you formulate, design and conduct
scientific experiments?
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Studying Life
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End Show 1-3 Studying Life Slide 48 of 45 Copyright Pearson
Prentice Hall Characteristics of Living Things What are some
characteristics of living things?
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Prentice Hall Characteristics of Living Things No single
characteristic is enough to describe a living thing. Some nonliving
things share one or more traits with living things.
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Prentice Hall Characteristics of Living Things Living things share
the following characteristics: made up of units called cells
reproduce based on a universal genetic code grow and develop obtain
and use materials and energy respond to their environment maintain
a stable internal environment change over time
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Slide 51 of 45 Characteristics of Living Things Living things
are made up of cells. A cell is the smallest unit of an organism
that can be considered alive. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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Slide 52 of 45 Characteristics of Living Things Living things
reproduce. In sexual reproduction, cells from two different parents
unite to form the first cell of the new organism. In asexual
reproduction, a single parent produces offspring that are identical
to itself. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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Slide 53 of 45 Characteristics of Living Things Living things
grow and develop. During an organisms development, cells
differentiate, which means that the cells look different from one
another and perform different functions. Copyright Pearson Prentice
Hall
Slide 54
Slide 54 of 45 Characteristics of Living Things Living things
are based on a universal genetic code. Organisms store the
information they need to live, grow, and reproduce in a genetic
code in a molecule called DNA. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 55
Slide 55 of 45 Characteristics of Living Things Living things
obtain materials and use energy. The combination of chemical
reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down
materials is called metabolism. Copyright Pearson Prentice
Hall
Slide 56
Slide 56 of 45 Characteristics of Living Things Living things
respond to their environment. A stimulus is a signal to which an
organism responds. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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End Show 1-3 Studying Life Slide 57 of 45 Copyright Pearson
Prentice Hall Big Ideas in Biology Evolution In biology, evolution,
or the change in living things through time, explains inherited
similarities as well as the diversity of life.
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Slide 58 of 45 Characteristics of Living Things Living things
maintain a stable internal environment. Although conditions outside
an organism may change, conditions inside an organism tend to
remain constant. This process is called homeostasis. Copyright
Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 59
Slide 59 of 45 Characteristics of Living Things Taken as a
group, livings things change over time. Over many generations,
groups of organisms typically evolve. Copyright Pearson Prentice
Hall
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End Show 1-3 Studying Life Slide 60 of 45 Copyright Pearson
Prentice Hall Big Ideas in Biology Science as a Way of Knowing
Science is not just a list of facts. The job of science is to use
observations, questions, and experiments to explain the natural
world.
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Prentice Hall Big Ideas in Biology Interdependence in Nature All
forms of life on Earth are connected together into a biosphere,
which literally means living planet. The relationship between
organsims and their enviroment depends on both the flow of energy
and the cycling of matter.
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Prentice Hall Big Ideas in Biology Matter and Energy Lifes most
basic requirements are matter that serves as nutrients to build
body structure and energy to fuel the processes of life.
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Prentice Hall Big Ideas in Biology Cellular Basis of Life Organisms
are composed of one or more cells, which are the smallest units
that can be considered fully alive.
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Prentice Hall Big Ideas in Biology Information and Heredity Lifes
processes are directed by information carried in a genetic code
that is common, with minor variations, to every organism on Earth.
That information, carried in DNA, is copied and passed from parents
to offspring.
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Prentice Hall Big Ideas in Biology Unity and Diversity of Life All
living things are fundamentally alike at the molecular level, even
though life takes an almost unbelievable variety of forms.
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Prentice Hall Big Ideas in Biology Structure and Function
Structures evolve in ways that make particular functions possible,
allowing organisms to adapt to a wide range of environments.
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Prentice Hall Big Ideas in Biology Homeostasis An organisms ability
to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in the face of
changing external conditions is vital to its survival.
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Prentice Hall Big Ideas in Biology Science, Technology, and Society
Science seeks to provide useful information, but only a public that
truly understands science and how it works can determine how that
information should be applied.
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End Show 1-3 Studying Life Slide 69 of 45 Copyright Pearson
Prentice Hall Branches of Biology There a many branches of biology.
For example: Zoologists study animals. Botanists study plants.
Paleontologists study ancient life. Taxonomy: Discipline of
classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally
accepted name.
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Prentice Hall Branches of Biology How can life be studied at
different levels?
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Prentice Hall Branches of Biology Some of the levels at which life
can be studied include: molecules cells organisms populations of a
single kind of organism communities of different organisms in an
area the biosphere
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Slide 72 of 45 Branches of Biology Biosphere The part of Earth
that contains all ecosystems Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 73
Slide 73 of 45 Ecosystem Community and its nonliving
surroundings Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Hawk, snake, bison,
prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air
Slide 74
Slide 74 of 45 Community=Populations that live together in a
defined area Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Hawk, snake, bison,
prairie dog, grass
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Slide 75 of 45 Branches of Biology Population=Group of
organisms of one type that live in the same area Copyright Pearson
Prentice Hall Bison herd
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Slide 76 of 45 Branches of Biology Organism Individual living
thing Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bison
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Slide 77 of 45 Branches of Biology Groups of Cells Tissues,
organs, and organ systems Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nervous
tissue Brain Nervous system
Slide 78
Slide 78 of 45 Branches of Biology Cells Smallest functional
unit of life=Cells***** Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nerve
cell
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Slide 79 of 45 Branches of Biology Molecules=Groups of atoms;
smallest unit of most chemical compounds Copyright Pearson Prentice
Hall Water DNA
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Slide 80 of 45 Branches of Biology At all these levels, smaller
living systems are found within larger systems. Copyright Pearson
Prentice Hall
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Prentice Hall Biology in Everyday Life More than any other area of
study, biology touches your life every day.
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Slide 82 of 45 Biology in Everyday Life Biology provides
information about the food you need and the methods for sustaining
the worlds food supplies. Biology describes the conditions of good
health and the behaviors and diseases that can harm you. Copyright
Pearson Prentice Hall
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Slide 83 of 45 Biology in Everyday Life Biology is used to
diagnose and treat medical problems. Biology identifies
environmental factors that might threaten you. Copyright Pearson
Prentice Hall
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Slide 84 of 45 Biology in Everyday Life Biology helps you
understand what effects the quality of your life. Biology provides
decision makers with useful information and analytical skills
needed to predict and effect the future of the planet. Copyright
Pearson Prentice Hall
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 1-3
Slide 86
End Show Slide 86 of 45 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 1-3 An
increase in size is known as a.growth. b.metabolism. c.development.
d.differentiation.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living
things? a.use of energy b.made of cells c.stable internal
environment d.need for oxygen
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Which of the following are branches in the study of biology?
a.cells, tissues, organs, and organisms b.botany, cell biology,
ecology, and zoology c.populations, communities, and ecosystems
d.the genetic code, evolution, and the biosphere
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End Show Slide 89 of 45 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 1-3 The
genetic code is carried in a.Water. b.DNA. c.proteins. d.soil.
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Which of the following shows the levels of organization in correct
order from the simplest to the most complex? a.organisms, cells,
populations, molecules, ecosystems b.ecosystems, populations,
organisms, cells, molecules c.molecules, cells, organisms,
populations, ecosystems d.molecules, organisms, cells, populations,
ecosystems