Scientific Method. Science Science: A way of learning about the natural world – Includes all of...
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Transcript of Scientific Method. Science Science: A way of learning about the natural world – Includes all of...
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Scientific Method
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Science
• Science: A way of learning about the natural world
– Includes all of the knowledge gained by exploring the natural world – This knowledge is always growing and changing as scientists ask new questions and explore new ideas
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Scientific Inquiry
• Scientific: Of or relating to the practice of science• Inquiry: A close examination of a matter in a search for information or truth• Scientific Inquiry: The ways in which scientists explore the natural world
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How Does Scientific Inquiry Work?
• Scientific Method: – Make observations and/or inferences – Ask questions – Develop hypotheses – Design experiments – Make measurements – Collect data – Interpret data – Draw conclusions – Communicate
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Ask Questions
• Scientific inquiry begins with a question or a problem
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Make Observations and InferencesMake Observations and Inferences
• Observation: Using one or more of your senses to collect data• Inference: An interpretation of an observation that is based on
evidence or prior knowledge• Data: Facts, figures and other evidence gathered through observation
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Making Inferences
• An inference is only one of many possible interpretations of the observation
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Developing Hypotheses
• Hypothesis: A possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question• A hypothesis must be something that can be tested• Hypotheses can either be supported or disproved
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Designing an experiment totest a hypothesis
• After you state your hypothesis, you must design an experiment to test it.
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Experiment Variables
• Variable: Factors that can change in an experiment• Independent Variable: The variable that is changed during the experiment• Dependent Variable: The factor that changes because of the manipulated variable
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Controlled Experiments
• Control: not being tested, used for COMPARISON
• Scientific experiments MUST be controlled!
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Making Measurements andCollecting Data
• Scientists have developed a standard system of measurement called The International System of Units (SI)• Why do scientists need a standard system of measurement?
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Interpreting Data
• After the data are collected, they must be organized and interpreted• How can data be organized so that is easy to understand?
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Presenting Data Table vs. Graph
Why do you think information is often presented in graphs instead of just in a list or table?
What are some kinds of graphs?
• Bar graph • Line graph • Pie chart
Visual representations to display a relationship not apparent in data tables
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Bar Graph What’s your favorite color?
When would you use a bar graph?
- Categories - Changes over time
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What is the best way to present this data?
Dec-’04 1Dec-’05 5.5Dec-’06 12Dec-’07 50Dec-’08 100Dec-’09 300Dec ‘10 550 Aug ‘11 700
Number of Facebook users in Millions
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Line Graph
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Where do we see line graphs?
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Data
Energy in New Jersey 51% Nuclear 33% Natural Gas 14% Coal 2% Renewable ( Solar/Wind/
Hydroelectric)1% Oil
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Pie Chart
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Line Graphs
Which should you use more in science?
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How to represent this data?
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Drawing Conclusions
• After you have organized and interpreted your data, you must draw a conclusion.• You need to decide if the data support your original hypothesis.
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Communicating
• Scientists must communicate their findings to other scientists. This contributes to the growth of the body of scientific knowledge.
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Scientific Theories
• Scientific Theory: A well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations.• A theory is based on thousands of experiments done by different scientists.• Future testing may prove a theory to be incorrect