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MOBILE
COMPUTINGRoger Wattenhofer
Summer 2004
Distributed
ComputingGroup
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Overview
• What is it?
• Who needs it?
• History• Future
• Course overview
• Organization of exercises• Literature
• Thanks to J. Schiller for slides
[ D
e r S p i e g e l ]
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A computer in 2010?
• Advances in technology
– More computing power in smaller devices
– Flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption
– New user interfaces due to small dimensions
– More bandwidth (per second? per space?)
– Multiple wireless techniques
• Technology in the background
– Device location awareness: computers adapt to their environment
– User location awareness: computers recognize the location of the
user and react appropriately (call forwarding)
• “Computers” evolve
– Small, cheap, portable, replaceable
– Integration or disintegration?
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What is Mobile Computing?
• Aspects of mobility
– User mobility: users communicate “anytime, anywhere, with anyone”
(example: read/write email on web browser)
– Device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the
network
• Wireless vs. mobile Examples Stationary computer Notebook in a hotel
Wireless LANs in historic buildings Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
• The demand for mobile communication creates the need for
integration of wireless networks and existing fixed networks
– Local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11 or HIPERLAN
– Wide area networks: GSM and ISDN
– Internet: Mobile IP extension of the Internet protocol IP
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Application Scenarios
• Vehicles
• Nomadic user
• Smart mobile phone
• Invisible computing
• Wearable computing
• Intelligent house or office
• Meeting room/conference• Taxi/Police/Fire squad fleet
• Service worker
• Lonely wolf
• Disaster relief and Disaster alarm
• Games
• Military / Security
What is important?
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Vehicles
a d h o c
DAB
[J. Schiller]
GSM,
UMTS
GPS
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Vehicles 2
[Der Spiegel]
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Nomadic user
• Nomadic user has laptop/palmtop
• Connect to network infrequently
• Interim period operate in disconnected mode
• Access her or customer data
• Consistent database for all agents
• Print on local printer (or other service)
– How do we find it?
– Is it safe? – Do we need wires?
• Does nomadic user need her own hardware?
• Read/write email on web browser • Access data OK too
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B u i l t
1 5 0 B C
Smart mobile phone
• Mobile phones get smarter
• Converge with PDA?
• Voice calls, video calls (really?)
• Email or instant messaging
• Play games
• Up-to-date localized information
– Map – Pull: Find the next Pizzeria
– Push: “Hey, we have great Pizza!”
• Stock/weather/sports info
• Ticketing• Trade stock
• etc.
[Nokia]
[J. Schiller]
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Invisible/ubiquitous/pervasive and wearable computing
• Tiny embedded “computers”
• Everywhere
• Example: Microsoft’s Doll
• I refer to my colleagues
Friedemann Mattern and
Bernt Schiele and their
courses
[ABC, Schiele]
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Intelligent Office and Intelligent House
• Bluetooth replaces cables
• Plug and play, without the “plug”
• Again: Find the local printer
• House recognizes inhabitant
• House regulates temperature
according to person in a room
• Trade Shows
• Home without cables looks better
• LAN in historic buildings [MS]
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Meeting room or Conference
• Share data instantly
• Send a message to someone
else in the room
• Secretly vote on controversial
issue
• Find person with similar interests
• Broadcast last minute changes
• Ad-Hoc Network
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Taxi / Police / Fire squad / Service fleet
• Connect
• Control
• Communicate
• Service Worker
• Example: SBB service workers
have PDA
– Map help finding broken signal
– PDA gives type of signal, so that
service person can bring the right
tools right away
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Lonely wolf
• We really mean everywhere!
• Cargo’s and yachts
• Journalists
• Scientists
• Travelers
• Sometimes cheaper than
infrastructure?
• Commercial flop [Motorola]
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Disaster relief
• After earthquake, tsunami,
volcano, etc:
• You cannot rely on
infrastructure but you need toorchestrate disaster relief
• Early transmission of patient
data to hospital
• Satellite
• Ad-Hoc network
[Red Cross]
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Disaster alarm
• With sensors you might be
able to alarm early
• Example: Tsunami
• Example: Cooling room
• Or simpler: Weather station
• Satellite
• Ad-Hoc network
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Application Scenarios: Discussion
• Vehicles
• Nomadic user
• Smart mobile phone
• Invisible computing
• Wearable computing
• Intelligent house or office
• Meeting room/conference
• Taxi/Police/Fire squad fleet• Service worker
• Lonely wolf
• Disaster relief and Disaster alarm
• Games• Military / Security
• Anything missing?
What do you like?
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Mobile devices
performance and sizeperformance and size
Pager
• receive only
• tiny displays
• simple text
messages
Mobile phone
• voice, data
• simple text display
PDA
• simple graphical displays
• character recognition
• simplified WWW
Palmtop• tiny keyboard
• simple versions
of standard applications
Laptop
• fully functional
• standard applications
Sensors,
embedded
controllers
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Effects of device portability
• Energy consumption
– there is no Moore’s law for batteries or solar cells
– limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks
– Limited memory (no moving parts)
– Radio transmission has a high energy consumption
– CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f
• C: total capacitance, reduced by integration
• V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit
• f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally• Limited user interfaces
– compromise between size of fingers and portability
– integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols
• Loss of data – higher probability (e.g., defects, theft)
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Wireless networks in comparison to fixed networks
• Higher loss-rates due to interference – emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning
• Restrictive regulations of frequencies
– frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all
occupied
• Low transmission rates
– local some Mbit/s, regional currently, e.g., 9.6kbit/s with GSM
• Higher delays, more jitter
– connection setup time with GSM in the second range, several hundredmilliseconds for other wireless systems, tens of seconds with Bluetooth
• Lower security, simpler active attacking
– radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be simulated,
thus attracting calls from mobile phones• Always shared medium
– secure access mechanisms important
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History: Antiquity – 1890
• Many people in history usedlight for communication
– Heliographs (sun on mirrors),
flags („semaphore“), ...
– 150 BC: smoke signals forcommunication (Polybius, Greece)
– 1794: Optical telegraph by Claude Chappe
• Electromagnetic waves – 1831: Michael Faraday (and Joseph Henry)demonstrate electromagnetic induction
– 1864: James Maxwell (1831-79): Theory of
electromagnetic fields, wave equations
– 1886: Heinrich Hertz (1857-94): demonstrateswith an experiment the wave character
of electrical transmission through space
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History: 1920 – 1945
• 1920: Discovery of short waves by Marconi
– reflection at the ionosphere
– smaller sender and receiver
– Possible with vacuum tube
• 1926: First phone on a train
– Hamburg – Berlin
– wires parallel to the railroad track
• 1926: First car radio
• 1928: First TV broadcast
– John L. Baird (1888 – 1946)
– Atlantic, color TV
– WGY Schenectady
• 1933: Frequency modulation
– Edwin H. Armstrong (1890 – 1954)
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History: 1945 – 1980
• 1958: German A-Netz
– Analog, 160MHz, connection setup
only from mobile station, no handover,
80% coverage, 16kg, 15k Marks
– 1971: 11000 customers
– Compare with PTT (Swisscom) NATEL:
1978 – 1995, maximum capacity
4000, which was reached 1980
• 1972: German B-Netz – Analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but
location of the mobile station has to be known)
– available also in A, NL and LUX, 1979 13000 customer in D
– PTT NATEL B: 1984 – 1997, maximum capacity 9000
• 1979: NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone System
– 450MHz (Scandinavia)
[F.Mattern]
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History: 1980 – 1991
• 1982: Start of GSM-specification (Groupe spéciale mobile) – goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming
• 1984: CT-1 standard for cordless telephones
• 1986: German C-Netz
– analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digitalsignaling, automatic location of mobile device
– still in use today, services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail, 98%
coverage
– American AMPS: 1983 – today – PTT NATEL C: 1986 – 1999
• 1991: DECT
– Digital European Cordless Telephone. Today: “Enhanced”
– 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/sdata transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several
10000 users/km2, used in more than 40 countries
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History: 1991 – 1995
• 1992/3: Start of GSM “D-Netz”/“NATEL D” – 900MHz, 124 channels
– automatic location, hand-over, cellular
– roaming in Europe
– now worldwide in more than 130 countries – services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...
• 1994/5: GSM with 1800MHz
– smaller cells
– supported by
many countries
– SMS
– Multibandphones
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History: 1995 – today
• 1996: HiperLAN – High Performance Radio Local Area Network
– Products?
• 1997: Wireless LAN
– IEEE 802.11
– 2.4 – 2.5 GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
– already many products (with proprietary extensions)
• 1998: Specification of GSM successors – GPRS is packet oriented
– UMTS is European proposal for IMT-2000
• 1998: Iridium – 66 satellites (+6 spare)
– 1.6GHz to the mobile phone
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Wireless systems: overview of the development
cellular phones satellites wireless LANcordless
phones
1992:
GSM
1994:
DCS 1800
2001:IMT-2000
1987:
CT1+
1982:
Inmarsat-A
1992:
Inmarsat-B
Inmarsat-M
1998:
Iridium
1989:
CT 2
1991:
DECT 199x:
proprietary
1997:
IEEE 802.11
1999:
802.11b, Bluetooth
1988:
Inmarsat-C
analogue
digital
1991:
D-AMPS
1991:
CDMA
1981:
NMT 450
1986:
NMT 900
1980:
CT0
1984:
CT1
1983:
AMPS
1993:PDC
2000:
GPRS2000:
IEEE 802.11a
200?:
Fourth Generation
(Internet based)
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The future: ITU-R - Recommendations for IMT-2000
• M.687-2 – IMT-2000 concepts and goals
• M.816-1
– framework for services
• M.817
– IMT-2000 network architectures
• M.818-1
– satellites in IMT-2000
• M.819-2
– IMT-2000 for developing countries
• M.1034-1 – requirements for the radio interface(s)
• M.1035
– framework for radio interface(s) and
radio sub-system functions
• M.1036 – spectrum considerations
• M.1078
– security in IMT-2000
• M.1079
– speech/voiceband data performance
• M.1167
– framework for satellites
• M.1168
– framework for management
• M.1223
– evaluation of security mechanisms
• M.1224
– vocabulary for IMT-2000
• M.1225
– evaluation of transmission technologies
• etc.
• www.itu.int/imt
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The success story of Mobile “Computing”
• Mobile Phones – Switzerland February 2002: More mobile phones than fixnet phones
– Worldwide: More mobile phones than Internet connections
– SMS: “More net profit with SMS than with voice”
• Laptops
– Switzerland 2001: For the first year less computers sold, but more mobile
computers; private households buy 18% more laptops than the previous year.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700800
1996 1997 `998 `999 2000 2001
Desktop
Mobile
[ R . W e
i s s ]
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Mobile phones worldwide
[ c r t . d k ]
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Mobile phones Top 12
[ c r t . d k ]
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Mobile phones saturation
[crt.dk]
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Internet vs. Mobile phones
[crt.dk]
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Simple reference model
Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Medium
Data Link
Physical
Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data Link
Physical
Network Network
Radio
[ T a n e n b a u m / S c h i l l e r ]
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Course overview: Networking Bottom – Up Approach
– service location – new applications, multimedia
– adaptive applications
– congestion and flow control
– quality of service
– addressing, routing,
device location
– hand-over
– authentication
– media access
– multiplexing
– media access control
– encryption
– modulation
– interference – attenuation
– frequency
• Application layer
• Transport layer
• Network layer
• Data link layer
• Physical layer
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Course Overview: Acronyms
W S P / B
P D C
P O S
C C I R
B W U P T
B S S
M C C
F H S S
H I P E R L
A N I F S F I B
S N D C P
S - S A P
W W W
M S I S D
N L A I
P D A
A T I M
C W
D V B - T
I C M P
P S N
T T L
H E C G I F
L A P D
C S C W
I S O I T U L E D
C C H
C D M A
P A
I T U - R
P D N
I E E E
I r D A
A I D C S
C A C
H T M L
C C N D C
C C A
S N A C K
I M F
J P E G
H D T P
D P C H
H D B H O
G W L
C C X O R
T D - C D M A
J D C I S I
R T T
C T S
B C A
G T P
S I M
M M F
C E P T
S
C P A S - T P
S F D
U B R
D P C C H
S D M
P
T P - C L N S
R L U R I
P H S
T L L I
M O T
C U U I M P P P A I B
M N C
W R C
I M T - M C
W S P
W A P
A T M - C L
L B R
P M A
T C H / F
M - P N N I
H C S A P
E M A S
E I R P
C A T V
D N S
V + D F W
C S M A
D S L
F S K
P L L
A E S A
C S M A / C D
V C D H
H D L C T I
R A S M N S D P
D V T R
C O R B A
G E O
E D T V
H M Q o S
T C H / F S
H E O
P A D
H O - H M P D
U
S A P
S D M A
W M L
E H F
H I B F E C F I C
T C - H M P D
U
V D B
A I D A C T F R
P R A C H
A F S C I F L I
P A C S
R I P L o c
A G C H
A S A
I W F
B L I R
T R - S A P
U D P
S C F
I M T - F T
C n f
I S D N
H T T P
B P S K
T F O
E S S
R T T
T M N
M S R N
S N P D O
G M S C
S I G C N
H D T V
A U S T U S S D
C T S M S
D F W M A C
D H C P
B S C K I D
R O M
E T S I
I S M
Q P S K
U T R A
G R E T M R e q
D V B - S
F P L M T S
C C C H
I S L
M U L
D C
C O F D M
O S I
A M D V B
R T R
S E Q N
C O M S
R S S P S P M T O S P C D A B
P C S L S R S A
R R M C N T E I S
X M L
L F S S 7
M - N N I
H I
T - S A P
C O A
V C C
P T P C S P T M
W M L S c r i p t
M T S A
B L I R C S
R R I M S I
D A M A
R A N D
M I B
G M M
P C H R A N S S L I R S H S D T
B S S A P
S A A L
M A T M
W T L S
T I M F T J C T
P D T C H
G F S K
D - A M P S
C D M
P C M
C S D S W
U M T S
I V P S K
S T A R I B
E M A S - E
M S D U
T A R F C
C L M S
I R N M T
R L P
A C I D T I N A
D Q P S K
T F I
G P R S
P A C S - U
B
V H F P T A B R N S A
W C A C
N T S C
E Y - N P M
A
T M S I T D T
W D P C P U
H M P D U
S D U P L W
D V B - C H D A
C S M A / C
A
A C L
M O C
M A C A
D i s a s s o c
T D M L A N
D P D C H
P L M N D L C Q A M E I R A u C H I D R M D A
P L C P C M
S N A P L O S C A C
V N D C U H F
W C M P
L 2 C A P
A R I B M S K
E C D H
T E T R A
P H Y
D S D V
H A
T C H / H
A S C I I
S R E S
W T A
G S N
C R C
W 3 C
P A L
B R A N
P S T N
M E O
M C M
C K S N
C V S D
I - T C P
S U M R
H S C S D
L C R T
P O T S
H D A C S
T T C
A S K
F D M A
T - T C P
V B R - r t
L R U
B E R
D I F S
B S S
P P G
H D M L
E D G E
P R M A
M S C
N A - T D M A
B F S K
S D T V
T C P
G M S K
M S V P N
N A T
A M A
S C O
I M T - D S
H F
H
C P D U
U S I M
T
C H / H S
D S G P S
C G I
P L I
W I M
S
D C C H
N M A S
M C I
I M T - T C
C P M
O F D M
T I B
A N S I
B C C H
A S P
N F S
I T U - T
S F N
T F T S
W M T
M H E G
A T M N I B
R L C
W A N
S G S N
D E C T
P M D
W T A I
F C C H
F M
C A M E L
F A C O S
Q o S U E P I
T D D
S
C D M A
L M P
A R Q N
D C S
V L R
S A T M
V
B R - n r t
H M A C K
S w M I
F A C C H
D C C H
L A P D m
A K - H C P D
U
D T - H C P D
U
W L A N
S H F
V A D
S I F S
W L L R A M S C
P S F
W - C T R L
G P F D D
U W C
B S S G P
B C H M T I D
S M R I B
U T R A N
N N I
P I F S
G G S N
H C S D U
I M T
O M C
A A L
W T P
D C F
S C H
F C A
P D U I N
I M T - S C
S A
P S P D N
G E R A N
G S M
E D G E
R A N
M - U N I
D S R
T C H
M A C
R N S
B M P
O S S
W - C D M A
S C P S
A M E S I P
W A T M
S C A u t h
S E C - S A P
M F M S C B R
N R L
D S M A
D B P S K
3 G P P
H C
T D M A
M L
M T C
N A V A P
M - T C P
M B S
P T P - C O N
S
S C U D T S F
P D F
G S M
A D S L
U N I
L E O
M S A P
P I N
F D M
P C F
S S L
B T S M
I S M A
V L F
O T A
A D A
S A C C H
D S S S
R A C H
P U K
P P M
S A M A
M M
L A P C
I O T
P A D
R T S
R e s
I C O
D T I M
H B R C D T L S
V B R
D V D
M S I N
H C Q o S
L A D D I B
S S
P N N I
C I D R
D T M F
M S C E I T
I M E I
C o d e c
U P A R Q U N I L R
W A E
I E T F
C D V
A s s o c
H P D C A M H
C D P D
G A P
L L C B T S L M
B - I S D N
H L R
M - Q o S
T P C T V
W P A N
S I R A L G R
W P - C D M A
A M P S
N I T B L I
M P E G
V H E
P C S
C C F
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BluetoothSatellites
Optimal
Frequency
Allocation
Course overview: A large spectrum
TheorySystems
How can we
access a shared
channel?
WAP How does my
wireless LAN
card work?
How do I routein a mobile ad-
hoc network?
Orthogonal
codes
GSM
WML and
WMLscript
C i H d O E i
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Course overview: Hands-On Exercises
• We build a wireless LAN based ad-hoc network
– We start with the “hello world” equivalent
– Neighbor detection
– Chat application – Multihop routing
– Multihop project
– Emulator software
– Grading!
• Supported by
– paper exercises
C i L t d E i
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Course overview: Lectures and Exercises
Clustering
Mobile IP and TCP
[Ostern]
Mobile Web
GSM
[Pfingsten]
Topology Control
Geometric Routing
Ad-Hoc & Sensor Networks
Wireless LAN
Media Access Control
Physical and Link Layer
Introduction
Multihop Project 2
Instant Messenger
Multihop Project 3
Multihop Project 1
Theory: Ad-Hoc Networks
Multihop Routing 2 Multihop Routing 1
Topology Detection
Neighbor Detection
Theory: Codes/MAC
"Hello World"
Hard- and Software Tests
C i lti
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Course specialties
• Maximum possible spectrum of systems and theory
• New area, more open than closed questions
• Lecture and exercises are hard to synchronize
• http://distcomp.ethz.ch/mobicomp
Literature
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Literature
• Jochen Schiller – Mobile Communications / Mobilkommunikation
• Ivan Stojmeniovic – Handbook of Wireless Networks and Mobile
Computing
• Andrew Tanenbaum – Computer Networks, plus other books• Hermann Rohling – Einführung in die Informations– und
Codierungstheorie
• James D. Solomon – Mobile IP, the Internet unplugged
• Charles E. Perkins – Ad-hoc networking
• Plus tons of other books on specialized topics
• Papers, papers, papers, …
Famous last words
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Famous last words
“Mobile wireless computers are like
mobile pipeless bathrooms –
portapotties. They will be common on
vehicles, and at construction sites, and
rock concerts. My advice is to wire up
your home and stay there.”Bob Metcalfe, 1995
(Ethernet inventor)
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