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WATER PURIFICATION THROUGH MALUNGGAY(Moringa oleifera Lin.) SEED EXTRACT AND SOLAR HEAT
A Research Proposal Presented to
The Science Department
Zamboanga del Norte National High School
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements in Research I
(English for Science and Technology with Basic Statistics)
by
Maritoni Charity J. Gayapa and Alexa C. TiuSeptember, 2011
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Chapter 1
The Problem: Its Rationale and Background
Introduction
Water is the key to a person's survival because without water survival is
simply not an option. However, water has to be purified in order to drink
otherwise bacteria in the water can be harmful to your organs if drunk in normal
consumption. This is highlighted especially in third world countries such as
Ethiopia and Gambia where many people die due to impure water that contains
lots of bacteria that cause infection and illness. In all countries there is a point at
which water is considered pure and it must go through a thorough process in
which the water is processed in a treatment plant until it is determined pure
enough to drink (drinking water).
Thus there are many plants and other natural purifying things just lying
around and it wouldnt even cost you money. Heat such solar radiation can kill
bacteria in a period of time; it has been tested and proven to purify water in many
parts of the world. On the other hand Moringa oleifera, which is the miracle plant,
is very common to many parts of the tropics especially the Philippines, using the
seeds of this plant has been tested and also proven to purify and kill bacteria
living in water.
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Both of these ways are proven and tested by researchers but not using
these two as a combination. The researchers will conduct this study to determine
if Malunggay seed extracts and heat is effective in purifying water. This study
aims to determine whether Moringa seed extracts and Solar Heat can be used in
water purification.
Statement of the Problem
This study was aims to determine if Malunggay (Moringa oleifera Lin.)
Seed Extract and Solar Heat can be effective in water purification.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following sub-problems:
1. What are the changes of the water in terms of color, pH and number
of the Coliform bacteria?
2. Which concentration of Malunggay seed extract (5%, 10% and 15%)
is most effective in water Purification
Hypotheses
This study is anchored on the following hypothesis:
H . Malunggay seed extracts and Heat are effective on water
purification.
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Significance of the Study
This study can be used in many purposes. First, it is very relevant in line
with peoples health. Using this type of purification can lessen the cause of
diarrhea and many other diseases caused by harmful bacteria in water. The
purification process is very easy to do that even small children can do it right and
it doesnt use sophisticated and costly gadgets.
Second, it can also be a big help in the economy of our poor families and
the nation, in general, because it doesnt use any expensive chemicals and
processes. It is only done by using a very common natural ingredient taken from
malunggay seeds. Malunggay is most commonly found in many parts of our
country and it could be easily grown in everyones backyard and last for a
number years.
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Conceptual Framework
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
Figure 1.1 The Schema of the Study.
Malunggay seed extract
5%
10%
15%
Solar heat
Quality of Water
Color of water
Ph
No. of coliform bacteria
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Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study is going to be conducted at the Loods Residence, Turno,
Dipolog City from the Last week of September to the second week of October
2011. The water we will use is Well water which will be examined by the Agape
Laboratory, Dipolog City. The researchers will collect Malunggay seeds in the
neighboring barangays and municipalities of Dipolog City. The collection of the
Malunggay seed extract will be done using the crushing method. The extract will
be brought to Loods residence, for experimentation. This study was made
limited only to the use of the Malunggay extract and Heat for water purification.
Definition of Key Terms
1. Moringa oleifera - Malunggy in Filipino, is the most widely cultivated
species of the genus Moringa, which is the only genus in the family
Moringaceae. It is an exceptionally nutritious vegetable tree with a variety
of potential uses.
2. Etract- to obtain something from a source, usually by separating it out
from other material
3. Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals,
materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated water. The
goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified
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for human consumption (drinking water) but water purification may also
be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the
requirements of medical, pharmacology, chemical and industrial
applications.
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Chapter 2
Review of Literature and Studies
Legal Basis
A. Foreign
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main federal law
that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water. Under SDWA,
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities,
and water suppliers who implement those standards. SDWA was
originally passed by Congress in 1974 to protect public health by
regulating the nation's public drinking water supply. The law was
amended in 1986 and 1996 and requires many actions to protect
drinking water and its sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and
ground water wells. This law contains requirements for ensuring the
safety of the nation's public drinking water supplies. This is the
principal federal law concerning drinking water. The SDWA authorized
the to promulgate regulations regarding water supply. The major
regulations are in title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations
(40CFR141, 40CFR142, and 40CFR143). Parts 141, 142, and 143
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regulate primary contaminants, implementation by states, and
secondary contaminants. Primary contaminants are those with health
impacts. State implementation allows states to be the primary
regulators of the water supplies (rather than USEPA) provided they
meet certain requirements. Secondary contaminants generally cause
aesthetic problems and are not directly harmful. (Wikipedia.com)
B. Local
Philippine Standards for Drinking Water 1993 (PNSDW
1993) under the provision of Chapter II Section 9 of PD 856,
otherwise known as the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines is
designed to guide the Waterworks Officials, Developers and
Operators of Water Supply Systems both Government and Private
entities, health and sanitation authorities and the general public and
all other concerned by standards cover requirements for the
acceptable values of the determined parameters in measuring
water quality. These parameters include microbiological, physical,
chemical and radiological compositions of the water. The standard
also delineates values established in conforming with the medical
and health implication of the parameters as opposed to values
established purely to satisfy aesthetic requirements.( DENR
ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 26-A,Series 1994)
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Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 states that the State shall
pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with the
protection, preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish
and marine waters. To achieve this end, the framework for sustainable
development shall be pursued. This includes the use of water for
domestic purposes like drinking and potable water and also water
treatment.
Related Studies
C. Foreign Studies
Within the pods are possibly the best part of the tree...the seeds!
Not only can they be pressed for a high grade oil, comparable to olive
oil, but the presscake remaining after oil extraction has been shown to
retain the active ingredients for coagulation, making it a marketable
commodity (Folkard and Sutherland, 1996).
According to Meitzner and Price (Amaranth to Zai Holes: Ideas for
Growing Food Under Difficult Conditions, ECHO, 1996), Moringa
oleifera has been compared to alum in its effectiveness at removing
suspended solids from turbid water, but with a major advantage.
Because it can be produced locally, "using moringa rather than alum
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would save foreign exchange and generate farm and employment
income." The potential for moringa to create a new market for a
community is there, and studies and projects are taking place
examining this potential.
At the Thyolo Water Treatment Works in Malawi, Africa, two
researchers, Drs. Geoff Folkard and John Sutherland from the
University of Leicester, England, have worked on substituting moringa
seeds for alum to remove solids in water for drinking. Not only were
the tests successful in removing as much solid material as alum, but
the seeds used were "purchased from enthusiastic villagers in Nsanje
Region in Malawi" (Folkard and Sutherland, 1996).
D. Local Studies
Sia (2008) reported that moringa seeds treat water on two
levels, acting both as a coagulant and an antimicrobial agent. Moringa
is generally accepted as a coagulant due to positively charged, water-
soluble proteins which bind with negatively charged particles (silt, clay,
bacteria, toxins, etc.) allowing the resulting flocs to settle to the
bottom or be removed by filtration. The antimicrobial aspects of
moringa continue to be researched. The process of treating the water
with moringa seeds would take at least one to two hours.
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As reported by Helen Flores from The Philippine Star, Reports
said moringa seeds, seed kernels or dried presscake can be stored for
long periods but moringa solutions for treating water should be
prepared fresh each time. In general, one seed kernel will treat one
liter of water. Solutions of moringa seeds for water treatment may be
prepared from seed kernels or from the solid residue left over after oil
extraction.
Related Literature
Moringa Oleifera. According to the study that was made by researchers
on http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.html , they say that
crushed Moringa seeds purify water to be used widely around a certain are and it
can lower the bacterial concentration in water so that it will be safe to drink. And
it can also be used as a quick and very simple method for cleaning dirty water in
rivers. This simple method does not only remove water pollution, but also
removes harmful bacteria. They also indicated on how it works, Moringa joins
with the solids in the water and then they both sink to the bottom. This kind of
treatment removes 90-99% of bacteria in water. They say that by using Moringa
seeds, people will no longer be depending on expensive means of purification.
Using this method of purification will replace the use of chemicals such as
aluminum sulphate, which they say are dangerous to people and especially the
environment, and mostly these chemicals are very expensive. Very different
http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.htmlhttp://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.html8/4/2019 Chapter 1 Amethyst
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water sources will need different amounts of Moringa seeds, because impurities
on such waters will not be the same. Using a jar for experimenting will be a bid
help in working out the correct amount needed.
Heat. According to SODIS (Solar Disinfection), clean drinking water is
lacking in many parts of the world and many persons die because of this. It is
estimated that two million people die every year because of water related
diseases. By using solar radiation to kill bacteria and microorganisms, it would
reduce the amount of people dead and prevent diseases in a very useful and
cheap way. This can be done with clear plastic bottles made of clear plastic, then
fill the plastic with water and fill with clear water and place above roofs. The
radiation will kill the microorganisms after 5-6 hours in the sun. The method will
be faster if the temperature is higher, it would be recommended to paint half of
the bottle black and the black part will face the ground or the surface of the roof.
This method only works in clear water not pond or river water
Microbes are destroyed through temperature and UVA radiation, provided
by the Sun. Water is placed in a transparent plastic bottle, which is oxygenated
by shaking, followed by topping-up. It is placed on tile or metal for six hours in full
sun, which raises the temperature and gives an extended dose of solar radiation,
killing any microbes that may be present. The combination of the two provides a
simple method of disinfection for tropical developing countries.
Water purification, or drinking water treatment, is the process of
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removing contaminants from surface water or groundwater to make it safe and
palatable for human consumption. A wide variety of technologies may be used,
depending on the raw water source, contaminants present, standards to be met,
and available finances. Sources of Drinking Water Water to be used in public or
private water supplies can be drawn from a variety of sources. Different sources
of raw water demand different treatment methods to render it ft for human
consumption. (microbiologyreader.com)
It is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and
biological contaminants from contaminated water. Its goal is to produce water fit
for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking
water) but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other
purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacology,
chemical and industrial applications. In general the methods used include
physical processes such as filtration and sedimentation, biological processes
such as slow sand filters or activated sludge, chemical processes such as
flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as
ultraviolet light. (Wikipedia.com)
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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
A. Collection and Preparation of Malunggay Seed Extract
The researchers will collect/purchase two (2) kilograms of fresh
malunggay seeds in pods. The shelling of the malunggay pods will be
done manually by the researchers. The extract will be obtained by
pounding the seeds on a Mortar and Pestle. Using a cheesecloth, the
pounded Malunggay seeds will be pressed to extract its juice. The extract
will be put in a sterilized glass jar and it is ready for use.
B. Collection and Preparation of Water
The researchers will collect water samples from three (3) different
wells found in separate locations, namely: Dipolog City, Dapitan City and
the municipality of Katipunan. The Researchers will get a one (1) Liter
sample from each well.
The researchers will prepare and use a total of twelve (12)
sterilized plastic bottles. There will be a set of four (4) bottles for each
sample and each bottle will contain 100mL. The set of four bottles will
contain the three (3) Treatments (T1, T2, and T3) and the Control.
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C. Preparations of Treatments
Each well water samples will have a set of four (4) corresponding
set- ups. The set-ups will have the three different Treatments plus the
Control.
The Treatments to be used are the different concentrations of
malunggay extracts mixed with 100 ml. samples in plastic bottles at the
Following rates: 0 % for the control, 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively.
The set-ups with malunggay extracts will be equally exposed under the
Heat of the sun for 4 hours. The Control will be just be left unexposed to
the heat of the sun.
After four (4) hours of sun exposure, all the 12 bottles containing the water
samples will be brought to Agape Laboratory for analysis to find out their
pH, Color, and E.Coli presence. The Laboratory results will be the source
of data for interpretation and analysis.
D. Statistical Treatment
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TREATMENTS
VARIABLES Control T1 T2 T3
5% 10% 15%pH Colo
rE.Coli pH Colo
rE.Coli pH Colo
rE.Coli pH Colo
rE.Coli
1. Dipolog Sample
2. Dapitan Sample
3. Katipunan
Collect/Purchase two
(2) kilograms of fresh
malunggay seeds inpods
Pounded Malunggay
seeds will be pressed to
extract its juice using a
cheesecloth
One (1) Literwatersamples from three (3)
different wells foundDipolog City, DapitanCity and themunicipality ofKatipunan.
Manual shelling of the
malunggay
three (3) of the set ups
will have treatments T1,
T2, and T3 and a
Control with different
malunggay extractconcentration: T1= 5%,
T2= 10% and T3= 15%
Control= 0%
Each water sample will
have four (4) set-upseach containing 100mL
of its respective water.
The Control group is
going to be brought to
Agape Lab for analysis.
Pounding the seeds
using a Mortar and
Pestle
Preperation of twelve
(12) sterilized plastic
bottles.
All 12 bottles containing
the water samples will
be brought to Agape
Laboratory for analysis
to find out their pH,
Color, and E.Colipresence
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Bibliography
Low-cost water purifying system uses malunggay seedsBy Helen Flores (The Philippine Star) Updated November 12, 2009 12:00 AMhttp://208.184.76.175/Article.aspx?articleid=522456
four (4) hours of sun
exposure
http://208.184.76.175/ArticleListByAuthorName.aspx?AuthorName=By+Helen+Floreshttp://208.184.76.175/Article.aspx?articleid=522456http://208.184.76.175/ArticleListByAuthorName.aspx?AuthorName=By+Helen+Floreshttp://208.184.76.175/Article.aspx?articleid=5224568/4/2019 Chapter 1 Amethyst
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APPENDIX- A
Sschedule of Activities
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APPENDIX-B
Proposed Budget
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