Chapter Objectives

• Establish key fundamental concepts and terms when speaking of Tourism in general, (to apply on all programs):- definition of tourism- tourism system- types of tourists and tourist activities- tourist motivation-sectors of tourism industry

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TOURISM• (Mathieson and Wall, 1982)

“The temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during the stay in those destinations, and the facilities created to cater for their needs.”

TOURISM• (WTO, 1991)

“The activities of a person travelling outside his or her usual environment for less than a specified period of time whose main purpose of travel is other than for exercise of an activity remunerated from the place visited.”

TOURISM• “comprises of activities of a persons travelling

to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.“ (official UNWTO definition).

The central idea is…

• Movement• Non-permanent stay• Activities and experiences during the travel

and stay• Resources and facilities required• Impacts resulting from the travel and stay

Elements of Tourism System (Leiper, 1995):

• The tourists or travellers who are leaving and returning to their region of origin,

• The travel and tourism industry, and

• The geographic regions which are composed of the:Travel-generating regionTransit regionDestination

Models of Tourism Travel• A journey between home and the destination and back.

Home Destination

The whole period of absence is spent at the place of destination or in its immediate vicinity. An example of this type is a package holiday at a tourist destination or a single trip to a cottage over the weekend.

Models of Tourism Travel• A journey from home to destination which is used as starting point for

day-trips.

This model has the same basic pattern as simple model of a journey but with an additional travel pattern at the destination, i.e., package holiday by air to a destination from where the tourists make trips by bus, car, or cycle.

Home Destination

Models of Tourism Travel• A journey from home to destination which is used as a base for the visit.

This base is the location for much of the visit but the tourist also makes a round trip, i.e., package holiday where the traveler flies to a destination and uses it as a starting point for a round trip by bus/car, returning to the initial destination by home.

Home Destination

Profiling:

The TOURISTS and EXCURSIONISTS

Market Segments

Market-Segments

MICE

Balikbayan segments

Short-haul sightseeing and shopping

Long-haul mass comfort

Long-haul backpacker

Long-haul niche beach

domestic

Short-haul ecotourism

Short-haul beach lover

Short-haul recreation

Products

Market-Product

MICE

Balikbayan segments

Short-haul sightseeing and shopping

Long-haul mass comfort

Long-haul backpacker

Long-haul niche beach

domestic

Short-haul ecotourism

Short-haul beach lover

Short-haul recreation

Affordable packages for Balikbayan

4-5 day well organized packaged tours for sightseeing and shopper segment

10-day well organized packaged tours based for long-haul mass comfort segment

Multiple destinations with cheap access and destination for backpackers

“Wow Level” beach and accommodation for long-haul niche beach

Affordable packages for domestic market

Good beaches with direct access, activities, and accommodation for short-haul beach lover

Sports-adventure for short-haul recreation segment

Wow-level beach and accommodation for long-haul niche segment

World class convention and exhibit facilities for MICE

Tourism Sites

• Tourism sites are the specific places which tourists come to see and experience.

• It may be a natural attraction, cultural attraction, or man-made attraction.

• This may be grouped together for marketing purposes either because of their geographical proximity or similarity.

Type of attractions: Natural

• Based on features of the natural environment, such as:– Climate– Scenic beauty– Beaches/marine areas– Flora/fauna– Special environmental features– Parks/conservation

Types of attractions: Cultural and/or Man-made

• Artificially created, such as:– Festivals– Theme/amusement parks– Shopping– Meeting, conferences and conventions– Special events

Tourist Service Centers

• Variety of accommodation/

restaurant facilities• Tourist information

centers• Shopping/personal

services• Banks/foreign exchange

• Medical facilities/services

• Transport terminals

• Postal communication facilities

• Parks, zoos and other nature centers

• Cultural complex including museums,

theaters, cinemas, etc.• Entertainment facilities• Other, i.e., sports,

souvenirs, religious, etc.

Tourism Support Infrastructures

• Road network – from service center or

attractions including stops, etc. along the

way.• Port facilities – including

passenger terminals, passenger amenities, transportation, etc.

• Airports – including passenger terminal, amenities, transport

services, etc.• Potable water supply –

to serve current and future tourism growth

• Power – off-site and on-site

• Liquid/solid waste disposal

REASONS FOR TRAVELING

Motivation for Travel

• Reasons which can be considered as the motivational factors for journey.

• “push” and “pull” factors• Iso-Aloha (1980) – “seeking” and “escaping”

motives• Plog (1973) – Psychocentric and Allocentric• Maslow (1954)- Hierarchy of needs • Ryan (1991) and Chadwick (1987)

Physiological Needs

(hunger, thirst)

Safety Needs(security, protection)

Social Needs (sense of

belonging, love)

Esteem Needs (self-esteem)

Self Actualization

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

The Concept of Ryan (1991) and Chadwick(1987)

RYAN: 1. Strengthening family bonds2. Social interaction3. Self-fulfillment4. Sexual opportunity5. Shopping6. Educational opportunity7. Escape8. Play9. Prestige10.Relaxation11.Wish fulfillment

CHADWICK:1. Pleasure – rest,

relaxation, etc.2. Professional- business,

meetings, etc. 3. Others: medical

1. Cost of travel2. Lack of time3. Health4. Family stage5. Lack of interest6. Fear and safety

Leisure Travel De-Motivators

The Tourism Industry

(Main sectors of the Tourism Industry)Middleton, 1994

Accommodation Sector Attraction Sector Transport Sector

Travel organizer’s

Sector

Destination Organization

Sector