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CCNA
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CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
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Network Interface Card
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A network interface card (NIC) is a printed circuitboard that provides network communicationcapabilities to and from a personal computer. Also
called a LAN adapter.
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Repeater
A repeater is a network device used to regenerate asignal.Repeaters regenerate analog or digital signals distorted
by transmission loss due to attenuation. A repeater doesnot perform intelligent routing.
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Hub
Hubs concentrateconnections. In other words,they take a group of hosts
and allow the network tosee them as a single unit.
This is done passively,without any other effect on
the data transmission.
Active hubs not onlyconcentrate hosts, but theyalso regenerate signals.
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Bridge
Bridges convert network transmission data formats as wellas perform basic data transmission management.Bridges, as the name implies, provide connectionsbetween LANs. Not only do bridges connect LANs, but
they also perform a check on the data to determinewhether it should cross the bridge or not. This makes eachpart of the network more efficient.
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Network and Host Addressing
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Using the IP address of the
destination network, a router can
deliver a packet to the correct
network.
When the packet arrives at a
router connected to the
destination network, the router
uses the IP address to locate theparticular computer connected to
that network.
Accordingly, every IP address has
two parts.
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Internet Addresses8
IP Addressing is a hierarchical structure.An IP address combines twoidentifiers into one number. This number must be a unique number,
because duplicate addresses would make routing impossible.The
first part identifies the system's network address.The second part,
called the host part, identifies which particular machine it is on the
network.
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Introduction to Routers
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A router is a special type of computer. It has the same basic components as a
standard desktop PC. However, routers are designed to perform some very
specific functions. Just as computers need operating systems to run software
applications, routers need the Internetwork Operating System software (IOS)
to run configuration files. These configuration files contain the instructions and
parameters that control the flow of traffic in and out of the routers. The many
parts of a router are shown below:
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IOS File System Overview
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RAM11
Random Access Memory, also called dynamic RAM
(DRAM)
RAM has the following characteristics and functions:
Stores routing tables
Holds ARP cache
Holds fast-switching cache
Performs packet buffering (shared RAM)
Maintains packet-hold queues Provides temporary memory for the configuration
file of the router while the router is powered on
Loses content when router is powered down or
restarted
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NVRAM
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Non-Volatile RAM
NVRAM has the following characteristics andfunctions:
Provides storage for the startup
configuration file Retains content when router is powered
down or restarted
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Flash13
Flash memory has the following characteristics and
functions:
Holds the operating system image (IOS)
Allows software to be updated without
removing and replacing chips on the processor
Retains content when router is powered down
or restarted
Can store multiple versions of IOS software
Is a type of electronically erasable, programmable
ROM (EEP
ROM)
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Overview of Router Modes
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Configuring InterfacesAn interface needs an IP Address and a Subnet Mask to be configured.
All interfaces are shutdown by default.
The DCE end of a serial interface needs a clock rate.
Router#config terminal
Router(config)#interface serial0
Router(config-if)#ip address 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#int e0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#exitRouter#
s = serial e = Ethernet
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Introducing Routing16
Routing is the process that a router uses to forward packetstoward the destination network. A router makes decisions
based upon the destination IP address of a packet. All devices
along the way use the destination IP address to point the
packet in the correct direction so that the packet eventuallyarrives at its destination. In order to make the correct
decisions, routers must learn the direction to remote networks.
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Rou
ting Protocols
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RIP Characteristics
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200.14.13.0/24200.14.13.0/24
130.24.13.0/24130.24.13.0/24
Router A
Port 2
200.14.13.2/24
Port 2
200.14.13.2/24
Port 1
130.24.13.1/24
Port 1
130.24.13.1/24
130.24.36.0/24130.24.36.0/24
RIP-1: 130.24.36.0 RIP-1: 130.24.36.0
RIP-1: 130.24.0.0
130.24.25.0/24130.24.25.0/24
RIP-1 permits only a Single Subnet Mask
Fig. 60 RIP-1 permits only a single subnet mask (TI1332EU02TI_0004 The Network Layer, 83)
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Configuring RIP Example
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