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Business process diagrams BPMN-style diagrams
Diagrams from many different sources you can find on the internet
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A business is composed of actors performing activities
► Actors/components are relatively visible or tangible
► Activities/processes are abstract, often undocumented
■ And confusingly, components are sometimes called processes
From a white Paper by Gregor Polančič January 2013
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BPMN's 4 process model varieties
Process model
shows process
elements under a logical
control flow
Conversation
model
shows data exchanged
between “processes”
(often representing
systems, functions or
roles)
Diagram from http://www.ariscommunity.com/users/roland-woldt/2011-01-28-learning-bpmn-2-which-models-are-available-bpmn
Collaboration model
shows inter-process
interactions
Choreography model
coordinates inter-actor
interactions
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A business process
► A business process (aka value stream, scenario, etc.)
■ Designed to deliver a required service or result
■ Sequences the necessary activities or tasks
► Tasks are performed by human actors or mechanical systems/components
https://grapholite.com/diagrams/businessprocessmodeling
Avancier BPMN Process model example
► Event (start, stop, message)
► Task
► Gateway
► Sequence flow
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https://grapholite.com/diagrams/businessprocessmodeling
Avancier BPMN Collaboration model example
► Event (start, stop, message)
► Task
► Gateway
► Sequence flow
► Message flow
► Pool
Copyright Avancier Limited 2014-16
https://www.edrawsoft.com/bpmn-diagram-examples.php
Po
ol
Avancier Events
► Catching events - start processes
► Throwing events - end processes
► The circle may contain another icon (envelope, clock, etc.)
► Event varieties include
■ Plain - start or end of the process
■ Message - received and sent during process execution
■ Timer - points in time, periods, timeouts
■ Error – generation and handling of process errors
■ Cancel – triggers or reacts to cancelled transactions
■ Compensation – triggers or handles compensation
■ Etc.
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Avancier Gateways
► Decision points in a process – drawn as a diamond
■ Data-based exclusive gateway
● used to split, the flow is routed to one outgoing branch.
● used to merge, when one inward branch is complete, triggers the outward flow
■ Event-based exclusive gateway
● routes flow to the outgoing branch where the event happens first.
● followed only by events or activity
■ Parallel gateways
● used to split, divides one flow into parallel ones, triggered simultaneously.
● used to merge, when all inward branches are complete, triggers the outward flow
■ Complex gateway
● has many conditions depending on which outgoing branches are triggered.
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X
+
Avancier Task
► An activity
► A unit kind of work to be done
► Drawn with a rounded rectangle.
■ Multiple instances
■ Loop activity
■ Collapsed subprocess
■ Expanded subprocess
■ Etc.
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Avancier Artifacts
► Data objects – required and produced by activities ● Collection data object represents a collection of
information, e.g., a list of order items.
● Data input is an external input for the entire process. A
kind of input parameter.
● Data output is data result of the entire process. A kind of
output parameter.
► Data store
■ a place where the process can read or write data, that
persists between process instances.
► Group
■ aggregates objects but doesn’t influence flow
► Text annotations
■ adds meaning to elements
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Avancier Connecting objects / flows
► Sequence flow
■ shows the order in which activities can be performed
► Message flow
■ shows data passing between tasks (or actors) in different pools.
► Association
■ shows association of an artifact or text annotations to flow objects
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Avancier Pools and swim lanes
► Pool or lane can be an organization, function, role or system.
► Lanes subdivide pools or other lanes hierarchically.
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Po
ol
Po
ol
Lane
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Pools and swimlanes
► Black box
► White box
From a white Paper by Gregor Polančič January 2013
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Copyright Avancier Limited 2014-16
BPMN Process model (cf. flow chart, activity diagram)
► Shows process elements under a logical control flow
► Shows sequential dependencies between activities.
From a white Paper by Gregor Polančič January 2013
Avancier
Copyright Avancier Limited 2014-16
BPMN's 4 process model varieties
Process model
shows process
elements under a logical
control flow
Conversation
model
shows data exchanged
between “processes”
(often representing
systems, functions,
roles)
Diagram from http://www.ariscommunity.com/users/roland-woldt/2011-01-28-learning-bpmn-2-which-models-are-available-bpmn
Collaboration model
shows inter-process
interactions
Choreography model
coordinates inter-actor
interactions
Avancier BPMN Collaboration model
► Tasks in processes in different pools exchange data flows / messages
Copyright Avancier Limited 2014-16
http://www.yworks.com/products/yfiles-for-java-2.x/ybpmn
Avancier BPMN Collaboration model
► “Pools” and “lanes” can be systems, functions or roles
► “Collaboration” implies exchanging data / messages
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http://www.igrafx.com/uk/products/process-modeling-analysis/bpmn-web-modeling
Avancier BPMN Collaboration model
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https://www.modeliosoft.com/en/resources/diagram-examples/state-diagrams.html
Avancier BPMN Collaboration model
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http://www.igrafx.com/uk/products/process-modeling-analysis/bpmn-web-modeling
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Copyright Avancier Limited 2014-16
BPMN's 4 process model varieties
Process model
shows process
elements under a logical
control flow
Conversation
model
shows data exchanged
between “processes”
(often representing
systems, functions or
roles)
Diagram from http://www.ariscommunity.com/users/roland-woldt/2011-01-28-learning-bpmn-2-which-models-are-available-bpmn
Collaboration model
shows inter-process
interactions
Choreography model
coordinates inter-actor
interactions
Avancier
Copyright Avancier Limited 2014-16
BPMN Conversation model (cf. data flow diagram)
► shows data exchanged between “processes” (often representing
systems, functions or roles) as in a function or capability map
http://blog.maxconsilium.com/2013/09/bpmn-20-models-part-2.html
Avancier
Copyright Avancier Limited 2014-16
BPMN's 4 process model varieties
Process model
shows process
elements under a logical
control flow
Conversation
model
shows data exchanged
between “processes”
(often representing
systems, functions or
roles)
Diagram from http://www.ariscommunity.com/users/roland-woldt/2011-01-28-learning-bpmn-2-which-models-are-available-bpmn
Collaboration model
shows inter-process
interactions
Choreography model
coordinates inter-actor
interactions
Avancier BPMN Choreography model
► coordinates inter-actor interactions
Copyright Avancier Limited 2014-16
http://blog.maxconsilium.com/2013/09/bpmn-20-models-part-2.html
Avancier BPMN Choreography model
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https://www.visual-paradigm.com/features/task-management/
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More from http://jp.edrawsoft.com/bpmn-symbols.php
Many many kinds of event
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More from http://jp.edrawsoft.com/bpmn-symbols.php
Events
Processes
Data
Gateways
Flows
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Additional notes
After a white Paper by Gregor Polančič January 2013
Copyright Avancier Limited 2014-16
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Business function hierarchy - shown in BPMN
► Functions shown as “groups”
► Sub-functions shown as collapsed processes “pools”
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Business process classifications and examples
Operational
processes
the core business and create
the primary value stream of a
company
Purchasing
Manufacturing.
Production.
Packaging.
Sales.
Delivery
Management
processes
govern the operation of a
company or system
Strategic planning.
Customer satisfaction.
Quality management.
Human resource management.
Corporate governance
Supporting
processes
support core and management
processes
Marketing
Finances. Accounting.
Inventory. Recruitment.
Technical support.
Infrastructure maintenance.
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Business process models are required for
► Quality management schemes
■ ISO 9000 quality programs
■ CMMI maturity assessments
► Work-flow systems
► Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems
Avancier Quality management schemes
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► ISO 9000 and CMMI assess the quality or maturity
of a business in terms of its business processes.
Process maturity level
0 Non-existent
1 Initial/Ad Hoc
2 Repeatable but
Intuitive
3 Defined Process
4 Managed and
Measurable
5 Optimized
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Process Maturity levels in COBIT v4.1 a framework for defining control objectives for common IT processes
Process maturity level Description
0 Non-existent Complete lack of any recognisable processes.
The enterprise has not even recognised that there is an issue to be addressed.
1 Initial/Ad Hoc There is evidence that the enterprise has recognized that the issues exist and need to be addressed.
However, no standardized processes; only ad hoc approaches applied on a case-by-case basis.
The overall approach to management is disorganized.
2 Repeatable but
Intuitive
Processes have developed to the stage where similar procedures are followed by different people
undertaking the same task.
No formal training or communication of standard procedures, responsibility left to the individual.
A high degree of reliance on knowledge of individuals and, therefore, errors are likely to occur.
3 Defined Process Procedures have been standardized and documented, and communicated through training.
It is mandated these processes should be followed; though unlikely deviations will be detected.
The procedures themselves are not sophisticated but are the formalization of existing practices.
4 Managed and
Measurable
Management monitors and measures compliance with procedures and takes action where processes appear
not to be working effectively.
Processes are under constant improvement and provide good practice.
Automation and tools are used in a limited or fragmented way.
5 Optimized Processes have been refined to a level of good practice, based on the results of continuous improvement
and maturity modeling with other enterprises.
IT is used in an integrated way to automate the workflow, providing tools to improve quality and
effectiveness, making the enterprise quick to adapt.
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Business Process Management (BPM)
► a disciplined approach to
■ identifying,
■ designing,
■ executing,
■ documenting,
■ monitoring,
■ controlling, and
■ measuring
► automated and non-automated business processes,
► to achieve consistent and targeted results that are aligned with an
organization's strategic goals.
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Related diagram types
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Avancier An entity/object state chart
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https://www.modeliosoft.com/en/resources/diagram-examples/state-diagrams.html
Avancier A use case diagram
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https://www.modeliosoft.com/en/resources/diagram-examples/state-diagrams.html
Avancier A use case diagram with packaging of use cases
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https://www.modeliosoft.com/en/resources/diagram-examples/state-diagrams.html
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