1. List & Explain the 5 Parts of the
Earth System
ATMOsphere BIOsphere
GEOsphere HYDROsphere
ANTHROsphere
Atmosphere
The part of the Earth System that is made of the mixture of
GASES that surround the planet.
Geosphere
The part of the Earth System
that is made of the
EARTH ITSELF
(Crust, Mantle, Inner and
Outer Cores.)
PHYSICAL vs. CONCEPTUAL
• structures built to represent something else
• A model car is built to REPRESENT a real car
• models developed in the mind
• The interior of the Earth…we CANNOT DIRECTLY OBSERVE IT
4. Define the FOCUS & EPICENTER of an earthquake.
Focus-
place inside the earth where earthquakes originate
Epicenter-
place on Earth’s surface above focus
P-WAVES S-WAVESAre the ________
moving wavesMove
__________ than P-waves
Cause particles to move
_____________ in place
Cause particles to move from
___________
Travel through _______________
Travel only through
_________
6. Define REFRACTION.
Refraction:Change in direction of a wave due to its change in speed as it
passes from one material to the next.
7. How do we know the Earth has layers?
• P-waves REFRACT as they travel through the earth causing SHADOW ZONES (areas on the earth’s surface where no seismic waves are detected)
• So, the core must be made of a different material than the mantle to make the waves refract
10. Describe the theory of PLATE TECTONICS.
The Earth’s crust is broken into plates that move & interact with each other.
11. Compare the OCEAN crust & the CONTINENTAL crust.
Ocean Crust– Thin– MORE Dense– Younger
Continental Crust
– Thick– LESS dense– Older
•Ocean plate is subducted below continent.•A trench forms above the subduction zone
in water•A volcanic mountain chain forms on land
Ocean – continent Convergence
15. How are earthquakes, volcanoes & mountains related?
They are mostly formed along plate boundaries
16. Why do the Hawaiian Islands exist today?
A “HOT SPOT” in the MANTLE burns through the CRUST
& forms a VOLCANO (MID-PLATE)
17. How does gas content of magma effect the eruption of a volcano?
LOW GAS: CALM Eruption
HIGH GAS: POWERFUL Eruption
18. What name did Alfred Wegener give to his theory of the horizontal
movement of the Earth’s crust?
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
19. List & explain 2 pieces of evidence that we examined to
support the theory of continental drift.
•Fossil evidence
•Modern mammals on continents
•Glacial grooves in INDIA
•GPS
•Continents look like “puzzle pieces”
20. What was the only ocean at the time of Pangea?
Why is it shrinking today?
• It is surrounded by subduction zones.
• The ocean floor is subducting into the mantle.
• We are losing Pacific ocean floor.
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