BOOK REVIEW

1. List & Explain the 5 Parts of the

Earth System

ATMOsphere BIOsphere

GEOsphere HYDROsphere

ANTHROsphere

Atmosphere

The part of the Earth System that is made of the mixture of

GASES that surround the planet.

Geosphere

The part of the Earth System

that is made of the

EARTH ITSELF

(Crust, Mantle, Inner and

Outer Cores.)

Hydrosphere

The part of the Earth System that is the planet’s WATER

BIOSPHEREThe part of the Earth

System that is made of all LIVING THINGS

Anthrosphere

The part of the Earth System (BIOSPHERE) that includes all

HUMAN CREATIONS

2. What is: a

statement that can be proved or disproved by

an experiment?

3. What is the difference between a

PHYSICAL model & a CONCEPTUAL

model?

PHYSICAL vs. CONCEPTUAL

• structures built to represent something else

• A model car is built to REPRESENT a real car

• models developed in the mind

• The interior of the Earth…we CANNOT DIRECTLY OBSERVE IT

4. Define the FOCUS & EPICENTER of an earthquake.

Focus-

place inside the earth where earthquakes originate

Epicenter-

place on Earth’s surface above focus

5. What is the difference between

P-Waves & S-Waves?

P-WAVES S-WAVESAre the ________

moving wavesMove

__________ than P-waves

Cause particles to move

_____________ in place

Cause particles to move from

___________

Travel through _______________

Travel only through

_________

6. Define REFRACTION.

Refraction:Change in direction of a wave due to its change in speed as it

passes from one material to the next.

7. How do we know the Earth has layers?

• P-waves REFRACT as they travel through the earth causing SHADOW ZONES (areas on the earth’s surface where no seismic waves are detected)

• So, the core must be made of a different material than the mantle to make the waves refract

8. Which layer of the earth has PLASTICITY (ability to flow)?

MANTLEASTHENOSPHERE

9. What FORCE in the mantle drives the movement of the Earth’s plates?

CONVECTION

*CONVECTION*

10. Describe the theory of PLATE TECTONICS.

The Earth’s crust is broken into plates that move & interact with each other.

11. Compare the OCEAN crust & the CONTINENTAL crust.

Ocean Crust– Thin– MORE Dense– Younger

Continental Crust

– Thick– LESS dense– Older

12. When an OCEAN plate converges with

a CONTINENTAL plate what happens?

Explain.

•Ocean plate is subducted below continent.•A trench forms above the subduction zone

in water•A volcanic mountain chain forms on land

Ocean – continent Convergence

13. List & describe the 3 types of plate boundaries.

14. How fast does the Earth’s lithospheric plates move?

A few centimeters per

year

15. How are earthquakes, volcanoes & mountains related?

They are mostly formed along plate boundaries

16. Why do the Hawaiian Islands exist today?

A “HOT SPOT” in the MANTLE burns through the CRUST

& forms a VOLCANO (MID-PLATE)

17. How does gas content of magma effect the eruption of a volcano?

LOW GAS: CALM Eruption

HIGH GAS: POWERFUL Eruption

18. What name did Alfred Wegener give to his theory of the horizontal

movement of the Earth’s crust?

CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

19. List & explain 2 pieces of evidence that we examined to

support the theory of continental drift.

•Fossil evidence

•Modern mammals on continents

•Glacial grooves in INDIA

•GPS

•Continents look like “puzzle pieces”

20. What was the only ocean at the time of Pangea?

Why is it shrinking today?

• It is surrounded by subduction zones.

• The ocean floor is subducting into the mantle.

• We are losing Pacific ocean floor.

21. Describe the 2 natural hazards related to the direct movement of

the Geosphere.

Volcanoes

22. List 3 warnings of a volcanic eruption.

Warnings…

1. Gas escapes from around the volcano

2. Volcano swells

3. Minor earthquakes occur beneath the volcano