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1
A PRESENTATION
ON
NUCLEAR BATTERY
Mr. RAHUL GUPTA
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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION HISTORY
RADIOACTIVITY
NUCLEAR FUSION AND NUCLEAR FISSION
NUCLEAR ELECTRET BATTERY
BETAVOLTAIC TECHNIQUE
OPTOELECTRIC NUCEAR BATTERY
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGEAPPLICATION
CONCLUSION
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INTRODUCTION
Nuclear battery technology is employed where wewant long life battery and replacing, recharging,
refueling is difficult. Nuclear battery is also called
isotope battery. Nuclear or atoms use the emission
from the isotopes to generate power. They have ahigh energy density and long life, on the order of
decades.
Direct charge collection
Indirect (scintillation) Beta voltaic
Thermoelectric
Thermionic
Thermo photovoltaic
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HISTORY
The idea of nuclear battery was introduced in thebeginning of 1950, and was patented on Mar 3,
1959 to Tracer lab. Even though the idea
was given more than 30 years before no
significant progress was made on the subjectbecause the yield was very less.
A radioisotope electric power
system developed by inventor Paul Brown was a
scientific break through in nuclear power.
Brown's first prototype power cell produced
100,000times as much energy per gram of
strontium-90 (the energy source) than the most
powerful thermal battery yet in existence.
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RADIOACTIVITY
When an unstable nucleus releases energy and
particles.
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RADIOACTIVE DECAY
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NUCLEAR FUSION
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NUCLEAR FISSION Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or more
separate nuclei of comparable mass
One neutron interacts with one fissionable nucleus
(Uranium for example)
Results are:
Fission Products Two heavy nuclides
One heavier than the other (Average ratio of ~ 2 :
3 )
Neutrons 2.43 on average emitted / fission
Important that more neutrons are produced than
are used to cause one fission
Gamma rays, beta particles
Energy !!
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NUCLEAR ELECTRET
BATTERY This invention relates generally to the generation
of electrical energy and more particularly tounique method of and means for utilizing theelectrical energy of nuclear reaction to convert
electrets from an electrostatics device into anelectrodynamics current producing device.
Electrets means permanently electrifiedsubstances exhibiting electric charge of oppositesigns at extremities.
This object to release static energy of electretsinto electricity.
Another object for utilizing electrets energy and anuclear reaction to produce electricity.
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BETAVOLTAIC TECHNIQUE
Beta voltaic technique uses a silicon wafer to
capture electrons emitted by a radioactive gas,
such as tritium.
The flat silicon wafer is coated with a diodematerial to create a potential barrier
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The radiation absorbed in the vicinity of anypotential barrier like a p-n junction or a metal-
semiconductor contact
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DIRECT CHARGING
GENERATOR
The primary generator consists
of a high-Q LC tank circuit. The circuit inductance
comprises a coil wound on a
core composed of radioactive
nuclides connected in serieswith the primary winding of a
power transformer.
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OPTOELECTRIC NUCLEAR
BATTERY
A beta-emitter such as technetium-99 or trontium-90is suspended in a gas or liquid containingluminescent gas molecules of the excimer type,constituting dust plasma.
This permits a nearly lossless emission of betaelectrons from the emitting dust particles forexcitation of the gases whose excimer line is selectedfor the conversion of the radioactivity into asurrounding photovoltaic layer.
The surrounding weakly ionized plasma consists ofgases or gas mixtures (e.g. krypton, argon, xenon)with excimer lines, such that a considerable amountof the energy of the beta electrons is convertedinto this light.
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NUCLEAR BATTERY BASED ON
SCHOTTKEY BARRIER DIODE
It is constructed by combining Ni-
63 and silicon PN-junction(Sic).
The use of metal SiC Schottkybarriers for carrier separation is
demonstrated to produce nuclear
batteries.
We have fabricated Schottkybarrier diodes on n-type 4H SiC
substrate using Ni as
Schottky metal.
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THERMOELECTRIC
GENERATOR
Radioisotope thermoelectric generators createelectricity from this heat difference by use of the
Seebeck effect .
Discovered in 1821 by Thomas Seebeck, a
potential difference or voltage will be created
across the juncture of two unlike metals
whenever there is a temperature difference
applied across the juncture.
RTGs that was placed in the Cassini spacecraft
that was sent to Saturn.
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MEDICAL APPLICATION
It would be suited for medical devices likepacemakers, implanted defibrillators.
The best out of the box is the use in cardiac
pacemakers.
It is reported that about 600,000 pacemakers
are implanted each year worldwide.
. A cardiac pacemaker uses half of its battery
power for cardiac stimulation and the other halffor housekeeping tasks such as monitoring and
data logging.
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MOBILE AND AUTOMOBILE
APPLICATION
Xcell-N is a nuclear powered laptop batterythat can provide between seven and eight
thousand times the life of a normal laptop battery
.
. Nuclear batteries are going to replace theconventional batteries and adapters.
nuclear batteries will find a sure niche in the
automobiles replacing the weary convent ionic
fuels.
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MAINTANANCE
Restore battery cells with float voltage less than[2.13] volts, and verify remaining cells are greaterthan [2.07] volts.
Equalize and test battery cells when electrolytelevel drops below the top of plates.
Limits on average electrolyte temperature,battery connection resistances, and battery
terminal voltage. Obtain specific gravity readings of all cells at
each discharge test, consistent with manufacturerrecommendations
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ADVANTAGES
The most important feat of nuclear cells isthe life span they offer, a minimum of 10 years!
Long durability power advantages will determine
the economic feasibility of nuclear batteries.
Taken care as the battery cases are
hermetically sealed.
The efficiency of such cells is much higher .
Higher energy density.
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DISADVANTAGE
The initial installation cost is much higher.
The use and disposal of nuclear material.
The size is higher over the conventional battery.
The weight is heavier. Disaster situation with in handling radioactive
material.
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CONCLUSION The use of power as heat and electricity from
radioisotope will continue to be indispensable.
. It would reason that small devices would need smallbatteries to power them.
With implementation of this new technologycredibility and feasibility of the device will beheightened.
throughout the process of making a nuclearbattery to final disposal all Radiation Protection
Standards must be met. The economic feasibility of nuclear batteries will
be determined by its applications and advantages.With several features being added to this littlewonder
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1/9/2011
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