Balram Goyal

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A PRESENTATION

ON

NUCLEAR BATTERY

Mr. RAHUL GUPTA


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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION HISTORY

RADIOACTIVITY

NUCLEAR FUSION AND NUCLEAR FISSION

NUCLEAR ELECTRET BATTERY

BETAVOLTAIC TECHNIQUE

OPTOELECTRIC NUCEAR BATTERY

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGEAPPLICATION

CONCLUSION


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INTRODUCTION

Nuclear battery technology is employed where wewant long life battery and replacing, recharging,

refueling is difficult. Nuclear battery is also called

isotope battery. Nuclear or atoms use the emission

from the isotopes to generate power. They have ahigh energy density and long life, on the order of

decades.

Direct charge collection

Indirect (scintillation) Beta voltaic

Thermoelectric

Thermionic

Thermo photovoltaic


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HISTORY

The idea of nuclear battery was introduced in thebeginning of 1950, and was patented on Mar 3,

1959 to Tracer lab. Even though the idea

was given more than 30 years before no

significant progress was made on the subjectbecause the yield was very less.

A radioisotope electric power

system developed by inventor Paul Brown was a

scientific break through in nuclear power.

Brown's first prototype power cell produced

100,000times as much energy per gram of

strontium-90 (the energy source) than the most

powerful thermal battery yet in existence.


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RADIOACTIVITY

When an unstable nucleus releases energy and

particles.


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RADIOACTIVE DECAY


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NUCLEAR FUSION


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NUCLEAR FISSION Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or more

separate nuclei of comparable mass

One neutron interacts with one fissionable nucleus

(Uranium for example)

Results are:

Fission Products Two heavy nuclides

One heavier than the other (Average ratio of ~ 2 :

3 )

Neutrons 2.43 on average emitted / fission

Important that more neutrons are produced than

are used to cause one fission

Gamma rays, beta particles

Energy !!


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NUCLEAR ELECTRET

BATTERY This invention relates generally to the generation

of electrical energy and more particularly tounique method of and means for utilizing theelectrical energy of nuclear reaction to convert

electrets from an electrostatics device into anelectrodynamics current producing device.

Electrets means permanently electrifiedsubstances exhibiting electric charge of oppositesigns at extremities.

This object to release static energy of electretsinto electricity.

Another object for utilizing electrets energy and anuclear reaction to produce electricity.


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BETAVOLTAIC TECHNIQUE

Beta voltaic technique uses a silicon wafer to

capture electrons emitted by a radioactive gas,

such as tritium.

The flat silicon wafer is coated with a diodematerial to create a potential barrier


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The radiation absorbed in the vicinity of anypotential barrier like a p-n junction or a metal-

semiconductor contact


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DIRECT CHARGING

GENERATOR

The primary generator consists

of a high-Q LC tank circuit. The circuit inductance

comprises a coil wound on a

core composed of radioactive

nuclides connected in serieswith the primary winding of a

power transformer.


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OPTOELECTRIC NUCLEAR

BATTERY

A beta-emitter such as technetium-99 or trontium-90is suspended in a gas or liquid containingluminescent gas molecules of the excimer type,constituting dust plasma.

This permits a nearly lossless emission of betaelectrons from the emitting dust particles forexcitation of the gases whose excimer line is selectedfor the conversion of the radioactivity into asurrounding photovoltaic layer.

The surrounding weakly ionized plasma consists ofgases or gas mixtures (e.g. krypton, argon, xenon)with excimer lines, such that a considerable amountof the energy of the beta electrons is convertedinto this light.


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NUCLEAR BATTERY BASED ON

SCHOTTKEY BARRIER DIODE

It is constructed by combining Ni-

63 and silicon PN-junction(Sic).

The use of metal SiC Schottkybarriers for carrier separation is

demonstrated to produce nuclear

batteries.

We have fabricated Schottkybarrier diodes on n-type 4H SiC

substrate using Ni as

Schottky metal.


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THERMOELECTRIC

GENERATOR

Radioisotope thermoelectric generators createelectricity from this heat difference by use of the

Seebeck effect .

Discovered in 1821 by Thomas Seebeck, a

potential difference or voltage will be created

across the juncture of two unlike metals

whenever there is a temperature difference

applied across the juncture.

RTGs that was placed in the Cassini spacecraft

that was sent to Saturn.


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MEDICAL APPLICATION

It would be suited for medical devices likepacemakers, implanted defibrillators.

The best out of the box is the use in cardiac

pacemakers.

It is reported that about 600,000 pacemakers

are implanted each year worldwide.

. A cardiac pacemaker uses half of its battery

power for cardiac stimulation and the other halffor housekeeping tasks such as monitoring and

data logging.


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MOBILE AND AUTOMOBILE

APPLICATION

Xcell-N is a nuclear powered laptop batterythat can provide between seven and eight

thousand times the life of a normal laptop battery

.

. Nuclear batteries are going to replace theconventional batteries and adapters.

nuclear batteries will find a sure niche in the

automobiles replacing the weary convent ionic

fuels.


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MAINTANANCE

Restore battery cells with float voltage less than[2.13] volts, and verify remaining cells are greaterthan [2.07] volts.

Equalize and test battery cells when electrolytelevel drops below the top of plates.

Limits on average electrolyte temperature,battery connection resistances, and battery

terminal voltage. Obtain specific gravity readings of all cells at

each discharge test, consistent with manufacturerrecommendations


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ADVANTAGES

The most important feat of nuclear cells isthe life span they offer, a minimum of 10 years!

Long durability power advantages will determine

the economic feasibility of nuclear batteries.

Taken care as the battery cases are

hermetically sealed.

The efficiency of such cells is much higher .

Higher energy density.


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DISADVANTAGE

The initial installation cost is much higher.

The use and disposal of nuclear material.

The size is higher over the conventional battery.

The weight is heavier. Disaster situation with in handling radioactive

material.


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CONCLUSION The use of power as heat and electricity from

radioisotope will continue to be indispensable.

. It would reason that small devices would need smallbatteries to power them.

With implementation of this new technologycredibility and feasibility of the device will beheightened.

throughout the process of making a nuclearbattery to final disposal all Radiation Protection

Standards must be met. The economic feasibility of nuclear batteries will

be determined by its applications and advantages.With several features being added to this littlewonder


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Balram Goyal

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