AXIAL SKELETONAXIAL SKELETONVertebral columnVertebral column
Rastislav DrugaRastislav Druga
Presacral part
Sacrum
C – 7
Th – 12
L – 5
S – 5
Co – 4-5
33
vertebrae
C, L lordosis
Th kyphosis
C – when the infant begins to lift hia head
L – when the child starts to walk
VERTEBRAEVERTEBRAEcervicalescervicalesthoracicaethoracicaelumbaleslumbales
os sacrumos sacrumos coccygisos coccygis
TH
Corpus
Arcus
Processus
Pediculus
Vertebral notches
(incisurae)
L
Foramen vertebrae AP 13 mm
Recessus lateralis
AP 4 mm
Lamina
Vertebrae cervicales Cervical vertebra
C6 tuberculum anterius = tuberculum caroticum
C7 vertebra prominens
Vertebrae cervicales C 1 – C7
ATLAS
AXIS
Nízké intervert. Disky
ATLAS AXIS
SACRUM
S1 – S5
Articulatio
sacroiloaca
Homologous parts oéf vertebrae
Black = costal element
L – proc. costalis
Th – costa vera
C – proc. transversus
S – crista sacralis lateralis
Articulationes intervertebralesArticulationes intervertebrales
The joints of the vertebral columnThe joints of the vertebral column
Intervertebral discs
Two cartilage endplates
Nucleus pulposus
Annulus fibrosus
DISCI
INTERVERT.
DISCUS – Anulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus
Anulus fibrosus – vazivová chrupavka, kolagenní fibrily
Nucleus pulposus – hydratované proteoglykany, kolagenní fibrily, vazivové buňky
23 disků 1/5 výšky pateře,
L3/L4 intervertebral disc – defect in the outer annulus
Intervertebral disc – toluidine blue
DISCUS CERVICALIS DISCUS LUMBALIS
Nucleus pulposus -movements
Intervertebral discIntervertebral disc
Annulus fibrosusAnnulus fibrosus Laminate structure- type I, II Laminate structure- type I, II
collagen fibers, 15 – 25 concentric collagen fibers, 15 – 25 concentric layerslayers
Interlaminar septae - proteoglycan Interlaminar septae - proteoglycan aggregatesaggregates
Inner AF – layers are more widely Inner AF – layers are more widely spaced, more collagen II, more spaced, more collagen II, more hydrated,chondrocyte-like cellshydrated,chondrocyte-like cells
Outer AF - layers adhere, fibres Outer AF - layers adhere, fibres penetrqte to the bone, more penetrqte to the bone, more collagen I, fibroblast-like cells, less collagen I, fibroblast-like cells, less hydratedhydrated
Water, collagen, proteoglycans, Water, collagen, proteoglycans, elastinelastin
Nucleus pulposus Nucleus pulposus Highly hydrated aggrecan-Highly hydrated aggrecan-
containing gelcontaining gel Chondrocyte-line cells, Chondrocyte-line cells,
collagenous fibrescollagenous fibres
Degenerative lesions of discs
MRI of intervertebral discs – level of hydratation DW (D. Stelzeder et al. 2010)
Canalis vertebralis
Prostor epidurální
Prostor subdurální
Prostor subarachnoideální
(liquor)
Foramen
transversarium
Protruse intervertebrálního disku – mediální, laterální L4/L5
Protruse laterální
Protruse mediální
Sensory innervation of intervertebral disc
Intervertebrál discsIntervertebrál discs
Avascular, nerve supply at the peripheryAvascular, nerve supply at the periphery Anuli fibrosi – interconnect vertebral Anuli fibrosi – interconnect vertebral
bodies, maintain the stability of vertebral bodies, maintain the stability of vertebral column column
After second decade dehydratation of the After second decade dehydratation of the discdisc
Decrease of vertical diameter of the Decrease of vertical diameter of the vertebral column, kyphotic posturevertebral column, kyphotic posture
Ligamenta - dlouhá, krátká
Lig. longitudinale posterius
Rupture
Ligamenta interarcualia
s. ligg. Flava
Hypertrophy
Cervical segment and
Vertebral artery for. transversaria (C6)
Atlantooccipitální articulation
Ligaments of atlantooccipital a atlantoaxial articulation
COSTAE et STERNUMCOSTAE et STERNUM
RIBS and STERNUMRIBS and STERNUM
Costa, cartilago costalis
Costae verae 1 -7 true ribs
Costae spuriae 8 –10
False ribs
Costae fluctuantes
Floatuing ribs
11 - 12
Costa I Costa II
Juncturae thoracisJuncturae thoracis
Joints of the thoraxJoints of the thorax
Articulatio capitis costae
Articulatio costotransversariaArticulationes costovertebrales
Articulationes sternocostalesArticulationes sternocostales
Articulation of cartilage of 2. – 7. rib with sternal socket Articulation of cartilage of 2. – 7. rib with sternal socket (incisura costalis). Capsules are short, ligg. (incisura costalis). Capsules are short, ligg. sternocostalia radiatasternocostalia radiata
Articulationes interchondralesArticulationes interchondrales mutual connextion cartilagesmutual connextion cartilages of 6. – 9. ribs of 6. – 9. ribs
Movements of vertebral columnMovements of vertebral column
Ventral flexion – cervical segment, lumbal segmentVentral flexion – cervical segment, lumbal segment
Lateroflexion – cervical and lumbal cca 30Lateroflexion – cervical and lumbal cca 30ºº
Rotations – cervical segment cca 60 - 70Rotations – cervical segment cca 60 - 70ºº (30 (30 ºº between between atlas and axis, thoracic segment 25atlas and axis, thoracic segment 25ºº - 30 - 30ºº, lumbal , lumbal segment cca 5segment cca 5ºº ) )
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