Appendix
A.1 Non-colored Applications of Effect Pigments
A.1.1 Metallic Pigments
Physicaleffect Metallic pigment Application
Mechanical Coated aluminum flakes Influence of impact strength and tensilestrength of organic materials
Leafing pigments Inhibition of diffusion of gases, vapors,and corrosive mediums
Thermal Carbon black with Al flakes Microwave heatingElongated Al flakes, Ni powder,
steel flakesIncrease of thermal conductivity of
organic materialsLeafing Al flakes of high
reflectivityReflection of UV and IR radiation of
translucent plasticsTiO2 on mica Reflection of light and thermal energyAluminum flakes <15 μm Flame-retardant finishing of textiles
Optical Aluminum flakes; TiO2,SnO2/SbO2 on mica
Laser marking of plastics and organicmaterials
Fine aluminum flakes UV absorption in degradable highpolymers
Lead flakes X-ray absorption
Electric/magnetic
Fibers consisting of steel, silver,gold bronze, Cu, Al: Φ =10–150 μm, l = 0.5–10 mm;
Reduction of electrostatic charging aswell as electrically conductingorganic materials
Carbon black, Ni, Cu, Ag, steel,Zn; Al flakes coated with Ag;graphite, carbon fiber or micacoated with nickel
Avoidance of electromagneticinterference (EMI) of electric circuits
Iron-III-oxide,chromium-III-oxide,
Magnetic domains in organic materials
Mica coated with iron-III-oxide Magnetic domains in organic foils
Physico-chemical
Zinc powder, leafing zinc flakes,Al, Ni, steel
Lacquers or coatings: corrosionprevention of metals or metallicalloys
Non-stabilized aluminum flakes,aluminum powder
In connection with H2O: release of H2as propellant for pore former inconcrete: 2Al + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 +3H2 ↑
447G.A. Klein, Industrial Color Physics, Springer Series in Optical Sciences 154,DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1197-1, C© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
448 Appendix
A.1.2 Pearlescent Pigments
Physicaleffect
Coating of micasubstrate Application
Mechanical TiO2 Increase of tensile strength of synthetic highpolymers
Thermal TiO2 Reflection of IR radiation of transparent plastics
Optical TiO2, (Sn, Sb)O2 Marking and welding of coatings or plastics withlaser (gas laser with CO2, excimer laser,solid-state laser Nd:YAG laser)
Electric (Sn, Sb)O2,Sn(O,F)2, SiO2
Antistatic finish of foils and floor covering,electric conductive foils for clean rooms fordust reduction; electrostatic lacquer applicationof moldings
Magnetic Co in γ-Fe2O3;Fe3O4, Cr2O3
Magnetic surfaces
A.2 Chromatic Adaption Transform CAT02
The transform CAT02 needs to perform the following calculation steps inforward and backward modes:
A.2.1 Forward Mode
Input data:Sample in test illuminant: X, Y, Z;Sample in reference illuminant: XR, YR, ZR;Adopted white in test illuminant: XW, YW, ZW;Reference white in reference illuminant: XWR, YWR, ZWR;Luminance of test and reference adapted surfaces: LA (cd/m2).
Output data:Standard color values in the corresponding illuminant Xc, Yc, Zc,Color-inconstancy index CCI(ΔE) in dependence on a color-difference formulaΔE.
1. Step: Determination of cone responses R, G, B in test illumination of abso-lute white in test and reference illuminants RW, GW, BW and RWR, GWR, BWR,respectively:
A.2 Chromatic Adaption Transform CAT02 449
⎛
⎝RGB
⎞
⎠ = MCAT02
⎛
⎝XYZ
⎞
⎠ ,
⎛
⎝RW
GW
BW
⎞
⎠ = MCAT02
⎛
⎝XW
YW
ZW
⎞
⎠ ,
⎛
⎝RWR
GWR
BWR
⎞
⎠ = MCAT02
⎛
⎝XWR
YWR
ZWR
⎞
⎠ ;
(A.2.1)
the empirical coefficient matrix is given by
MCAT02 =⎛
⎝0.7328 0.4296 −0.1624
−0.7036 1.6975 0.00610.0030 0.0136 0.9834
⎞
⎠ . (A.2.2)
2. Step: Calculation of the degree of adaption D:
D = F · {1 − 0.01584 · e−[(LA+42)/92]}; (A.2.3)
if D is outside of 0 ≤ D ≤ 1, then
D ={
1 for D > 10 for D < 0
. (A.2.4a)
Furthermore, F is given as
F =⎧⎨
⎩
1.0 for middle illumination0.9 for dim illumination0.8 for dark illumination
. (A.2.4b)
The luminance LA of adapted field of sample and reference colors followsfrom
LA = (YH/
YWR) · LWR, (A.2.4c)
where YH is the lightness of surround color and LWR for luminance ofreference white of units cd/m2.
450 Appendix
3. Step: Determination of the corresponding response in test illuminant:
Rc = R · [1 + α · (RWR/RW ) − D], (A.2.5a)
Gc = G · [1 + α · (GWR/GW ) − D], (A.2.5b)
Bc = B · [1 + α · (BWR/BW ) − D], (A.2.5c)
where
α = D · (YW/
YWR). (A.2.5d)
4. Step: Calculation of the corresponding standard color values
⎛
⎝Xc
Yc
Zc
⎞
⎠ = M−1CAT02 ·
⎛
⎝Rc
Gc
Bc
⎞
⎠ (A.2.6a)
using the inverse matrix of Equation (A.2.2):
M−1CAT02 =
⎛
⎝1.096124 −0.278869 0.1827450.454369 0.473533 0.072098
−0.009628 −0.005698 1.015326
⎞
⎠ . (A.2.6b)
Determination of the color values, for example, Lc, Cc, hc and LR, CR, hR;calculation of color difference ΔE by a suited color difference formula fromcolor contributions ΔL = Lc – LR, ΔC = Cc – CR, and ΔH.
A.2.2 Reverse Mode
In the reverse case, the standard color values in test illuminant X, Y, Z are foundaccording to the following procedure:
Input data:Standard color values of corresponding color Xc, Yc, Zc and remaining inputquantities listed of forward mode.
Output data:Standard color values in test illumination X, Y, Z.1. Step: Calculation of
A.3 Two-Flux Approximations 451
⎛
⎝Rc
Gc
Bc
⎞
⎠ = MCAT02 ·⎛
⎝Xc
Yc
Zc
⎞
⎠ ,
⎛
⎝RW
GW
BW
⎞
⎠ = MCAT02 ·⎛
⎝XW
YW
ZW
⎞
⎠ ,
⎛
⎝RWR
GWR
BWR
⎞
⎠ = MCAT02 ·⎛
⎝XWR
YWR
ZWR
⎞
⎠
(A.2.7)
2. Step: The degree of adaption D is determined using Equations (A.2.3),(A.2.4a), (A.2.4b), and (A.2.4c).3. Step: R, G, B are calculated according to Equations (A.2.5a), (A.2.5b), and(A.2.5c).4. Step: The standard color values in test illumination X, Y, Z follow from
⎛
⎝XYZ
⎞
⎠ = M−1CAT02 ·
⎛
⎝RGB
⎞
⎠ , (A.2.8)
etc.
A.3 Two-Flux Approximations
A.3.1 Directional Fluxes
Quantity From radiative transfer equation (5.1.37)
Optical constants Optical path: τ = (K + S)d
Albedo: ω0 = S
K + SAbsorption coefficient: K = (1 − ω0)τ
/d
Scattering coefficient: S = ω0τ/
d
Characteristic roots k = ± 1μ
√1 − ω0
Translucent layer Reflection Rμμ and transmission Tμμ:
Rμμ = ω0
2 − ω0 + 2μk coth (kτ )
Tμμ = 2μk
(2 − ω0) sinh (kτ ) + 2μk cosh (kτ )
452 Appendix
Quantity From radiative transfer equation (5.1.37)
Opaque layer Rμμ = ω0
2 − ω0 + 2√
1 − ω0, Tμμ = 0
1
ω0= (1 + Rμμ)2
4Rμμ,
K
S= 1 − ω0
ω0= (1 − Rμμ)2
4Rμμ
Transparent layer Rμμ = 0, Tμμ = e−τ/μ, ω0 = 0, τ = −μ ln (Tμμ)
Conservative case Rμμ = τ
2μ + τ, Tμμ = 2μ
2μ + τ, ω0 = 1, τ = 2μRμμ
/Tμμ
Determination ofoptical constantsover twodifferentbackgroundsRbg,b, Rbg,w
1
ω0=
(1 + Rbg,w)(1 + Rw)(Rb − Rbg,b) − (1 + Rbg,b)(1 + Rb)(Rw − Rbg,w)
4(Rbg,wRb − Rgb,bRw)
Rbg,b ≈ 0, Rgb,b << Rb:
1
ω0= (1 + Rbg,w)(1 + Rw)Rb − (1 + Rb)(Rw − Rbg,w)
4Rbg,wRb
Rb ∼= Rw:1
ω0= (1 + Rw)
4Rw
2
τ = 1
2μkarcoth
[ω0(1 + Rbg,xRx) − (2 − ω0)(Rbg,x + Rx)
2μk(Rx − Rbg,x)
]
,
with x = b or x = w
Optical layer Surface boundary corrected relations
Transparent Ra = r + (1 − r)2rTμμ
1 − r2T2μμ
, Ta = (1 − r)2Tμμ
1 − r2T2μμ
, Tμμ = Ra − r
rTa
Translucent Ra = r + (1 − r)2 · (1 − rRμμ)Rμμ + rT2μμ
(1 − rRμμ)2 − r2T2μμ
,
Ta = (1 − r)2Tμμ
(1 − rRμμ)2 − r2T2μμ
Opaque Ra = r + (1 − r)2Rμμ
1 − rRμμ, Rμμ = Ra − r
(1 − r)2 + r(Ra − r),
Ta = Tμμ = 0
Conservative case S = 1
d
(1 − r)(Ra − r) − r(1 − r)Ta
(1 − r)2Ta
A.3 Two-Flux Approximations 453
A.3.2 Diffuse Fluxes
Quantity From radiative transfer equation (5.1.37)
Optical constants Optical path: τ = (K + S)d
Albedo: ω0 = S
K + SAbsorption coefficient: K = (1 − ω0)τ
/d
Scattering coefficient: S = ω0τ/
d
Characteristic roots k = ±2√
1 − ω0
Transparent layer Reflection Rdd and transmission Tdd:
Rdd = 0, Tdd = e−2τ , ω0 = 0, τ = −1
2ln (Tdd),
S = 0, K = − 1
2dln (Tdd)
Translucent layer Rdd = ω0
2 − ω0 + k coth (kτ )= ω0H(k, − k,τ )
(2 − ω0 + k)H(k, − k,τ ) + e−kτ
Tdd = k
(2 − ω0) sinh (kτ ) + k cosh (kτ )
= 1
(2 − ω0 + k)H(k, − k,τ ) + e−kτ
Opaque layer Rdd = ω0
2 − ω0 + 2√
1 − ω0, Tdd = 0
1
ω0= (1 + Rdd)2
4Rdd,
K
S= 1 − ω0
ω0= (1 − Rdd)2
4Rdd
Conservative case Rdd = τ
1 + τ, Tdd = 1
1 + τ, ω0 = 1, τ = Rdd
/Tdd ,
K = 0, S = 1
d
Rdd
Tdd
Determination ofoptical constantsover twodifferentbackgroundsRbg,b, Rbg,w
1
ω0=
(1 + Rbg,w)(1 + Rw)(Rb − Rbg,b) − (1 + Rgb,b)(1 + Rb)(Rw − Rbg,w)
4(Rbg,wRb − Rbg,bRw)
Rbg,b ≈ 0, Rbg,b << Rb:
1
ω0= (1 + Rbg,w)(1 + Rw)Rb − (1 + Rb)(Rw − Rbg,w)
4Rbg,wRb
Rb ∼= Rw:
1
ω0= (1 + Rw)
4Rw
2
τ = 1
karcoth
[ω0(1 + Rbg,xRx) − (2 − ω0)(Rbg,x + Rx)
k(Rx − Rbg,x)
]
,
with x = b or x = w
454 Appendix
Quantity Following Kubelka–Munk theory, Section 5.3
Optical constants Absorption coefficient: KKMScattering coefficient: SKM
Combining with two diffuse fluxes from radiative transfer equation:
KKM = 2K, SKM = S
Characteristic roots k = ±bS
Transparent layer R = 0, T = e−KKMd , S = 0, KKM = − 1
dln (T)
Translucent layer R = 1
a + b coth (kd), T = b
a sinh (kd) + b cosh (kd)
Opaque layer R = 1
a + b= a − b, T = 0,
KKM
SKM= (1 − R)2
2R
Conservative case a = 1, b = 0, R = Sd
1 + Sd, T = 1
1 + Sd, KKM = 0,
S = 1
d
R
T
Determination ofoptical constantsover twodifferentbackgroundsRbg,b, Rbg,w
a = (1 + Rbg,wRw)(Rb − Rbg,b) − (1 + Rbg,bRb)(Rw − Rbg,w)
2(Rbg,wRb − Rbg,bRw)
Rbg,b << Rb:
a = 1
2
(
Rw + Rb − Rw + Rbg,w
Rbg,wRb
)
Rb ∼= Rw:
a = 1
2
(Rw + 1
Rw
)
S = 1
bdarcoth
[1 − aRbg,x + (Rbg,x − a)Rx
b(Rx − Rbg,x)
]
, with x = b or x = w
KKM = (a − 1)S
References in Alphabetic Order
References are ordered with regard to the first-mentioned author; standards areorganized on the basis of the corresponding numbering system.
Albrecht, H: “Optische Strahlungsquellen”, Grafenau (1977)Allen, E: “Basic equations used in computer color matching, II, tristimulus match, two
constant theory”, J Opt Soc Am 64 (1974) 991Allen, E: “Basic equations used in computer color matching”, J Opt Soc Am 56 (1966) 1256Allen, E: “Colorant Formulation and Shading”, in: Grum, F, Bartelson, CJ, Eds: “Optical
Radiation Measurement”, Vol 2, “Color Measurement”, Academic Press, New York (1980)290
Alman, DH: “Directional color measurement of metallic flake finishes”, Proc ISCCWilliamsburg Conf on Appearance 53 (1987)
Argoitia, A, Chu, S: “The Concept of Printable Holograms Through the Alignment ofDiffraction Pigments”, Flex Prods Inc, Santa Rosa, CA (2002)
Argoitia, A, Witzman, M: “Pigments Exhibiting Diffractive Effects”, Soc Vacuum Coaters,45th Ann Techn Conf Proceedings (2002)
ASTM D 16–08: “Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications”, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA(2008)
ASTM D 480–88: “Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing of Flaked AluminumPowders and Pastes”, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken,PA (2008)
ASTM D 1003–07e1: “Standard Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance ofTransparent Plastics”, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken,PA (2007)
ASTM D 1729–96: “Standard Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color-Differencesof Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials”, American Society for Testing and Materials,West Conshohocken, PA (2003)
ASTM D 1746–09: “Standard Test Method of Transparency of Plastic Sheeting”, AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (2009)
ASTM D 2244–07e1: “Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and ColorDifferences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates”, American Society forTesting and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (2007)
ASTM D 2805–96a: “Standard Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflectometry”,American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (2003)
455
456 References in Alphabetic Order
ASTM D 3134–97e1: “Standard Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss Tolerances”,American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (2008)
ASTM D 5767–95: “Standard Test Methods for Instrumental Measurement of Distinctness-of-Image Gloss of Coating Surfaces”, American Society for Testing and Materials, WestConshohocken, PA (2004)
ASTM D 6441–05: “Standard Test Methods for Measuring Hiding Power of PowderCoatings”, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (2005)
ASTM E 308–08: “Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE-System”, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (2008)
ASTM E 313–05: “Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness-Indices frominstrumentally measured Color Coordinates”, American Society for Testing and Materials,West Conshohocken, PA (2005)
ASTM E 430–05: “Standard Test Methods for measurement of Gloss of High Gloss Surfacesby Abridged Goniophotometry”, American Society for Testing and Materials, WestConshohocken, PA (2005)
ASTM E 991–06: “Standard Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Specimens”,American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (2006)
ASTM E 1164–07: “Standard Practice of Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-ColorEvaluation”, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (2007)
ASTM E 1317–06: “Standard Test Method for Color and Color Difference Measurementby Tristimulus Colorimetry”, American Society for Testing and Materials, WestConshohocken, PA (2006)
ASTM E 1345–98: “Standard Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of ColorMeasurements by use of Multiple Measurements”, American Society for Testing andMaterials, West Conshohocken, PA (2008)
ASTM E 1499–97: “Standard Guide for Selection, Evaluation, and Training of Observers”,American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (2003)
ASTM E 2194–03: “Standard Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal FlakePigmented Materials”, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken,PA (2003)
ASTM E 2214–08: “Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Performance of ColorMeasuring Instruments”, American Society for Testing and Materials, WestConshohocken, PA (2008)
ASTM E 2539–08: “Standard Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement of InterferencePigments”, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (2008)
ASTM D 3134–97: “Standard Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss Tolerances”,American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (2008)
ASTM WK 1164: “New Standard Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement of InterferencePigmented Materials”, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken,PA (2006)
Backhaus, WGK, Kliegel, R, Werner, JS, Eds: “Color Vision: Perspectives from DifferentDisciplines”, W de Grunter, Berlin (1998)
Bartelson, CJ: “A review of chromatic adaption”, AIC Colour 77, Adam Hilger, Bristol (1978)63
Benzing, G, Ed: “Pigmente und Farbstoffe fuer die Lackindustrie”, 2nd ed, Expert, Ehningen(1992)
Berger-Schunn, A: “Practical Color Measurement”, Engl transl 1st ed, Wiley, New York(1994); “Praktische Farbmessung”, 2nd ed, Muster-Schmidt, Goettingen (1994)
Bergmann, L, Schaefer, W: “Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik”, Vol 3: “Optik”; Ed: Niedrig,H, Eichler, H-J, 10th ed, W de Gruyter, Berlin (2004)
References in Alphabetic Order 457
Berns, RS, Billmeyer, FW, Saltzman, M: “Billmeyer and Saltzman’s Principles of ColorTechnology”, 3rd ed, Wiley-Interscience, New York (2000)
Bevingston, PR: “Data reduction and error analysis for physical sciences”, 3rd ed, McGraw-Hill, Boston, Mass (2003)
Billmeyer, FW, Jr, Carter, EC: “Color and Appearance of Metallized Paint Films”, J CoatTechn 48 (1976) 53
Birch, J: “Diagnosis of Defective Color Vision”, 2nd ed, Butterwoth-Heinemann, Oxford(2001)
Bohren, CF, Huffmann, DR: “Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles”, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2004)
Bohren, CF: “Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles”, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim(2004)
Born, M, Wolf, E: “Principles of Optics”, 7th ed, reprint, Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge,UK (2006)
Broabent, AD: “A critical Review of the Development of the CIE 1931 RGB colour-matchingfunctions”, Col Res Appl 29 (2004) 267
Bronstein, IN, Semendjajew, KA, Musiol, G, Muehlig, H: “Handbook of Mathematics”, 9thed, Springer, Berlin (2007)
Brown, PK, Wald, G: “Visual Pigments in Single Rods and Cones of the Human Retina”,Science 144 (1964) 45
Brown, WRJ, McAdam, DL: “Visual sensitivities to combined chromaticity and luminancedifferences”, J Opt Soc Am 39 (1949) 808
Buxbaum, G, Pfaff, G, Eds: “Industrial Inorganic Pigments”, 3rd ed, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim(2005)
Chandrasekhar, S: “Radiative Transfer”, repr 1st ed 1950, Dover, New York (1960)Chou, W, Lin, H, Luo, MR, Westland, S, Rigg, B, Nobbs, J: “Performance of lightness
difference formulae”, Coloration Techn 117 (2001) 19CIE 1931: “Proceedings of the Eighth Session”, Cambridge, England 1931; CIE, Bureau
Central de la CIE, Paris (1931)CIE 1978: Supplement No 2 to CIE Publication 15 (1971): “Recommendations on uniform
colour spaces – colour difference equations; Psychometric Colour Terms”, CIE, BureauCentral de la CIE, Wien (1978)
CIE No. 13.2: “Method of Measuring and Specifying Colour Rendering Properties of LightSources”, 2nd ed, CIE, Bureau Central de la CIE, Paris (1974)
CIE No. 13.3: “Method of Measuring and Specifying Colour Rendering Properties of LightSources”, 3rd ed, CIE, Bureau Central de la CIE, Wien (1995)
CIE No. 15.2 “Colorimetry”, 2nd ed, Commission Internationale de L’Éclairage (CIE),Bureau Central de la CIE, Wien (1986)
CIE No. 15.3: “Colorimetry”, 3rd ed, CIE, Bureau Central de la CIE, Wien (2004)CIE No. 46: “A review of publications on properties and reflections values of material and
reflection standards”, CIE, Bureau de la CIE, Wien (1979)CIE No. 76: “Intercomparison of Measurement of (Total) Spectral Radiance Factor of
Luminescent Specimens”, Commission Internationale de L’Éclairage (CIE), BureauCentral de la CIE, Wien (1988)
CIE No. 80: “Special Metamerism Index: Change in Observer”, Commission Internationalede L’Éclairage (CIE), Bureau Central de la CIE, Wien (1989)
CIE No. 101: “Parametric Effects in Colour-Difference Evaluation”, CIE, Bureau Central dela CIE, Wien (1993)
CIE No. 116: “Industrial Colour-Difference Evaluation”, CIE, Bureau Central de la CIE,Wien (1995)
458 References in Alphabetic Order
CIE No. 130: “Practical Methods for the Measurement of Reflectance and Transmittance”,CIE, Bureau Central de la CIE, Wien (1998)
CIE No. 142: “Improvement to Industrial Colour-Difference Evaluation”, Commission Inter-nationale de L’Éclairage (CIE), Bureau Central de la CIE, Wien (2001)
CIE No. 159: “A color appearance model for color management systems: CIECAM02”, CIE,Commission Internationale de L’Éclairage, Bureau Central de la CIE, Wien (2004)
CIE No. 165: “CIE 10 degree photopic photometric observer”, CIE, Bureau Central de laCIE, Wien (2005)
CIE S 014-1:2006: “Colorimetry-Part 1: CIE Standard Colorimetric Observers”, CIE, BureauCentral de la CIE, Wien (2006); ISO 11664-1: 2008 (E), Joint ISO/CIE Standard
CIE S 014-2E: “Colorimetry – Part 2: CIE Standard Illuminants”, CIE, Bureau Central de laCIE, Wien (2006); ISO 11664-2: 2008 (E), Joint ISO/CIE Standard
CIE S 014-3:2007: “Colorimetry – Part 4: 1976 L∗a∗b∗ Colour Space”, CIE, Bureau Centralde la CIE, Wien (2008)
Clarke, FJJ, McDonald, R, Rigg, B: “Modification to the JPC79 Formula”, J Soc Dyers Col100 (1984) 128 and 282
Coaton, JR, Ed: “Lamps and Lighting”, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann (2001); Csele, M:“Fundamentals of light sources and lasers”, Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken (2004)
Colour Index International: “Pigment and solvent Dyes”, Soc Dyers Col, Bradford, England;and American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, Research Triangle Park, NC(1998)
Cramer, WR, Gabel, PW: “Dreiecksbeziehungen aus Bunt-, Aluminium- und Interferenz-Pigmenten”, Farbe u Lack 109/10 (2003) 78
Cramer, WR, Gabel, PW: “Effektvolles messen”, Farbe u Lack 107 (2001) 42Crawley, MJ: “Statistics”, Wiley, Chichester (2008)Cui, G, Luo, MR, Rigg, B, Roesler, G, Witt, K: “Uniform Colour Spaces Based on the DIN99
Colour-Difference Formula”, Col Res Appl 27 (2002) 282Dahlquist, G, Bjoerck, A: “Numerical methods in scientific computing”, Soc Industrial and
Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, PA (2008)DIN 5033: “Farbmessung”, Part 1–9, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1979–
2008)DIN 5036-1: “Strahlungsphysikalische und lichttechnische Eigenschaften von Materialien;
Begriffe, Kennzahlen”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1978, 1980)DIN 6160: “Anomaloskope zur Diagnose von Rot-Gruen-Farbenfehlsichtigkeiten”, Deut-
sches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1996)DIN 6164: “DIN-Farbenkarte”, Part 1–3, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1980–
1981)DIN 6167: “Beschreibung der Vergilbung von nahezu weissen oder nahezu farblosen
Materialien”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1980)DIN 6169: “Farbwiedergabe” part 1–8, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1976–
1979)DIN 6172: “Metamerie-Index von Probenpaaren bei Lichtartwechsel”, Deutsches Institut fuer
Normung eV, Berlin (1993)DIN 6174: “Farbmetrische Bestimmung von Farbabstaenden bei Koerperfarben nach der
CIELAB-Formel”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1979)DIN 6175-1: “Farbtoleranzen fuer Automobillackierungen”, part 1: “Toleranzen fuer
Unilackierungen”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1986)DIN 6175-2: “Farbtoleranzen fuer Automobillackierungen”, part 2: “Toleranzen fuer
Effektlackierungen”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (2001)
References in Alphabetic Order 459
DIN 6175-3: “Farbtoleranzen fuer Automobillackierungen”, Part 3: “Messgeometrien fuerInterferenzpigmente”, Draft, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (2006)
DIN 6176: “Farbmetrische Bestimmung von Farbabstaenden bei Koerperfarben nach derDIN99-Formel”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (2001)
DIN 50017: “Kondenswasser-Pruefklimate”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin(1982)
DIN 53145-1/2: “Pruefung von Papier und Pappe – Messgrundlagen zur Bestimmungdes Reflexionsfaktors; Messung an fluoreszierenden Proben”, Deutsches Institut fuerNormung eV, Berlin (2000)
DIN 53235-1/2: “Pruefung von Pigmenten – Pruefungen an standardfarbtiefen Proben –Part 1: Standardfarbtiefen”, “Pruefung von Pigmenten – Pruefungen an standardfarbtiefenProben – Part 2: Einstellen von Proben auf Standardfarbtiefe”, (2005); Deutsches Institutfuer Normung eV, Berlin
DIN 55600: “Pruefung von Pigmenten – Bestimmung der Signifikanz von Farbabstaendenbei Koerperfarben nach der CIELAB-Formel”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin(2008)
DIN 55603: “Pruefung von Pigmenten – Bestimmung der relativen Farbstaerke und desRestfarbenabstandes von anorganischen Pigmenten in Weissaufhellungen nach demHelligkeitsverfahren”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (2003)
DIN 55923: “Pigmente: Aluminiumpigmente und Aluminiumpigmentpasten fuer Anstrich-farben”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1983)
DIN 55943: “Farbmitte – Begriffe”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (2001); CIENo 124/1: “Colour notations and colour order systems”, CIE, Bureau de la CIE, Wien(1997)
DIN 55978: “Bestimmung der relativen Farbstaerke in Loesungen, SpektralphotometrischesVerfahren”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1981)
DIN 55984: “Bestimmung des Deckvermoegenswertes von weissen und hellgrauen Medien”,Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1986)
DIN 55987: “Bestimmung des Deckvermoegenswertes pigmentierter Medien”, DeutschesInstitut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1981)
DIN 55988: “Bestimmung der Transparenzzahl (Lasur) von pigmentierten und unpigmen-tierten Systemen”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1989)
DIN EN ISO 105-A01: “Textilien – Farbechtheitspruefungen – Part A01: AllgemeinePruefgrundlagen (ISO 105-A01:2008)”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin(2008)
DIN EN ISO 105, A06: “Textilien – Farbechtheitspruefungen – Part A06: FarbmetrischeBestimmung der 1/1 Richttype (ISO 105-A06:1995)”, Deutsches Institut fuer NormungeV, Berlin (1997)
DIN EN ISO 2810: “Beschichtungsstoffe – Freibewitterung von Beschichtungen –Bewitterung und Bewertung (ISO 2810:2004)”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV,Berlin (2004)
DIN EN ISO 6270-1/4: “Beschichtungsstoffe – Bestimmung der Bestaendigkeit gegenFeuchtigkeit (ISO 6270)”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV; Part 1–4 (2002 – 2007)
DIN EN ISO 9227: “Korrosionspruefung in kuenstlichen Atmosphaeren – Salzsprueh-nebelpruefungen (ISO 9227:2006)”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (2006)
DIN Fachbericht 49: “Verfahren zur Vereinbarung von Farbtoleranzen”, Deutsches Institutfuer Normung eV, Berlin (1995)
Ditteon, R: “Modern Geometrical Optics”, Wiley, New York (1998)Dowling, JE: “The Retina: An Approachable Part of the Brain”, Harvard Univ Press,
Cambridge (1987)
460 References in Alphabetic Order
Droll, FJ: “Just what color is that car”, Paint & Coatings Industry (1998) 2Droll; FJ: “ Stunning Views”, Polymer Paint Colour Journal PPCJ 191, Nr 4441 (2001)Duerr, H, Bouas-Laurent, H: “Photochromism”, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2003)Eitle, D, Pauli, H: “Rezeptvorausberechnung unter Beruecksichtigung des Deckver-
moegens”, XIV FATIPEC-Congress Budapest (1978) 209Fairchild, MD: “Colour Appearance Models”, 2nd ed, repr, Wiley, Chichester (2006)Fairman, HS, Brill, MH, Hemmendinger, H: “How the CIE 1931 color-matching functions
were derived from Wright-Guild data”, Col Res Appl 22 (1997) 11; Col Res Appl 23(1998) 259
Frieden, BR: “Probability, statistical optics, and data testing”, 3rd ed, Springer, New York(2001)
Gabel, PW, Hofmeister, F, Pieper, H: “Interference Pigments as Focal Point of ColorMeasurement”, Kontakte (Darmstadt) 2 (1992) 25
Gall, L: “Computer Colour Matching”, Colour 73, Adam Hilger, London (1973) 153Gerber, WH, Pauli, HKA: “Accurate Model for Metallic Paints”, (1989), without referenceGerber, WH: “Messung und Charakterisierung von Metallic-Lacken”, Proc XXII FATIPEC
Congress, Budapest, Vol I (1994) 263Gerber, WH: “Rezeptieren transluzenter Kunststoffe”, in: “Rationelles Verfahren zur
Einfaerbung von Kunststoffen”, Deut Industrieforum Technologie, No 2140, Wuerzburg(1992) 1–24
Glausch, R, Kieser, M, Maisch, R, Pfaff, G, Weitzel, J: “Special Effect Pigments”, 2nd ed,Vincentz, Hannover (2008)
Goethe, JW von: “Zur Farbenlehre”, repr 1st Vol, ed Tuebingen in 1810, Harenberg,Dortmund (1979)
Grassmann, HG: “Zur Theorie der Farbenmischung”, Annalen der Physik 89 (1853) 69; origi-nal translation in English: Philosophical Magazine 7, Ser 4 (1854) 254; further: MacAdam,DL, Ed: “Selected Papers in Colorimetry – Fundamentals”, SPIE Milestone Series MS 77(1993) 10
Graystone, J: “Journeys into Colorspace”, Surf Coat Int, Part B: Coat Trans 87(B3) (2004)221
Greiner, W: “Classical Electrodynamics”, Springer, New York (1998)Grossmann, W: “Grundzuege der Ausgleichsrechnung”, 3rd ed, Springer, Berlin (1969)Guild, J: “The colorimetric properties of the spectrum”, Phil Trans Royal Soc London Ser A
230 (1931) 149Guthrie, RD: “The nature of Paleolithic Art”, Univ of Chicago Press, Chicago (2005)Hard, A, Sivik, L, Tonquist, G: “NCS Natural Colour System from Concept to Research and
Applications”, Col Res Appl 21 (1996) 129Hedinger, H, Pauli, H: “Messung optischer Konstanten an aufgedampften Pigmentschichten
und daraus berechnete Farbe pigmentierter PVC-Folien”, XIX FATIPEC-CongressAachen, Vol II (1988) 503
Heinlein, J, Kasch, M: “LC-Pigmente – Feuerwerk der Farben”, Phaenomen Farbe 7+8(2000) 18
Helmholtz, H von: “Handbuch der physiologischen Optik”, 2nd rev ed, Voss, Hamburg (1896)Henyey, LG, Greenstein, JL: “Diffuse Radiation Galaxy”, Astrophys J 93 (1941) 70Herbst, W, Hunger, K: “Industrial Organic Pigments: Production, Properties and
Applications”, 3rd ed, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2004)Hering, E: “Outline of a Theory of the Light Sense”, (1920), Transl: Hurvich LM, Jameson
D; Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA (1964)Hofmeister, F, Maisch, P, Gabel, PW: “Farbmetrische Charakterisierung und Identifizierung
von Mica-Lackierungen”, Farbe u Lack 98 (1992) 593
References in Alphabetic Order 461
Hulst, HC van de: “Multiple Light Scattering: Tables, Formulas and Applications”, Vol I &II, Academic Press, New York (1980)
Humpl, I: “Blattgold”, C Winter, Heidelberg (1990)Hunger, K, Ed: “Industrial Dyes”, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2003)Hunt, RGW: “Measuring Colour”, 3rd ed, Fountain Press, Kingston–upon–Thames (1998)Hunt, RGW: “The Reproduction of Colour”, 6th ed, Wiley, Chichester (2004)Hunter, RS, Harold, RW, Eds: “The Measurement of Appearance”, 2nd ed, Wiley, New York
(1987)Hurvich, LM, Jameson, D: “Some quantitative Aspects of an Opponent Colors Theory”, I, II,
III; J Opt Soc Amer 45 (1955) 546, 602; ibid 46 (1956) 405Ishihara, S: “The Series of Plates Designed as a Test for Colour-Blindness”, Kanehara, Tokyo
(1995)Ishimaru, A: “Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media”, IEEE Press, New York
(2005)ISO 105-J02: “Textiles – Test for colour fastness – Part J02: Instrumental assessment of
whiteness”, International Organization of Standardization, Genf (1998)ISO 105-J05: “Textiles – Test for colour fastness – Part J05: Instrumental assessment of
change in colour for determination of grey scale rating”, International Organizationof Standardization, Genf (1997); identical with: DIN EN ISO 105-J05: “Textilien –Farbechtheitspruefungen – Part J05: Instrumentelle Bewertung der Aenderung der Farbezur Bestimmung der Graumassstabszahl”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin(1997)
ISO 3664: 2000: “Viewing conditions – Graphic technology and photography”, InternationalOrganization of Standardization, Genf (2000)
ISO 4582:2007: “Plastics – Determination of changes in colour and variation in proper-ties after exposure to daylight under glass, natural weathering and laboratory sources”,International Organization of Standardization, Genf (2007)
ISO 4892-1/4: “Plastics – Methods of exposure to laboratory sources; Part 1: GeneralGuidance; Part 2: Xenon-arclamps; Part 3: Fluorescent and UV-lamps; Part 4: Open-flamecarbon-arc lamps”, International Organization of Standardization, Genf (1999–2006);identical with: DIN EN ISO 4892-1/4: “Kunststoffe – Kuenstliches Bestrahlen oderBewittern in Geraeten”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (2000–2001)
ISO 6504-3:2006: “Paints and varnishes – Determination of hiding-Power – Part 3:Determination of contrast ratio of light-coloured paints at a fixed spreading rate”,International Organization of Standardization, Genf (2006)
ISO 7724-1: “Paints and Varnishes – Colorimetry – Part 1: Principles”, InternationalOrganization of Standardization, Genf (1984)
ISO 11507:2007: “Paints and varnishes – Exposure of coatings to artificial weather-ing – Exposure to fluorescent UV lamps and water”, International Organization ofStandardization, Genf (2007)
ISO 11664-2:2007: “Colorimetry – Part 2: CIE standard illuminants”, InternationalOrganization of Standardization, Genf, CH (2007)
JIS Z 8722/C: “Methods of Measurement of Color of Reflecting or Transmitting Objects”,Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo (1994)
Jordan, G, Mollon, JD: “A study of women heterozygous for colour deficiencies”, Vision Res33 (1993) 1495
Joshi, JJ, Vaidya, DB, Shah, HS: “Application of Multi-Flux Theory Based on Mie Scatteringto the Problem of Modeling the Optical Characteristics of Colored Pigmented PaintFilms”, Col Res Appl 26 (2001) 234; Col Res Appl 28 (2003) 308
462 References in Alphabetic Order
Judd, DB, Wyszecki, G: “Color in Business, Science and Industry”, 3rd ed, Wiley, New York(1975)
Judd, DB: “Basic correlates of the visual stimulus”, in: “Handbook of ExperimentalPsychology”, Wiley, New York (1951) 811
Kaiser, PK, Boynton, RM: “Human Color Vision”, 2nd ed, Optical Society of America,Washington, DC (1996)
Kang, HR: “Computational Color Technology”, SPIE Press, Bellingham (2006)Kegel, WH: “Plasmaphysik”, Springer, Berlin (1998)Kelly, RJ: “Process for matching color of paint to a colored surface”, US Patent No 4692481,
DuPont Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del (1987)Kerker, M: “The Scattering of Light and Other Electromagnetic Radiation”, 9th ed, Academic
Press, San Diego (1990)Kigl-Boeckler, G: “Total Color Measurement of Effect Finishes”, ECS Nuernberg, Nuernberg
(2007)Kirkup, L, Frenkel, RB: “An introduction to uncertainty measurement”, Cambridge Univ
Press, Cambridge (2006)Klein, GA: “Farbenphysik fuer industrielle Anwendungen”, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
(2004)Kortuem, G: “Reflexionsspektroskopie”, Springer, Berlin (1969)Kries, J von: “Chromatische Adaption”, Festschrift der Albrecht-Ludwigs-Universitaet
Freiburg (1902) 145–158; reprint in: “Sources of Color Science”, MIT Press, CambridgeMA (1970) 109
Kubelka, P, Munk, F: “Ein Beitrag zur Optik der Farbanstriche”, Zeitschr Techn Physik 12(1931) 593
Kubelka, P: “New Contributions to the Optics of Intensely Light-Scattering Materials. PartI”, J Opt Soc Am 38 (1947) 448
Kuehni, RG, Schwarz, A: “Color Ordered: A Survey of Color Order Systems from Antiquityto the Present”, Oxford Univ Press, Oxford (2008)
Kuehni, RG: “Computer Colorant Formulation”, Lexington Books, Lexington, MA (1975)Land, EH: “Experiments in Color Vision”, Scientific American 200 (5) (1959) 84Land, EH: “Recent Advances in Retinex Theory”, Vision Research 26 (1986) 7Landolt-Boernstein: “Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik”,
new series II, Vol 15b: “Metalle: Elektronische Transportphaenomene”, Springer, Berlin(1985)
Lausen, G: “Datenbanken”, Elsevier, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Muenchen, Heidelberg(2005)
Lawson, CL, Hanson, RJ: “Solving Least Squares Problems”, SIAM, Philadelphia (1995)Lenoble, J, Ed: “Radiative Transfer in Scattering and Absorbing Atmospheres: Standard
Computational Procedures”, Deepak Publishing, Hampton, VA (1985)Loewen, GE, Popov, E: “Diffraction Gratings and Applications”, Dekker Inc, New York
(1997)Luo, MR, Cui, G, Rigg, B: “The development of the CIE 2000 colour difference formula:
CIEDE2000”, Col Res Appl 26 (2001) 340Luo, MR, Cui, GH, Li, CJ, Rigg, B: “Uniform color spaces based on CIECAM02 colour
appearance model”, Col Res Appl 31 (2006) 320Luo, MR, Li, CJ: “CIE Colour Appearance Models and associated Colour Spaces” in:
Schanda, J, Ed: “Colorimetry: Understanding the CIE System”, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ(2007)
Maile, FJ, Pfaff, G, Reynders, P: “Effect Pigments: past, present, future”, Progr Org Coat54/3 (2005) 150
References in Alphabetic Order 463
Marquardt, DW: “An algorithm for least squares estimation of nonlinear parameters”, J SocInd Appl Math 11 (1963) 431
Martin, PA: “Multiple Scattering”, Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge (2006)Maxwell, JC: “On the theory of compound colours and the relations of the colours of the
spectrum”, Philosophical Transactions Royal Soc, London, 150 (1860) 57McAdam, DL: “Visual sensitivities to color differences in daylight”, J Opt Soc Am 32 (1942)
247McDonald, R: “A Review of the Relationship between Visual and Instrumental Assessments
of Colour Difference, Part I, II”, J Oil Col Chem Assoc 65 (1982) 43–53, 93–106McDonald, R: “Recipe prediction for textiles”, in: McDonald, R, Ed: “Colour Physics for
Industry”, 2nd ed, Soc Dyers Colourists, Bradford (1997)McGinnis, PH, Jr: “Spectrophotometric color matching with the least squares technique”,
Color Engg 5 (1967) 22McLaren, K: “The Colour Science of Dyes and Pigments”, 2nd ed, Hilger, Bristol (1986)Mie, G: “Beitraege zur Optik trueber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metalloesungen”, Annalen
der Physik, 25, 4th series (1908) 377Moroney, N: “The CIECAM02 color appearance model”, in Proceedings of the tenth Color
Imaging Conference: Color Science, Systems and Applications (2002)Mudget, PS, Richards, LW: “Multiple Scattering Calculations for Technology”, Appl Opt 10
(1971) 1485Mueller, GE: “Ueber die Farbempfindungen”, Z Psychologie, supplement volumes 17, 18
(1930)Munsell, AH: “Atlas of the Munsell Color System”, Wadsworth-Howland & Company,
Malden, MA, USA (1915); “Munsell Book of Color”, Munsell Color Co, Baltimore, MD(1929) until now
Nadal, ME, Early, EA: “Color measurements for pearlescent coatings”, Col Res Appl 29(2004) 38
Nassau, K: “The Physics and Chemistry of Color”, 2nd ed, Wiley, New York (2001)Nedjah, N, Mourelle, L: “Fuzzy Systems Engineering: Theory and Practice”, Springer,
Berlin, Heidelberg (2005)Neumeyer, C: “Color Vision in Lower Vertebrates”, in: Backhaus, WGK, Kliegel, R, Werner,
JS, Eds: “Color Vision: Perspectives from Different Disciplines”, W de Gruyter, Berlin(1998)
Newton, SI: “Opticks: or, a treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections and colours oflight; also two treatises of the species and magnitude of curve linear figures”, repr, edLondon 1704; Culture et Civilisation, Bruxelles (1966)
Nickerson, D: “OSA Uniform Color Scale Samples: A Unique Set”, Col Res Appl 6 (1981)7
Nobbs, JH: “Colour-match prediction for pigmented materials”, in: McDonald, R, Ed:“Colour Physics for Industry”, 2nd ed, Soc of Dyers and Colourists, Bradford (1997)
Noboru, O, Robertson, AR: “Colorimetry”, Wiley, Chichester (2005)Ostwald, W: “Farbenlehre”: Vol 1: “Mathematische Farbenlehre”, 2nd ed, Unesma, Leipzig
(1930); Vol 2: “Physikalische Farbenlehre”, Unesma, Leipzig (1923)Panush, S: “Opalescent automotive paint compositions containing microtitaniumdioxide
pigment”, Patent US 4753829 (1986)Park, RH, Stearns, EI: “Spectrometric Formulation”, J Opt Soc Am 34 (1944) 112Pauli, H, Eitle, D: “Comparison of Different Theoretical Models of Multiple Scattering of
Pigmented Media”, Colour 73, Adam Hilger, London (1973) 423Pauli, H: “Proposed Extension of the CIE Recommendation on ‘Uniform Color Spaces, Color
Difference Equations, and Metric Color Terms’ ”, J Opt Soc Am 66 (1976) 866
464 References in Alphabetic Order
Pedrotti, FL, Pedrotti, LS, Pedrotti, LM: “Introduction to Optics”, Person Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River, NJ (2007)
Peraiah, A: “An Introduction to Radiative Transfer”, Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK(2002)
Pfaff, G, Franz, KD, Emmert, R, Nitta, K, in: “Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of IndustrialChemistry: Pigments, Inorganic”, section 43; 6th ed, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (1998)
Pfaff, G: “Special Effect Pigments”, in: Smith, HM, Ed: “High Performance Pigments”,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2002)
Pfaff, G: “Spezielle Effektpigmente”, 2nd ed, Vincentz Network, Hannover (2007)Press, WH, Teukolsky, SA, Vetterling, WT, Flannery, BP: “Fortran numerical Recipes”,
Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK (2008)Priddy, KL, Leller, PE: “Artificial Neural Networks”, SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA (2005)Quateroni, A, Sacco, R, Saleri, F: “Numerical Mathematics”, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
(2007)RAL: “RAL-Design-System”, RAL Deutsches Institut fuer Guetesicherung und Kenn-
zeichnung eV, St Augustin/Bonn (1999)Reichl, LE: “A modern Course in Statistical Physics”, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2009)Rich, DC, Battle, D, Malkin, F, Williamson, C Ingleson, A: “Evaluation of the long-
term repeatability of reflectance spectrophotometers”, in: Burgess C, Jones, DG, Eds:“Spectrophotometry, Luminescence and Color; Science and Compliance”, Elsevier,Amsterdam (1995)
Richards, LW: “The Calculation of the Optical Performance of Paint Films”, J Paint Techn42 (1970) 276
Richter, M: “Einfuehrung in die Farbmetrik”, 2nd ed, W de Gruyter, Berlin (1981)Robertson, AR: “The CIE 1976 Color-Difference Formulae”, Col Res Appl 2 (1977) 7Rodriguez, ABJ: “Color and Appearance Measurement of Metallic and Pearlescent Finishes”,
ASTM Standardization News 10 (1995)Roesler, G: “Colorimetric Characterization and Comparison of Metallic Paints”, Poly Paint
Colour J 181 (1991) 230Rybicki, GB: “Radiative Transfer”, J Astrophys Astr 17 (1996) 95Ryde, JW: “The Scattering of Light by Turbid Media. – Part I.”, Proc Roy Soc Ser A, 131
(1931) 451Saunderson, JL: “Calculation of the Color of Pigmented Plastics”, J Opt Soc Am 32 (1942)
727Sawitzki, G: “Computational Statistics”, Chapman&Hall, Boca Raton, FL (2009)Schanda, J, Ed: “Colorimetry: Understanding the CIE System”, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ (2007)Schmid, R, Mronga, N, Radtke, V, Seeger, O: “Optisch variable Glanzpigmente”, Farbe u
Lack 104/5 (1998) 44Schroedinger, E: “Grundlinien einer Theorie der Farbenmetrik im Tagessehen I., II., III.”,
Annalen der Physik 63 (1920) 397, 427, 481Schuster, A: “Radiation Through a Foggy Atmosphere”, Astrophys J 21 (1905) 1Schwarzschild, K: “Ueber das Gleichgewicht der Sonnenstrahlung”, Goettinger Nachr (1906)
p 41Sharrock, SR, Schuel, N: “New Effect Pigments Based on SiO2 and Al2O3 Flakes”, Eur
Coatings J 1–2 (2000) 105Shevell, SK, Ed: “The Science of Color”, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2003)Sluban, B, Nobbs, JH: “Colour Correctibility of a Colour Matching Recipe”, Col Res Appl
22 (1997) 88Sluban, B, Sauperl, O: “A Sensitivity Model and Repeatability of the Recipe Colour”, Croatic
Chem Acta 74 (2001) 315
References in Alphabetic Order 465
Sluban, B: “Comparison of Colorimetric and Spectrometric Algorithms for Computer MatchPrediction”, Col Res Appl 18 (1993) 74
Smith, KJ: “Colour order systems, color spaces, colour difference and color scales”; in:McDonald, R, Ed: “Colour Physics for Industry”, 2nd ed, Soc of Dyers and Colourists,Bradford (1997)
Speranskaja, NI: “Determination of Spectrum Color Coordinates for Twenty-Seven NormalObservers”, Opt Spectro 7 (1959) 424
Spitzer, D, Gottenbos, R, van Hensbergen, P, Lucassen, M: “A novel Approach to ColorMatching of Automotive Coatings”, Prog Org Coat 29 (1996) 235
Stiles, WS, Burch JM: “NPL Color-Matching Investigation: Final Report”, Optica Acta 6(1959) 1
Stiles, WS: “The basic data of colour-matching”, Phys Soc London, Yearbook (1955) 44Stokes, M, Brill, MH: “Efficient Computation of H∗
ab”, Col Res Appl 17 (1992) 410Strocka, D: “Are intervals of 20 nm sufficient for industrial colour measurement?”, Colour
73, Adam Hilger, London (1973) 453Svaetichin, G: “Spectral Response Curves of single Cone”, Acta Physiol Scand, 39 Suppl 134
(1956) 17Taylor, AH, Kerr, GP: “The Distribution of Energy in the Visible Spectrum of Daylight”, J
Opt Soc Am 31 (1941)Teany, S, Pfaff, G, Nitta, K: “New Effect Pigments Using Innovative Substrates”, Eur
Coatings J 4 (1999) 434Tipler, PA: “Physics for Scientists and Engineers”, Freeman, New York (2008)Valeur, B: “Molecular Fluorescence”, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2006)Voelz, HG: “Industrielle Farbpruefung”, 2nd ed, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2001)Westland, S: “Advances in Artificial Intelligence for the Colour Industry”, J Soc Dyers Col
110 (1994) 370Wheeler, I: “Metallic Pigments in Polymers”, Rapra Techn Ltd, Shawbury, UK (2003)Wissling, P et al: “Metallic effect pigments”, Vincentz Network, Hannover (2007)Witt, K: “Buntheit mit System”, Farbe u Lack 111 (2005) 86Witt, K: “CIE color difference metrics”, in: Schanda, J, Ed: “Colorimetry: Understanding the
CIE System”, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ (2007)Wolberg, J: “Data Analysis Using the Method of Least Squares”, Springer, Berlin (2006)Wolf, W: “High Performance Embedded Computing”, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2007)Won, K: “Introduction to Object-Oriented Databases”, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1991)Wright, WD: “A Re-determination of the Mixture Curves of the Spectrum”, Trans Opt Soc
London 31 (1929–1930) 201Wyszecki, G, Fielder, FH: “New Color-Matching Ellipses”, J Opt Soc Am 61 (1971) 1135Wyszecki, G, Stiles, WS: “Color Science”, 2nd ed, Wiley Classics Library, New York (2000)Young, T: “On the Theory of Light and Colours”, Philos Trans Lond 92 (1802) 12Zadeh, LA, Ed: “Fuzzy Logic for the Management of Uncertainty”, Wiley, New York (1992)Zurmuehl, R: “Praktische Mathematik fuer Ingenieure und Physiker”, 5th ed, Springer, Berlin
(1984)
Name Index
Names mentioned exclusively in the text:
BBeer, A, 299–300, 302, 306–307, 309, 320,
330, 340, 342, 346, 386Bethe, H.A., 16Billmeyer, F.W., 356Boltzmann, L., 15, 306Born, M., 302Bouguer, P., 299Brewster, D., 29–30Brillouin, L., 32, 302Burch, J.M., 126
CCarter, E.C., 356Chandrasekhar, S., 7, 295, 344,
356, 360
DDirac, P., 298, 314, 371, 400
EEitle, D., 341Euler, L., 286
FFabry, Ch., 36–37, 86, 89–90Fechner, G.T., 142Fermi, E., 208, 441–442Fraunhofer, J., 38Fresnel, A.J., 27, 29–31, 333, 339–340,
348–349, 351, 354, 363, 367–368, 375
GGauss, C.F., 282–286, 290, 357, 371,
374, 402Goethe, J.W. von, 2Grassmann, H.G., 2, 109, 116, 118–121Greenstein, J.L., 303, 313–314, 399Guild, J., 120–121, 125
HHelmholtz, H. von, 2, 114Henyey, L.G., 303, 313–314, 399Hering, E., 3, 49, 57, 114, 141Huygens, Ch., 39
IIshihara, S., 238
JJacquin, F., 6Jeans, J.H., 16Joule, J.P., 305, 316Judd, D.B., 114
KKronecker, L., 371Kubelka, P., 7, 182, 305, 326–327, 329,
331, 335, 337, 339–341, 343, 350, 354,375–376
LLambert, J.H., 235, 299–300, 302, 306–307,
309, 320, 330, 340, 342, 346, 386Land, E.H., 3, 114, 156Legendre, A.-M., 311, 313, 357–358, 400Levenberg, K., 412Littrow, K.L., 42
MMarquardt, D.W., 412Maxwell, J.C., 2, 27–28, 302McAdam, D.L., 139, 141–143Michelson, A.A., 104Mie, G., 7, 32, 302–304, 313Mudget, P.S., 356–357Muller, G.E., 114
467
468 Name Index
Munk, F., 7, 182, 305, 326–327, 329, 331,335, 337, 339–341, 343, 350, 354,375–376
Munsell, A.H., 57–58, 141
NNagel, W.A., 238Newton, I., 2, 109
OOstwald, W., 169, 171
PPauli, H.K.A., 142, 341Perot, J.B., 36–37, 86, 89–90Planck, M., 15–16, 23, 139Plinius C. Secundus the E., 5Poynting, J.H., 25, 296Purkinje, J.E., 127
RRaman, Ch., 32, 302Rayleigh, J.W., 16–17, 32, 81, 302Richards, L.W., 356–357Ryde, J.W., 340
SSaunderson, J.L., 336, 339–340,
354–355, 376
Schroedinger, E., 3Schuster, A., 305, 326, 343Schwarzschild, K.S., 305, 326, 343Snellius, W., Snel (Snell) van Royen, 26Speranskaja, N.I., 126Stiles, W.S., 126Stokes, G.G., 274–275
TTaylor, B., 395, 398, 412Theophilus, <Presbyter>, 5
UUlbricht, R., 243, 248, 250, 260, 262
WWeber, E.H., 142Weiss, P.E., 108Weizsacker, C.F. von, 16Wien, W.K.W., 16Wright, W.D., 121, 125
YYoung, Th., 2, 114
ZZadeh, L.A., 440
Index
AAbrasion, 69, 193Abridged spectrophotometer, 260Absorption, 299–302, 393, 418
coefficient, 28, 49, 51–52, 299–300, 305,325, 330, 332, 390, 394, 451,453–454
pigments, 4, 5–6, 14, 26, 43–49, 53, 58, 64,67–68, 73, 76–77, 80–81, 85, 89,92, 98–99, 101–103, 128–129, 179,185, 197–199, 201, 207, 214–216,218–221, 238, 243, 248–249, 313,315, 386–392, 396–399, 408, 423,435–436, 438, 444
selective, 4, 13, 46–47, 50, 85, 102–103,257
Acceptability, 255–256, 278accuracy of, 278certainty of, 283of colorant, 161–162, 192, 234, 255–257,
278, 426–430, 435of colors, 161–162, 234, 255–256, 278,
384, 427–430of color strength, 185error of, 162, 255–256, 278relative, 95, 404value, 287, 297, 324
Accuracyabsolute, 259, 263, 266, 280of optical constant, 332, 393of recipe-prediction, 400–403of spectrophotometers, 162,
263, 265Achromatic
axis, 142–143, 211, 214color, 3, 53–54, 57, 59, 111, 116, 142, 186,
207, 215, 222point, 138, 142, 144, 194, 210–211, 222,
227–228
Achromatopsy, 113Acid
fatty, 68oleic, 68–69palmitinic, 68–69stearic, 68–69
Action time, 248Activity
continuous of neurons, 441–442photo, 200
Adaptationchromatic, 164–167degree of, 167–168kinds of, 164–165mesopic, 111, 123parameter, 430phase, 164–165photopic, 111, 120, 123, 165scotopic, 115, 128, 133, 176See also Adaption
Adaptionchromatic, 116, 165, 238, 448–451dark, 116, 165light, 165mesopic, 123phase, 238photopic, 128transform, chromatic, 167, 448–451See also Adaptation
Adaptive shift, 165Additive color mixing, 2, 11, 92, 103, 116–120
laws of, 2, 11, 92, 119–121Additives, 44, 136, 138, 169, 171, 186,
192–193, 199, 215, 233, 249, 277,279, 302, 385–386, 389, 401, 408,422–423, 428, 434, 436
suitable, 69, 249Adhesion, 199–200Adjacent color, 58, 432, 434
469
470 Index
Aerosol, 17After-image, 114–115Aging
artificial, 193effects, 18, 192, 198–199process, 189, 192–193See also Weather resistance
Albedo, 309, 315–316, 318, 320–325, 331,339, 344–346, 356, 375–376, 378,383, 397–399, 412, 418, 451, 453
definition of, 309entire, 397–398, 418specific, 383, 418
Alternative recipes, 381, 390, 403, 406,420–421, 444
Aluminumbronze, 66–67cornflakes, 69, 74, 77, 92–93, 221, 400flakes, 67, 73–74, 199, 219–220, 447pigment, 5, 66, 78, 92–93, 199, 219–221,
391, 438silver dollar flakes, 75, 80, 198
Amblyopy, 112, 238Anastas, 47, 83–84, 90, 93, 97, 98Anchor curve, 218–221Angle
azimuth, 144, 296, 302–303, 308, 312, 315,358
blaze, 40–42counting, 201, 242of declination, 303, 317, 358, 400–401specular, 26, 78, 83, 91, 95, 101, 201–202,
204, 222–223, 241–242, 252, 403Anisotropic force, 108Anisotropic scattering, 313, 357, 383Anisotropy
coefficient, 313, 399degree of, 309extreme, 313
Anti-reflection coating, 36Anti-Stokes emission, 275Aperture
measuring, 193, 199, 249, 251, 277–278modus, 156
Application, 1–3, 6–8, 11, 22, 36, 43–44, 50,57, 63–64, 66, 69, 85, 103, 109,114, 123, 156, 159, 167, 244, 260,288, 306, 316, 324, 344, 377–378,390, 406, 439
Approximationlinear, 395, 406, 415, 431multi-flux, 51, 295, 312, 376, 378, 444
See also Approximation, nth
nonlinear, 178nth, 356–357, 370, 374, 377
See also Approximation, multi-fluxof radiative transfer, 49, 356–379three-flux, 312, 340–356, 361, 376, 378,
396–397, 399, 444two-flux, 316–326, 328–329, 335, 338,
340, 343, 346–347, 353–354, 377,444, 451–454
Arched surface, 249Arithmetic mean, 61, 147, 154, 158, 193, 207,
281–282, 291, 386, 398Artificial
aging, 193neural networks, 441source, 18, 128weathering, 192
Aspecular angle, 78, 95, 100, 201–202, 204,222, 242, 252, 403
Assessment ofcolor differences, 115–116color inconstancy, 253colors, 4, 11–12, 19, 23–24, 32, 63, 115,
126, 136, 155–156, 159–160,164–165, 207, 238, 253, 403
effect pigments, 26, 103, 403fluorescence, 20, 253
ASTM standards, 455–456Attenuation coefficient, 28, 299, 309, 327Autocollimation configuration, 42Auxiliary function, 148, 344, 346Auxochromes, 45Average flux, 342Axial symmetry, 303, 310, 341Axiom, 33Azimuth angle, 144, 296, 302–303, 308, 312,
315, 358
BBackground
black, 91, 93–102, 186, 189, 211, 215, 218,222, 267, 272, 325, 331–332, 392
color/colored, 50–51, 81, 89, 91, 100–101,185, 252, 325, 331
differently colored, 331light, 252white, 91–92, 100, 186, 189, 191, 268–269,
389, 391, 420Back propagation algorithm, 441, 444Back propagation model, 382, 441Backscattering, 53, 235, 248, 400Baking finishes, 198Ball mill, 69, 72
Index 471
Band spectrum, 19–20BCRA II ceramic, 237, 260, 264–265Beer-Lambert law
of absorption, 299–302generalized, 300, 306, 309multi-dimensional, 307one-dimensional, 320, 330, 340, 342, 346
Best recipes, 421, 435Binary logic, 440Binder, 5, 26, 27, 44–45, 50, 60, 64–65, 67,
69, 109, 136, 159, 162, 171, 176,186, 189, 192, 198–200, 225, 238,248–250, 252, 256, 267, 277, 279,302–304, 332–333, 373, 392–394,396, 398, 401, 403, 418, 428, 432,434, 438
Blackbodyradiator, 14–16, 18, 139–140, 236
Black mixture, 77, 176–178, 387–389,391–392
Black pigments, 45, 47, 86, 177–178, 181, 387,389, 408
Black standard, 236, 264–265Black trap, 236Blaze angle, 40–42Blaze grating, 43Blaze technique, 40, 43, 105, 223Blending ratio, 177, 392Blends, 62, 66, 177, 386–387, 389, 392Blinding glare, 156Blindness, 113Blistering, 193, 199, 249Blooming, 61, 254Blow molding, 70Boltzmann
constant, 15equation, 306
Bouguer-Lambert law, 299Boundary condition, 310, 316–317, 328, 342,
344, 360–361, 370–371Boundary-layer correction, 332–333Boundary surface, 25, 27–29, 31–32, 50–51,
59, 60, 64, 82, 333–334, 336–338,340–341, 345, 348–351, 354, 357,361–367, 373
corrections, 336–338, 340–341, 345, 354,357, 362–363
Brass, 5, 67, 198Brass pigment, 438Brewster angle, 29–30Bright-field illumination, 87, 93, 215, 392,
407, 436
Brightness, 15, 52, 72, 77–78, 81, 107, 201,403, 407–408, 437
Brilliance, 57, 65, 67–70, 75, 77, 81, 83, 89,96–98, 100–101, 103–104, 153,197, 199–201, 222, 226, 228, 238,248, 271, 273, 423, 435–437
high, 69–70, 97, 226low, 436metallic, 65, 68, 75, 197, 201
Brilliant colors, 6, 82–83, 95, 97, 99, 156, 159Bronze, 5, 66–67, 90, 95, 447Bronzing, 61Brookit, 93Build loci, 406Build-up, 176–179, 200, 210
CCalibration
of colorants, 427colors, 386, 389–392, 396, 402–403, 435errors, 402of interference pigments, 392metallic pigments, 391methods, 381pearlescent, 410procedure, 263, 402–403, 428samples, 56, 386, 390, 393–394, 398,
402–403, 431series, 45, 383–387, 390–394, 396–398,
402, 444temporary, 262, 264wavelengths, 263
CAM, see Color appearance model (CAM)Candela (cd), 24
definition of, 18Carbon-arc lamp, 18, 192Carbon black, 47, 101, 102, 179, 329, 386,
391–392, 408, 436, 447CAT, see Chromatic adaptation transform
(CAT)CAT02, 167–168, 448–451Cavitation, 271CCD camera, 204–205, 272Chalking, 193, 248Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), 68, 73, 85Cholesteric phase, 84, 88
texture, 88–89, 277Chroma
azimuthal anisotropy, 224curves, 200–201, 210–212, 214, 217,
221–228difference, 146, 151, 159–160, 438maximum, 222–223
472 Index
Chroma (cont.)natural, 248potential, 211
Chromaticadaptation, 164–167colorant, 159, 178colors, 24, 33, 57, 115–116, 142–144, 193,
200, 207pigments, 54, 176–178, 219, 273shift, 165–166
Chromatic adaptation transform (CAT), 167Chromaticity, 58, 121, 125, 137–141, 156, 159,
162, 184, 195, 290, 389, 403coordinates, 136–140, 194–195diagram, 58, 137–141, 159, 162, 184, 234
Chromophores, 45, 332CIE, see International Commission on
Illumination (CIE)CIE94 formula, 158CIE 1931 color space, 143CIE 1931 standard observer, 125–129CIE 1931 system, see CIE 1931 color spaceCIE 1964 standard observer, 125–129CIE 1964 system, 125–129CIE 1976 color spaces, 141–148CIE 1976 system, see CIE 1976 color spacesCIEDE2000 formula, 152, 157–160CIELAB
color differences, 159color values, 157, 174, 206, 222differences, 159, 193, 198space, 143–144, 152system, 3–4, 49, 57–59, 141, 143–144,
147–149, 152, 159values, 161, 174
CIELUV system, 141CIE reference conditions, 61, 149, 155–156,
158, 238, 250, 253CIE standards, 458Classical recipe prediction, 381, 390, 392,
403–404, 417, 420–421, 435advantages, 421benefits, 390
Clear coat, 201, 254, 392Coarseness, 77, 79, 201Coat blooming, 61, 254Coating, 36, 39, 44, 59, 62, 64, 67–70, 73,
76, 79, 82, 85, 90–91, 94, 97–98,101–102, 106–107, 109, 162–163,185–186, 191, 195, 198–200, 202,205–206, 208–209, 225, 249, 262,271–273, 308, 358, 408, 423, 436,440, 447–448
anti-reflection, 36covering, 91, 101, 186, 199CVD method, 85effect, 102, 199, 205, 209, 408, 448multi-layered, 36paint, 62, 76, 162–163, 208, 408, 440of plastics, 79PVD method, 70, 80, 85, 110reference, 209, 272thickness, 90, 94, 98, 185
Coefficientof absorption, see Absorption, coefficientof reflection, 29–32, 60, 253–254,
333–334, 336–337, 340, 348–349,351, 353–354, 364, 375, 378
See also Fresnel coefficientof scattering, see Scattering, coefficient
Co-extrusion, 89Coherent light, 14, 104Color
achromatic, 3, 53–54, 57, 59, 111, 116,142, 186, 207, 215, 222
adjacent, 58, 432, 434aging, 192amblyopy, 113, 238anomaly, 113assessment, 11, 20, 23, 115, 126, 156, 165asthenopy, 113attributes, 43, 51–57, 59, 67, 76, 141,
146, 161blindness, 113brilliant, 6, 82–83, 95, 97, 99, 156, 159calibration series, 45, 383–387, 389–394,
396–398, 402, 444chromatic, 3, 24, 33, 57, 115–116, 142,
144, 159, 165, 178, 193, 200, 207constancy, see Color inconstancycorresponding, 35, 43, 57, 59, 119–120,
124–125, 138, 142, 153, 161,166–168, 174, 176, 187–188,193–194, 227, 266, 329, 382, 386,414, 424, 434–435, 450
dark, 53, 56–57, 60, 140, 144, 156, 159,162, 178, 182, 261, 329, 424
fluorescent, 247, 274–277impression, 1, 3, 11–13, 18, 23–24, 35,
43, 52–53, 59, 61, 63, 67, 81, 89,91–95, 99, 103, 107, 115, 116–117,119, 120, 133, 136, 155–156, 159,161–162, 164–166, 170, 179, 227,233–234, 249–250, 253–254, 258
inconstancy, 155, 161, 164, 166–169, 172,253, 260, 448
Index 473
inconstancy index, 161, 166–168, 172,260, 448
laws of mixing, 11, 92, 102–103, 110,119–121
matching, 3, 23, 120–127, 134, 182, 194,234, 252–255, 257, 278–279, 382,403–404, 410
natural, 2, 43, 53, 57, 65, 81, 91, 103, 110,177, 191, 214–215, 218, 387, 445
See also Mass tonenonlinear, 155, 292, 384non-self-luminous, 1, 11–12, 14, 18, 25, 32,
43, 51–53, 57, 86, 119, 123–124,134, 136–137, 141, 145, 162, 237,445
non-uniform, 93, 145, 156pale, dirty, dull, 53pastel, 207perception, 1, 3, 11, 13, 58–59, 110–118,
126, 141, 156, 164, 238, 250, 266photochromic, 274–278production, 11, 25, 34, 43, 45–47, 63–64,
82, 85, 110, 274properties, 2, 7, 44, 58, 104, 136, 175, 185,
197, 209, 257, 422pure, 53reproduction of, 171–172, 178, 184, 266,
384, 404, 421, 428–429sensation, 2–4, 8, 11–12, 32, 35, 51, 63–64,
110, 113, 115–116, 121, 165,170–171, 235
shade, 49, 91, 116, 125, 129, 162, 189, 214,386, 408
synthesized, 43, 110thermochromic, 13, 249, 257, 265, 274–278uncolored, achromatic, 3, 53–54, 57,
59, 111, 115–116, 121, 134, 138,142–144, 159, 162, 177–178,184, 186, 193–194, 207, 210–211,214–215, 222–223, 226–227,265–266, 319, 433
See also ColorsColorant matrix, 49Colorants
absorbing, see Color tolerance, absorptioncolorants
of batches, 171, 401, 431, 434calibration of, 382–390, 392–393, 402,
427–428concentration, 52, 170, 179, 185, 200, 250,
276, 384–386, 388, 404, 406, 413,415, 418, 425, 433
mass tone, 92, 178, 388, 392
mixtures, 118, 219, 244, 273, 315, 394,421, 426, 431
modified, 110particle size, 66–67, 70, 74–82, 101–104,
106, 181, 215, 271, 392, 423, 440selection of, 172, 407, 422–423, 435substitution of, 4, 169, 184, 266,
269–270, 273synthesized, 110
Color appearance, 12, 25–26, 83, 133, 141,146, 152, 156, 159–161, 166–167,209, 258, 420
Color appearance model (CAM), 133, 141,146, 152, 156, 159–161, 167,258, 420
CIECAM02, 152, 160–161, 167Color assessment, 11, 20, 23, 115, 126,
156, 165Coloration, 26, 33, 43–45, 49–51, 57, 62–64,
79–81, 92, 101, 102, 119, 125,127–128, 133, 137, 152–153,159, 162, 164, 166–167, 169–170,179, 185–189, 192–194, 197–200,204–207, 209, 218, 228, 236,238, 241, 247–250, 252–255, 257,259–261, 265–267, 272, 278, 292,315, 326–327, 329, 356, 381, 386,389–393, 398, 402–403, 407–408,412–413, 423, 427–429, 431,434–436, 440, 444
effect, 26, 62, 80, 152, 162, 200, 204–206,209, 241, 252–254, 261, 272, 326,393, 407–408, 429, 434–436, 440
opaque, 252, 257, 267, 390, 412potential, 179, 386, 389reference, 198, 206, 252, 265,
390–393Color attributes, 43, 51, 59, 67, 76, 141,
146, 161Color blindness
blue-yellow, 113complete, 113green, 113red, 113
Color build-up, 179, 200, 210Color capability of colorists, 253Color change(s), 6, 13, 15, 24, 34, 62, 81, 155,
156, 164, 166, 192–195, 201, 211,213, 274, 277–278, 420
nonlinear, 156phototropic, 13, 257thermochromic, 13, 274, 277
474 Index
Color collection, 59, 153, 159–161, 167, 207,238, 250, 255, 266
Color component, 36, 60, 120, 136,423–424, 444
Color constancy, 49, 114, 133, 156, 164–166,184, 199, 417, 422, 424, 431, 438
Color contrast, 115simultaneous, 114–115
Color depth, 52, 179–181, 183–184equal, 180standard, 181, 183–184
Color development, 43, 176, 201, 216, 222,228, 292
diffraction pigment, 222–228effect pigment, 43, 201, 216, 292nonlinear, 292
Color difference formulas, 133, 152, 156–157,159–161, 168, 175, 206, 436
angle-dependent, 200, 209CIE94, 152, 154–156, 158–160CIEDE2000, 152, 157–160CIELAB, 142–143, 145, 149,
152–153, 159CMC, 153–154, 159–160DIN99o, 160–161metallic pigments, 206
Color differencesacceptable, 255–256amounts of, 424assessment of, 249balanced, 417–420CIE94, 152, 154–156CIEDE2000, 152, 157–160CIELAB, 149–150, 158–159CMC, 153, 159–160contributions, 144, 147, 152–153, 159–160,
193, 207, 256, 265–266, 288–290,292, 417
DIN99o, 159discernable, 209, 255–256equations, see Color difference formulasmean, 289, 291, 403, 406, 436minimal, 162, 422numerical, 121, 145, 153, 158, 167, 403perceived, 57–58, 114, 120, 145,
152–153, 160smallest, 162, 183, 255–256, 403,
405, 417smallest visually discernable, 162,
255–256tolerated, 149, 156, 207
Colored layer, 7, 29, 32–33, 60, 189, 250–251,267, 295, 308, 316, 324
Color effects, 6, 34, 38, 64–65, 68, 76, 99,102–103, 116, 192, 435–436
Color equation, 119–121Color fastness, 20, 49, 172, 175, 189, 192–197,
254, 401, 422Color flop, 62, 63, 80–81, 85–87, 89, 92, 97,
99, 102, 207, 214, 238, 249, 423,436, 438
distinct, 85–87, 89, 97Colorfulness, 44, 52–53, 58, 161Colorimetric
correction method, 429measurement, 215method, 3–4, 164, 175, 405, 414–417, 429procedure, 133, 185, 404, 414, 429, 434strategy, 405, 411, 424, 426
Colorimetrical-matching criteria, 183Colorimetry, 2–3, 8, 11, 23–24, 103, 114, 124,
133, 152, 161, 185, 285Color impression, 1, 3, 11–13, 18, 23–24, 35,
43, 52–53, 59, 61, 63, 67, 81, 89,91–93, 95, 99, 103, 107, 114–116,119–120, 136, 155–156, 159,161–162, 164–166, 170, 179, 227,233–234, 249–250, 253–254, 258
angle-dependent, 162, 179different, 3, 18, 170entire, 52, 59, 119quantification of, 136, 233three factors of, 61, 155, 234trichromatic, 159visual, 11, 23, 254, 258
Color inconstancy, 155, 161, 164, 166–169,172, 253, 260, 448
degree of, 167index of, 161, 166–168, 172, 260, 448
Color index (C.I.), 58Coloring body, 138Coloring potential, 176–179Coloring power value, 191Color intensity, 52Colorist, 4, 43, 45, 49–50, 57–58, 61, 76–82,
102, 125, 144, 159, 163, 172,178–179, 184–185, 198, 201–206,209, 228, 381, 384, 390, 403–404,406–407, 412, 414, 422, 428–429,434, 440
Coloristic assessment, 61Coloristic properties, 4, 43, 45, 76–82, 440Color locus, 140–143, 145–147, 149–151, 159,
162, 177, 184, 186, 215–216, 219,225, 256, 265, 431–433
Index 475
Color matching, 3, 23, 120–123, 125–128,134, 182, 194, 234, 252–255, 257,278–279, 382, 403–404, 410
visual, 234, 253, 257Color-matching functions (CMFs), 121–122,
126–127, 134, 257, 404, 410Color-matching values, 121, 124, 127Color measurement, 60, 62, 92, 118, 120,
206, 234, 239, 247–249, 251–253,256–257, 265, 275, 277–292, 427,432, 434
double meaning, 234, 292uncertainty of, 233–234, 252–253, 256,
263–265, 271–272, 278–281,292, 412
Color mixing, 2, 11, 92, 102–103,117–120, 214
Color opponent theory, 49, 141Color order systems, 43, 56–59, 238
colorimetric, 57–58coloristic, 57–58
Color pattern, 11, 24, 43, 50, 57, 58–59, 61–63,109, 136–137, 141, 149, 156–157,160, 164, 175, 195, 233, 234, 236,239, 244, 246–248, 250, 252–255,257, 261–263, 266, 277–280,288–289, 292
Color perception, 1, 3, 11, 13, 58–59, 110–118,126, 141, 156, 164, 238, 250, 266
normal, 112, 266subjective, 59
Color plane, 49, 141–144, 147, 149–151, 154,158, 160, 176–177, 207, 210–211,222, 236
CIELAB, 49, 143DIN99o, 148–152
Color plate, 49, 58, 85, 87, 89, 93, 95, 99, 118,121, 137–138, 140–144, 154, 184,214–215, 273, 393, 436–439
Color production, 11, 25, 34, 43, 45–47,63–64, 82, 85, 114, 274
interference pigments, 64pearlescent, 34, 82
Color receptors, 112–114, 118, 122, 167Color recipe
correctability of, 178, 421, 423–427, 431correction of, 243, 427–431, 441prediction, 170, 184, 187–188, 244, 246,
250, 259, 316, 423, 444sensitivity of, 178, 421, 423, 424–427technical handling of, 427
Color rendering index, 21, 24, 161Color reproduction, 184, 266, 384, 421
Colorsabsorption, 34, 43, 45, 53, 56, 61, 86,
91–92, 95, 97, 99, 133, 136–137,142–144, 148, 152–153, 155,161–162, 166–168, 172, 175, 197,207, 266, 275, 401, 422, 428–429,433, 435, 440
achromatic, 3, 53–54, 57, 59, 111,115–116, 142, 144, 159, 186,193–194, 207, 215, 222
additive mixing of, 110, 117–120adjacent, 58, 434–435amblyopy, 113, 238assessment of, 4, 11, 12, 14, 19, 23–24,
115, 126, 136, 155–156, 159,164–165, 178, 207, 238, 253
attributes of, 24, 43, 51–57, 59, 67, 76, 141,146, 161
brilliant, 6, 82–83, 95, 97, 99, 156, 159chromatic, 3, 24, 33, 53–54, 57, 59, 111,
114–116, 123, 133, 142, 144, 159,165, 178, 186, 193, 200, 207,215, 222
clear, 53, 55, 56corresponding, see Corresponding colorsdark, 53, 56, 57, 60, 140, 144, 156, 159,
162, 178, 182, 261, 329, 424effect, 4, 59, 63, 153, 162, 200, 206, 391,
403, 407, 421, 428–429,435–436, 440
filter, 257fluorescent, 274–276impression, 1, 3, 11–13, 18, 23–24, 35,
43, 51–53, 59, 61, 63, 81, 89, 91,99, 103, 107, 115–117, 119–120,133, 136, 155, 156–159, 161–162,164–166, 170, 179, 227, 233–234,249–250, 254, 258
interference, 34, 36, 45, 64, 82–87, 89,90–91, 93–96, 102, 104, 179,209–211, 213, 252, 400
light, 19–20, 48, 53, 56, 117, 119, 140,166, 194, 237
metameric, 169–170, 174, 259natural, 2, 43, 53, 57, 65, 81, 91, 103, 109,
177, 191, 214, 218, 445non-self-luminous, 1, 11–12, 14, 18, 25, 32,
43, 51–53, 57, 86, 118, 123–124,134, 136–137, 141, 145, 162,237, 445
pale, dirty, dull, 53pastel, 207
476 Index
Colors (cont.)perception of, 1, 3, 11, 13, 58–59, 110–120,
126, 141, 156, 164, 237–238,250, 266
photochromic, 274, 278production of, 11, 25, 34, 43, 45–47,
63–64, 82, 85, 109, 274pure, 53saturated, 121sensation, 2–4, 8, 11–12, 32, 35, 51,
110, 112, 114–115, 121, 165,170–171, 235
synthesized, 43, 109thermochromic, 13, 249, 257, 265,
274–278See also Color
Color saturation, 102, 115, 278Color sensation, 2–4, 8, 11–12, 32, 35, 51,
110, 112, 114–115, 121, 165,170–171, 235
Color sensesimulation of, 134subjective, 171, 235see also Human color sense
Color shade, 49, 91, 115, 125, 129, 162, 189,214, 386, 408
Color shift, 45, 60, 81, 98, 156, 165, 167–168,189, 195, 198, 425
Color spaceCAM, 161CIELAB, 141–148CIELUV, 141CIE x, y, Y, 133–136, 141–142, 184DIN99o, 148–152Euclidian, 152, 158–159UCS uniform color scales, 58, 141, 144visual non-uniform, 292
Color stimulus, 2, 115, 117–126, 128,133–134, 142, 166, 170, 233
function, 125, 170specification, 119–122, 123, 142
Color streaking, 248Color strength, 44, 52, 133, 172, 175, 179–181,
183–185, 324, 401, 438definition of, 179relative, 52, 180–181, 183–185
Color systematic, 92Color temperature, 16–18, 20–21, 23–24, 139,
261correlated, 16, 21, 24, 139daylight, 17definition of, 16evening light, 21, 23
similar, 16true, 24
Color tolerance, 141, 152–153, 155, 157, 159,161–163, 171, 233, 255–257, 266,278, 426
absorption colorants, 162acceptable, 161–162, 426agreement, 141, 161–162, 171, 233,
255, 257effect colorations, 162requirements, 163
Color travel, 102–103, 214–215, 252Color triangle, 58, 137–138Color value, 1–2, 24, 109, 118–121, 123–129,
133–148, 150, 152, 156–157,161, 166–168, 170–171, 173–176,183–184, 186, 193, 200, 206,210, 222, 233, 239, 243–244, 246,248–249, 253, 257–259, 261–265,281, 284, 287–290, 292, 295, 384,403, 405, 414–420, 424–426, 448,450–451
of CIE 1931 system, 120, 125–127,134–137, 174, 184
of CIE 1964 system, 125–127of CIELAB system, 157, 174,
206, 222of DIN99o system, 150, 414of systems, 133–134, 141, 233
Color vision, 2, 110–113, 118,156, 165
defective, 112normal, 113
Combination pigments, 85, 86, 91, 93, 97–99,200, 212, 273
Combinatorics, 407, 434, 436, 444Community Reference Bureau (CRB), 236Comparability of results, 175Comparison of colors, 52, 162Compatibility, 3, 44, 49, 86, 102–103, 172,
401, 423, 434of components, 423
Complementary color, 45, 48–49, 51, 53, 83,91–92, 94, 98, 102, 103, 115, 179,267, 316
Computation of adjustment, 190–191, 409Concentration, 7, 45, 58, 75, 102, 170, 172,
176–181, 185–186, 188, 200,219–221, 250, 276, 292, 299, 304,316, 324, 381–389, 392–394, 396,398, 404–407, 409–416, 418–421,424–427, 429, 431–435, 438,443–444
Index 477
adjustments, 429–430, 434colorant, 52, 58, 170, 179, 185, 200, 250,
276, 384–386, 388, 404, 406, 413,415, 418, 425, 433
dependence, 176, 178–179, 180, 200,219–220, 292, 324, 388
differences, 410–412, 414–416mass related, 385pigment, 220, 434predicted, 429, 434ratio, 181, 186, 188, 435variation, 421, 425–427volume related, 385
Condensation water resistance, 199Cones, 7, 16, 88, 110–112, 122, 156, 165, 312,
358–359, 378, 400, 404of light, 7, 312, 358–359, 378, 400S, M, L types, 111types in retina, 111, 167
Confidence, level of, 286–287, 290Conformation, molecular, 87, 88, 429Conservation of energy, 78, 309, 320–321,
330, 346, 365Conservative case, 309, 316, 319–322, 325,
329–331, 336, 338, 344, 346,354–355, 369, 372, 374, 396, 452
definition of, 309Constructive interference, 6, 35–37, 82–83Contrast ratio, 185–186, 189, 250, 252, 332Contrast substrate, 186, 191, 391Cornflakes, 69–70, 72, 74–75, 77–78, 80,
92–93, 198, 221, 273, 400, 408,436, 438
leafing of, 80light scattering of, 69pigment, 70, 74, 93, 400
Correctabilityabsolute, 164–165definition of, 424entire, 426–427of measuring, 263of recipe, 178, 421, 423–424, 426–427, 431
Corrected optical triangle, 337–339, 353–355,357, 371, 377–379
Corrected reflection, 350, 365–366, 368–369,371, 373–376
Corrected reflection function, 365–366, 368Corrected transmission, 350, 352, 366–367Corrected transmission function, 366–367Correction
algorithm, 384–385classical, 382, 440colorimetric method, 414–417
computation, 430, 434method, 382, 390, 402, 429, 430–431,
440, 445operations, 429of recipe, 402, 427–431, 434spectrometric method, 430steps, 383, 429–430
Correlated color temperature, 16, 21, 24, 139Corresponding colors, 35, 57, 59, 118,
123–124, 138, 142, 153, 161,166–168, 174, 187, 193–194, 227,266, 382, 414, 424, 435, 450
Corresponding illuminant, 135, 167, 405,420, 448
Covariance, 284–287, 289Cover, 81, 185, 227, 237, 252
layer, 227Covering
capacity, 22, 44, 50–51, 77, 81, 96, 104,175, 185–189, 201, 204, 238, 260,267, 272–273, 278, 295, 408
film thickness, 185–186, 188layer, 102, 186, 252, 267potential, 184power, 133, 191spreading rate, 175, 185value, 185–188, 267
Cracking, 193, 248Crazing, 193Criterion, 126, 155–156, 162, 166, 181–183,
197, 209, 389, 414, 420, 422, 428of adjustment, 127, 181hiding, 428quality, 166
Critical angle, see Total reflectionCrosslinking, 65, 109, 225Cross section
at fracture, 105–106of grooves, 39–40, 105, 222–223scattering, 301
Curve fitting, 190Cuvette, 270–271CVD, see Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
DDamage of colors, 198, 274Dark adaptation, 165
See also Scotopic visionDark-field illumination, 87, 215, 272–273,
392, 407, 435–436Databases, 8, 381–382, 390, 392, 421, 427,
431–436, 440–441, 445–445for recipe prediction, 381–382
478 Index
Daylightbluish white, 21, 24cold white, 20–21middle, 21, 155, 192, 261natural, 11–12, 165simulator, 24, 155, 192
Decay constant, 278Declination angle, 302, 308, 315, 359Degradation, 193, 197–200, 224, 438
of aluminum flakes, 198artificial, 200natural, 200
Dehydration ofpolymeric materials, 199
Delta function, 298, 314–315,371, 400
Density function, 283–284Dependent scattering, 302, 304–305Depth of color, 179, 183–184, 324
equal, 180standard, 181, 183–184
Destructive Interference, 35–36Detergents, 192Deviation
mean, 281squared, 182, 281, 285, 394, 404standard (SD), 281–282, 288, 290
Deviation ellipses, 403Dichromasy, 113Dielectric mirror coating, 36Difference
acceptable, 427of chroma, 146, 151, 157–159, 193, 438of hue, 146, 153, 157–159, 193lightness, 80, 141, 146, 157, 198, 200, 202,
420, 438unacceptable, 427
Diffracted light, 40, 273Diffraction, 38–43
color, 34, 209, 228effect, 6, 226grating, 38, 260intensity of, 108laws of, 39–41maxima, 39–41of optimized pigments, 39orders, 39–40, 222–224, 226–228, 241particles, 39, 106, 223pigments, 4–6, 14, 34, 38–39, 43, 62,
64–65, 80–85, 95, 102, 104–110,201, 209, 222–228, 241, 243, 252,260, 314–315, 408
spectrum, 39, 43, 223, 260
Diffuseflux, 196–197, 298, 305, 320, 326–327,
333–334, 336–337, 339–341, 348,376–379, 454
geometry, 215, 244, 247illumination, 30–32, 79, 93–94, 98, 107,
109, 205, 210, 226–227, 239,243–244, 248, 252, 254, 272,362–363, 372, 374
measuring geometries, 243–246,252–253
radiation, 7, 31, 298, 327, 334, 340, 345,348, 350, 354, 377–378
reflection, 60, 62, 64, 76–77, 235, 328, 334,342–343, 345, 348, 350–351, 353,362–363, 369–370, 372
transmission, 60, 62, 64, 77–78, 247, 328,345, 348, 351, 363
Diffuse-diffusegeometry, 247radiation, 377–378reflection, 343, 351, 363, 370transmission, 343, 351, 363, 369–370
DIN99 color space, 148DIN99o, 148–152
color difference formula, 160color space, 52, 133, 148–152, 170color values, 150, 414system, 148, 264
DIN color chart, 58DIN standards, 163, 241–242, 458–459DIN EN ISO standards, 459Diode, 14, 20, 258Dirac delta function, 298, 314, 371, 400Directed-diffuse
reflection, 342, 345, 348, 350, 353,362, 369
transmission, 342, 345, 348, 363Directed flux, 337, 341Directed radiation, 297, 348, 377Directional
flux, 337, 339–341, 343, 351–352,354, 451
geometry, 240–242, 261, 390influx, 350measurement, 210, 243, 252, 254
Discharge lamp, 19–20, 49, 222helium, 237mercury vapor, 19–20, 192sodium vapor, 23–24, 237xenon, 20, 49, 222
Discriminationof color difference, 186
Index 479
ellipse, 158threshold, 165
Dispersing process, 431Dispersion of light, 26, 65–67, 84, 251,
408, 438Distinctiveness of image (DOI), 77, 82,
199–201, 204, 271–272, 403,423, 435
measuring of, 271measuring uncertainty of, 272value of, 82, 200, 204
Distraction effect, 156Distribution function, 283–284, 286, 315DOI, see Distinctiveness of image (DOI)Domains, magnetic, 108, 447Dosage uncertainty, 425Dosing, 178, 412, 423–424, 427–428, 431Double bond structure, 48Dry film thickness, 185, 385, 392Dual-beam spectrophotometer, 259, 261Dull
colors, 44, 53, 56, 92, 156pigments, 56surface, 244
Dullness, 52Dust, 17, 68, 197, 249, 448Dyes, 1, 5, 14, 22, 43–45, 48–49, 58, 154,
176–179, 181, 183–184, 247, 261,264, 382, 384, 386–387, 429, 444
calibration series, 384, 386fluorescence, 48–49natural, 22, 48
EEchelette grating, 40–43Edge
loss, 249, 280, 348peeling, 193phenomenon, 249reflection, 249scattering, 75–76, 103, 215
Effect, characteristics, 403Effect coating, 205, 209, 408, 448Effect colorants, 6, 8, 13, 22, 52, 63–64, 197,
209, 214, 228, 243–244, 271, 273,292, 312, 314, 379, 381–384, 392,407, 421, 423, 427, 431–432, 436,440, 445
Effect colors, 4, 59, 63, 152–153, 162, 200,206, 391, 403, 407, 421, 428–429,435–436, 440, 444–445
Effect lacquers, 408Effect line, 211–214, 216–223
Effect pigments, 4–7, 26, 34, 43–44, 49, 51,53, 57, 62–103, 133–228, 234, 239,244, 247–249, 252, 257, 259–260,271–273, 292, 302, 312, 337, 357,382, 384, 390, 392, 399–400, 403,407, 409, 413, 423, 428, 434–436,438, 440, 447
climate resistance of, 200color physical properties, 62, 197, 200,
206, 434definition of, 63morphology, 197, 271–273recipe determination of, 434–435size, 74, 271–273, 436See also Effect colorants
Efflorescence, 193Efflux, 318Electromagnetic wave, 12, 15, 25, 43, 109,
116, 296Electron
gas, 65spin, 107–108wavelength, 274
Electrostatic charging, 249, 447Ellipsoid, 141–142, 153–154, 157, 159–160,
285–286, 288–292three-dimensional, 153, 285
Emission of light, 16, 19, 22stimulated, 22
Emulsion paint, 50, 59, 102, 254Energy conservation law, 33, 235, 338, 354Energy flux density, 25Energy release, 277Entire correctability of recipe, 426Entire sensitivity of recipe, 425–426Environmental aspects, 424Equality method, 238, 257Equienergy spectrum, 121–122, 125, 138
chromaticity of, 121Equipment metamerism, 171Error
absolute, 282first kind, 288gross, 279, 401mean, 281, 402probable, 282propagation, 264, 402random, 279–280, 282, 402, 428recipe prediction, 428relative, 190, 264–265, 282root-mean-square, 282of second kind, 288, 292
480 Index
Error (cont.)systematic, 249, 256, 279–280, 401–402,
428–429See also Errors
Error-free value, 280, 282–283Error propagation
Gaussian law of, 402Errors
gross, 279, 401random, 279–280, 282, 402, 428stochastic, 280systematic, 249, 256, 279–280, 401–402,
428–429Estimate
of concentration, 406, 413of error, 190–191, 270non-covering film thickness, 187
Estimationof errors, 326of uncertainty, 280
Etalon, 37, 86, 89Etching, 38, 60Evening light, 21, 23Exchange force, 108Excitation energy, 19, 277Excluded Optical region, 339Expert system, 8, 221, 274, 381–382, 390,
393, 421, 427, 431, 435–436, 440,444–445
modified, 381–382, 393, 427, 431,435–440, 444
Exposure test, 16, 200See also Aging
Extended interference films, 84, 89Extinction, 49, 77, 81–82, 181, 261, 277, 423,
436coefficient, 181of fluorescence radiation, 49, 277of hue, 57, 77, 81–82, 423, 436
Extrusion, 70, 89, 440
FFabry–Perot etalon, 86, 89, 90Fabry-Perot interferometer, 36–37Factor method, 429–430Fastness tests
absorption colorants, 48, 197after effects, 197of color, 20, 254of effect colorants, 197
Fatty acids, 68Fermi function, 208, 441–442Ferromagnetic
diffraction pigments, 109, 225–228domains, 108material, 107–108, 225state, 107–108substrate, 107, 109, 201
Fibersof carbon, 467of metals, 467of paper, 287, 349of textile, 49, 159, 247–248, 254–255, 278,
387, 429, 441Filter, 37, 83, 116–117, 227, 257–259Fingerprint
of colored pigments, 178of effect pigments, 95, 249of pigments, 95
Fire colors, 67–68, 74First paint coating, 162–163, 208First recipe, 403, 421, 427–429, 432,
436, 440absorption colorants, 409absorption colors, 435accuracy of, 409correction of, 427effect pigments, 409, 436off-shade formulation, 427–429
Flakedegradation, 198, 200, 224, 438glitter, 70, 72–74, 77pigment, 63, 74, 76–77, 93, 400shear stable, 70, 198
Flake-shaped pigment, 4, 62–65, 63, 68, 76,79, 84–90, 85, 197, 206, 228, 271,337, 445
Flip, see FlopFlocculation, 76Flooding, 61Flop, 62–63, 77–82, 85–90, 92, 97, 99, 102,
104, 153, 179, 198, 200–204,207, 214–215, 238, 249, 252,271–273, 357, 403, 407–408, 423,435–436, 438
behavior, 271, 273, 408bright, 436character, 80colors, 204, 215
See also Color flop-control pigments, 408correction, 436dark, 79, 202index, 81, 198, 200–204, 272light, 80
See also Lightness, flop
Index 481
Florida test, 200Flow
conditions, 76, 439front, 76line, 76structures, 247temperature, 66
Fluorescencecolorant, 20, 236, 276dye, 48–49emission, 45, 100, 238, 275–277extinction, 49light, 23, 165, 277radiation, 45, 277spectrum, 276stimulation, 49, 275–278
Fluorescent brightener, 194Fluorescent lamp, 14, 20–21, 23Flux, 25, 297
density, 25diffuse, 196, 298, 305, 320, 326–327,
333–334, 336–337, 339–341, 348,376–379, 453–454
directed, 337, 341inward, 316outward, 240, 316partly-directed, 348
Fogging, 193Foreign absorption, 277Form factor, 65Forward mode, 448, 450Forward scattering, 303–304Fraunhofer diffraction, 38Fresnel coefficient, 333, 339, 349, 351, 354,
363, 367–368, 375Fresnel equations, 27, 29Frost effect, 81Fuzzy algebra, 441Fuzzy logic, 421, 440
GGas discharge, 237Gas discharge lamp, 19Gas discharge tube, 14Gaussian distribution, 283–284, 286Gauss quadrature formula, 357, 359, 371, 374General radiative transfer equation (GRTE),
306–307Geometrical optics, 12, 25, 27, 64, 239Geometric mean, 205, 207Geometry
bidirectional, 241, 244, 258circular, 241, 244, 258
diffuse, 215, 244, 247diffuse-diffuse, 247directional, 240–242, 261, 390metamerism, 175normal-diffuse, 247spherical, 246, 280variable directional, 241–242, 261See also Measuring geometry
Glassof borosilicate, 89, 90inorganic, 50, 83, 104, 247organic, 50, 195, 247transition temperature, 67, 92, 198
Glint, 72, 201Glitter effect, 70
See also SparkleGlitter flakes, 70, 72–74, 77Glittering, 22, 70, 72, 77, 82, 423Glitter particles, 198Gloss, 4, 22, 59, 61–62, 64, 67, 76–77, 81, 86,
89, 92, 103, 189, 193, 206, 244,247, 249, 253–255, 436
metallic, 4, 64, 67, 76–77specular, 59, 244subtraction, 247of surface, 22, 61, 206
Gloss meter, 62, 81, 253Gold bronze, 66–67, 447Gold flitter, 5Gonio spectrophotometer, 222, 237, 241–244,
247, 253, 263, 271–272Gradient, 300
of curve, 189descent, 409method, 444shear, 225of velocity, 68
Graininess, 77, 79, 200–201, 204–206,271–272, 287
Grain quality, 206Granulate, 248Graphite, 408, 447Grating
constant, 38, 105–109, 201, 222–227crossed, 225geometry, 38, 221, 222linear, 223–224, 225normal of, 41–42patterns, 105period, 38–39structure, 6, 14, 39, 65, 221
482 Index
Gray, 52–53, 55–56, 61, 65, 67, 69, 75–78,86, 92–93, 115–116, 145, 155–156,193–194, 197–198, 205–206, 215,262, 274, 389, 391
dark, 55–56, 78, 206light, 55, 65, 92–93middle, 55, 61, 115, 145, 155
Gray level, 205, 274Gray scale, 52, 193–194, 198, 205, 237, 262
linearity, 237rating, 193–194, 198
Grinding, 68, 70, 75Groove
cross section, 222–223distance, 42, 224geometry, 105
Gross errors, 279, 401GRTE, see General radiative transfer equation
(GRTE)
HHall
milling method of, 68–69, 74Hametag
milling method of, 68Haze, 193, 195–197
index, 195–197Hematite, 83, 86, 95–96, 210
layer, 210Hiding criterion, 389, 420Hiding layer, 101, 392Hiding power, 44, 81, 103, 185, 324
See also Covering, capacityHigh polymers, 44, 50, 70, 76, 83, 243, 247,
333, 447–448crystalline, 50degradable, 447synthetic, 44, 83, 448See also Plastic materials
High solidlacquers, 243paints, 304systems, 438
High-viscosity, 438Historical recipes, 382, 390, 421,
431–432, 434absorption colorants, 432complete data record, 432for recipe prediction, 432
Homogenization, 423Homogenizing, 248Hue
angle, 143, 144, 146–147, 149, 154, 158,161, 177, 184, 209, 289, 291
contribution, 147, 152, 157, 289, 291dark, 77, 249difference, 146, 153, 157–159, 193extinction, 57, 77, 81–82, 423, 436
Human color perception, 1, 3, 11, 13, 18,58, 109–114, 117, 141, 164,238–239, 266
Human color sense, 11, 64, 103, 109, 114–116,134, 139, 164, 169, 235, 238
Human eye, 17, 56, 110, 116, 126, 128,135, 140
optical components of, 110Humidity, 192, 199–200, 237–238, 250,
265, 278Hygroscopic polymers, 198Hypothesis, statistical, 287–289
IIlluminant, 414, 417–420
A, 18–19, 21, 23–24, 135C, 138, 140change, 115, 164, 167, 171, 174corresponding, 135, 167–168, 405,
420, 448D65, 19–21, 23–24, 155, 210–211, 222,
253, 258, 261, 405energy distribution of, 115, 404fluorescence, 20–21, 23–25, 61, 100, 165,
253, 276reference, 166–167, 170, 172–174,
261, 448spectral power distribution, 12, 23,
123–124, 136, 155, 170, 173, 253standard, 18–21, 23–24, 140, 155, 171,
186, 210–211, 222, 253, 258, 261test, 161, 166–168, 172–174, 448, 450
Illuminant/observer combination, 168,186, 193
Illuminationbright-field, 87, 93, 392, 407, 436–437changes, 24, 165–166, 173, 200dark-field, 87, 93, 99, 205, 273, 392, 407,
435–436diffuse, 30–32, 79, 93–95, 98, 105, 107,
109, 205, 210, 225–227, 239,243–244, 248, 252, 254, 272,362–363, 372, 374
directional, 32, 60, 95, 210, 215, 225–227,252, 272, 362, 372
metamerism, 171–172, 175modus, 156
Incident energy, 13, 33, 365Incident flux, 318, 342, 349, 362–363Incident intensity, 17, 40, 196, 299, 301, 361
Index 483
Incident light, 25, 27, 32, 39, 116, 227, 236,250, 258, 260–261, 302, 314,320–321, 366
Indexof color inconstancy, 161, 166–168, 172,
260, 448of color rendering, 24, 161of metamerism, 172–173, 175, 260, 405
Indicatrix, 59, 69, 244Influx, 43, 103, 192, 226, 239, 318, 323, 346,
347, 350–352, 360–361, 377diffuse, 347, 350–351, 354directional, 350energy, 192total, 352
Injection molding, 70, 247–248, 440Inorganic pigments, 44–47, 73, 178, 408
colorants, 44, 178dyes, 22glasses, 83, 178, 408
Intensity, 296definition of, 296reflected, 62scattered, 301–302transmitted, 196, 351
Interface reflection, 237, 254–255, 270Interface surface, 333Interference
color, 45, 83, 86, 90, 93, 95–96, 98,102–103, 179, 209–211, 400
constructive, 6, 35–37, 82–83destructive, 35–36filter, 37, 83, 227laws of, 82of LCP, 80, 84, 87of light, 34–38line, 211–215, 217–221lithography, 105order, 35–36, 82, 89of OVIP, 86pigment, 4, 34–36, 38, 45, 64, 68, 80,
82–87, 89–93, 95–96, 98–99,101–104, 179, 197–199, 201, 204,209–217, 386, 390–392, 407–408
pigment substrates, 90of plane parallel layer, 34–35of transparent pigments, 91–92, 396wavelength, 36, 89, 93–94, 100
Interferometer, 36–37Inter-instrument correspondence, 264, 266Internal energy, 305International Commission on Illumination
(CIE), 3, 18–21, 23–24, 43,
58, 61, 109, 120, 125–128,134–139, 141–149, 154–161, 163,173–175, 184
chromaticity diagram, 58, 137–139, 184color space, 43illuminant, 21, 23–24reference conditions, 61, 149, 155–156,
158, 238, 250, 253simulator, 21, 23source, 23standard illuminant, 19, 21, 23–24standards, 414x, y, Y system, 137, 141X, Y, Z values, 128, 133–134See also CIE
Interpolation, 261, 347, 382, 435Intrinsic absorption, 276IR radiation, 13–14, 69, 192, 447–448
range, 13, 15, 192, 253, 274Ishihara color panels, 238ISO standards, 461Iteration, 184, 187, 384, 412–414,
417–419, 429
KKinetic theory of gases, 305Kries coefficient law, 167Kronecker symbol, 371Kubelka–Munk function, 182, 329Kubelka–Munk theory, 335, 341, 343, 350,
354, 376, 454limited applicability, 337, 340, 376
LLacquers, 44, 49–51, 61, 65, 76, 102, 152–153,
159, 162, 243, 247–249, 274,385–386, 408, 447
Lambert–Beer law, 299–300, 302, 306–307,309, 320, 330, 340, 342, 346, 386
of absorption, 307, 309, 330, 340generalized, 300, 306multi-dimensional, 307one-dimensional, 320, 330, 340, 342, 346
Lambert law, 235Lamp
fluorescent, 14, 20–21, 23gas discharge, 19incandescent, 14, 117, 118metal halide, 23sodium vapor, 23–24, 237three-band, 20–21tungsten arc, 18tungsten filament, 18–21, 261xenon, 19–21, 23, 258–262
484 Index
Laser, 13–14, 22, 34, 74, 104, 447–448advantages, 22classification, 22granulometry, 74light of, 34pump sources, 22
Lateral inhibition, 115Law
of additive color mixing, 2, 11, 92, 118–120of energy conservation, 33, 235, 354of error propagation, 402of large numbers, 282of radiation, 15–16, 23, 139of refraction, 26–29, 35, 365–366, 368
Layerchromatic, 49, 255colored, 7, 29, 32–33, 60, 189, 250–251,
267, 295, 308, 316, 324covering, 102, 186, 252, 267opaque, 316, 319, 324, 329, 336, 345–346,
354–355, 370, 374–376, 452–454plane parallel, 34–35, 76, 251, 255, 296,
299, 308–313, 316–317, 326–327,357, 363–364, 367
translucent, 83, 91, 251–252, 267–268,324, 340, 347, 368, 451, 453–454
transparent, 50, 197, 316, 319–320, 336,353, 369, 452–454
LCP, see Liquid crystal pigment (LCP)Leaches, 192Leafing, 68–69, 77, 79–80, 199, 271–273, 408,
447flakes, 69, 79stability, 199, 271
Learning software, 441Legendre coefficients, 311, 313, 400Legendre polynomials, 311, 357–358Light
adaptation, 165booth, 20, 61–62, 238, 253circularly polarized, 88coherent, 14, 104collimated, 26colors, 19–20, 48, 53, 56, 116, 118, 140,
166, 194, 237cones, 7, 312, 358–359, 378, 400diffraction of, 104directed, 299, 316, 336–337, 349directional, 26, 28–30, 32, 59, 72, 195,
204, 250dispersion of, 26, 65efficacy, 18, 21, 24emission, 12, 20, 22–23, 258
flop, see Lightness, flopflux, 121interactions, 7, 11, 28, 32, 43–44, 51,
59–60, 82–83, 235, 253–254, 306,308, 326
polarization, 25–26, 29–31polarized, 29, 88–89sources, 2, 11–129visible, 12–13, 117, 273–274wave nature of, 14, 65
Light emitting diode (LED), 14, 20, 201Light microscope, 87, 271–274, 382, 407,
435–436Light microscopic analysis, 273, 435Lightness, 1–3, 45, 52–53, 57–58, 62–63,
77–82, 110, 113, 115–116, 121,125, 127, 129, 135, 137–142, 144,146, 148, 151, 153, 156–158, 161,165–166, 169, 176–179, 183–184,186, 195, 198–205, 207, 209, 222,236, 238
axes, 138, 158, 178constancy, 166contrast, 115difference, 80, 141, 146, 157, 198, 200,
202, 420, 438flop, 62–63, 77–82, 179, 200–202,
272, 423scale, 45
Light path, 79, 239reversibility of, 27
Light scattering, 16, 51, 56, 69, 91, 224See also Scattering
Light source, 2, 11–129monochromatic, 116, 118, 121, 166
Light transmission, 184, 250, 255, 257Light trap, 244–246, 254, 259Line spectrum, 19–20Liquid crystalline
phase, 87polymer, 277texture, 87
Liquid crystal pigment (LCP), 26, 29, 50, 84,87, 89, 93, 99–101, 211, 391
Liquid crystal structure, 6, 38Load factor, 189, 420Long-term
drift, 262repeatability, 265reproducibility, 263–265, 280
Low-bake paints, 206, 209Lumen (lm), 21, 24
definition of, 24
Index 485
Luminance, 18, 110, 118, 121, 165, 168, 235,448–449
Luminescencecolorant, 13, 275lamp, 19pigments, 45radiator, 14, 16, 19, 34, 139, 155source, 24
Luminousefficiency, 126, 128flux, 18, 24
Lusterdecrease, 198of pearls, 6
MMacro-cracks, 248Magnetic elementary dipoles, 108Magnetic field, 25, 65, 108–109, 225Marbleizing effect, 243Mass coloration, 44Mass tone, 91–92, 177–178, 387–389,
391–392See also Natural color
Master batch, 431, 434Matching
colorimetrical, 183of colors, 3, 23, 120–123, 125–129, 134,
182, 194, 234, 252–255, 257,278–279, 382, 403–404, 410
criteria, 181experiment, 120–123spectrophotometric, 183stimuli, 121trichromatic, 123See also Color matching
Materialopaque, 51, 239, 244, 255, 296, 319, 322,
324, 332, 336, 340, 345–346, 353,376
purely absorptive, 321science, 184, 192translucent, 51, 189, 193, 246, 251–252,
267, 346, 396, 412transparent, 134, 189, 191, 197, 237, 240,
246, 250–251, 267, 313, 322, 325,331, 338, 346, 396
Mathematical statistics, 279, 292Maxwell equations, 27, 302Mean
color difference, 289, 291, 403,406, 436
deviation, 281
lateral particle dimension, 65, 82, 87particle size, 72, 74, 106, 181, 302, 392
Measurement, 19, 60, 69, 95–98, 120, 124,136, 153–154, 186, 191, 193, 196,204–206, 210, 218, 233–292
anomalies, 279aperture, 193, 199, 237, 249, 251, 277–278deviations, 403, 437errors, 136, 279–280, 288geometries, 234, 239–248of opaque material, 239of reflectance, 257of reflecting material, 234–257result, 233, 239, 246, 248, 251, 253–254,
274, 278–280, 282series, 253, 279, 289spectrometric, 49, 249of transmittance, 237, 240of transmitting material, 234–257of transparent material, 240, 246, 251uncertainty of, 234, 252, 256, 263–264,
271, 278–279Measuring angle, 51, 78, 81, 95, 100, 198,
200–201, 204–208, 210–211, 219,222–223, 227, 241–243, 261, 272,390, 400, 413–414, 437
aspecular, 78, 96, 100–101, 198, 202–203,206, 217, 242, 437–438
Measuring geometry, 94, 97–99, 210–211, 239,241–242, 244, 246–247, 249–250,252–254, 260, 277, 310, 326,362, 435
diffuse, 243–246, 252–253directional, 240–243, 259
Measuring instrument, 13, 20, 33, 171, 193,199, 233–237, 246, 249–250, 253,257–258, 272, 279–280, 288, 428
Measuring plane, 226–227Measuring sensitivity, 262Measuring uncertainty, 233, 253, 265, 272,
280, 292, 412Measuring wavelengths, 260, 278Mechanical degradation, 224, 438Mercury
spectrum, 20vapor lamp, 19–20, 192, 237, 275
Mesomeric phase, 87Mesopic vision, 110, 123Metal effect value (MV), 200–202Metal flakes, 5, 65, 67–68, 70, 72–73, 90
See also Metallic flakesMetal gloss, 67Metallic brilliance, 65, 68, 75, 197, 201
486 Index
Metallic character, 69, 74, 76–77, 198Metallic colors, 67, 209Metallic flakes, 6, 67, 76–78, 81–82, 100–101,
202, 219, 315Metallic gloss, 4, 64, 76–77Metallic paints, 209Metallic pigments, 4–6, 28, 34, 57, 62,
64–73, 75–82, 101–103, 197–198,201–204, 206, 209, 236, 241, 252,272, 314–316, 337, 356, 358–359,386, 391, 407–408, 436, 438, 447
brilliance, 77, 201, 438classification of, 67color difference formula, 206colored, 67, 69, 73light resistance, 198non-colored applications, 69, 447
Metallics, 70, 202, 206–209Metallic value, 81, 201–202Metal-oxide, 210Metal powder, 75Metameric
colors, 169, 259pairs, 169, 171
Metamerism, 49, 133, 161, 164–175, 184, 238,253, 260, 404–405, 409, 414, 417,422, 424, 427, 431, 438
appearance of, 170definition of, 169degree of, 169, 172–173, 424index, 172–173, 175, 260, 405kinds of, 169–172minimal, 172reduction of, 427
Michelson configuration, 104Micro-brightness, 72Micro-crack, 248Microhardness, 189, 193Microprocessor, 233, 258, 261, 382,
421, 441Microscope
bright-field illumination, 87, 215, 273, 392,407, 435
dark-field illumination, 87, 215, 273, 392,407, 435
optical magnification, 273–274resolution capability, 273–274scanning electron (SEM), 69, 74,
271, 274Middle daylight, 21, 155, 192, 261Mixer machine, 198Mixing of colors, 109, 116–120Mixing ratio, 20, 178, 218
Mixturesof absorption pigments, 77black, 177, 387–389, 391–392of effect colorants, 214of metallic and absorption pigments,
220–221, 391white, 177, 387, 389white/black, 77, 176, 178, 387
Modified expert system, 381–382, 393, 427,431, 435–440, 444
Molecular configuration, 88nematic, 88smectic, 88See also Texture, cholesteric
Monochromaticillumination, 275–276, 278light, 20, 115–116, 118, 121, 138, 166wavelength, 22, 138
Morphology, 62, 64, 66, 69–76, 79, 83,103, 197, 215, 271–273, 302,435, 438
diffraction pigments, 64interference pigments, 64, 103metallic pigments, 64, 76–82, 438pearlescent pigments, 64, 438
Mottling, 76, 199Multi-flux approximation, 51, 295, 312,
376–378, 444Multi-flux theory, see Multi-flux approximationMulti-layer
coatings, 5, 36films, 84, 90particles, 214pigments, 6, 86, 91
Multiple scattering, 7, 295, 302–306,318–319
NNagel anomaloscope, 238Nano-engineering, 104Nanoparticle, 81, 200Nano-titanium dioxide, 80, 408, 436National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST), 236Natural color, 2, 43, 53, 65, 81, 91, 103, 109,
177, 191, 214–215, 218, 387, 445See also Mass tone
Natural color system (NCS), 57–58Nematic phase, 88Neural network, 381–382, 390, 421,
441–444Neuron, 441–444Night light, 166
Index 487
Non-leafing, 68–69, 77, 80, 408Non-uniform color space, 145Normal distribution, 283–287
See also Gaussian distributionNormal equations, 416–417Normal vision, 110, 126North skylight, 17, 238Notch effect, 224Null hypothesis, 287, 289, 292Numerical recipe prediction, 7–8, 295,
324, 428
OObject modus, 156Observation
angle, 34–35, 62, 78–80, 82, 85, 95,98–100, 122–123, 126, 205, 209,215, 228, 254, 316, 391, 408
condition, 149, 155, 161, 168Observer
2◦ observer, 122, 125–128, 135,137–138, 194
10◦ observer, 126–127, 129, 135, 137–138,156, 194
geometry metamerism, 171, 175metamerism, 171–172, 238
Off shade, 162Off-shade formulation, 427–429One-constant theory, 396, 444Opacity, 77, 352
pigments, 408Opaque, 6, 49–51, 82, 91, 101–104, 134, 186,
189, 191, 212, 218, 239, 244, 247,250–252, 255, 257, 267, 296, 307,316, 319–322, 324, 329, 331–332,336, 338, 340, 345–346, 348,353–355, 367–368, 370, 374–376,387–388, 390, 392, 396, 412, 452
color, 134, 186, 239, 244, 250–252,267, 387
coloration, 252, 257, 267, 390, 412films, 101–104layer, 316, 319, 324, 329, 336, 345–346,
354–355, 370, 374–376, 452–454pigments, 82
Operating point, 323Opponent color theory, 3, 49, 57, 114, 141Optical
anisotropy, 225coating, 36coefficients, see Optical, constantsconstants, 33, 186, 252, 316, 319, 322,
324, 326, 328, 331–333, 344, 376,
379, 381–386, 389–393, 395–396,399, 402–404, 413, 419, 432, 444,451–454
contact, 222, 252, 255, 267–269, 331,347–348, 355–356, 367, 389
Optically anisotropic, 87, 241, 252Optical path, 14, 17, 34, 37, 308–310, 312,
315–316, 318, 320–325, 331, 339,341–342, 346, 356, 358, 364, 383,397–399, 412, 418–419, 451, 453
difference, 37entire, 397, 418–419length, 14, 34, 308–310, 321, 323, 325,
342, 346specific, 383, 398, 418
Optical region, 339excluded, 339
Optical roughness, 72, 77, 79See also Graininess
Optical shielding, 254Optical triangle, 295, 316, 321–324, 327, 330,
336–339, 345, 347, 352, 354–355,357, 363, 369–370, 377–379
corrected, 337–339, 353–355, 357, 371,377–379
modified, 355nth approximation, 377
Optical variable interference pigment (OVIP),84, 86–87, 90, 408
Optic chiasma, 113Optic nerves, 111, 136
crossing over, 114Optic tract, 113Organic
colorants, 44, 178dyes, 22glasses, 50, 193, 195pigments, 44, 50, 67, 179solvents, 192
Orientationdistribution, 205, 315of flakes, 76, 79, 82, 243, 436of particles, 75, 80, 108, 243, 438
OSA-UCS system, 58See also Color space, UCS uniform color
scalesOutdoor
exposure, 16, 200weathering, 192weather stability, 199
Outer mixture, 121–122OVIP, see Optical variable interference
pigment (OVIP)
488 Index
PPaint coating
of automotives, 408electrostatic, 440first, 162–163, 208metallic, 62, 163refinishing, 162–163, 208
Paint refinishing, 162–163, 209Parent population, 256, 281–282, 284, 292Partial absorption, 13Partial derivatives, 395, 410–412, 414–420,
426, 429Partially absorbed, 299Partially directed flux, 341Partially oxidized, 67, 73, 90, 199Partially reflected, 351Partial waves, 37Particle
alignment, 76, 227morphology, 271packing, 304size distribution, 66, 70, 74–78, 80–81, 92,
100, 215, 248, 271, 391–392Pastel colors, 207Path difference, 37, 39Path length, optical, 14, 34, 308–310, 321, 323,
325, 342, 346Pauli extension, 142Pearlescent pigments, 6, 64, 80–85, 95, 107,
200, 209, 215, 436, 438, 448Pearl essence, 6, 83–84Pearl luster, 64, 82–85, 89, 91, 93, 95,
101–103, 197, 199–201, 209–210,212, 214–215, 218–219, 221, 436
effect of, 98, 103Pellets of plastics, 248Penetration depth, 65Perception
of color, 1, 3, 11, 13, 58–59, 110–117, 126,141, 156, 164, 238, 250, 266
visual, 114, 214, 292Phase function, 17, 50–51, 296–297, 301, 307,
309–316, 358, 383–384, 399–401,403, 414, 444
see also Scattering, functionPhosphene, 114–116Phosphorescence, 13, 45Photo activity, 200Photochromic, 274–278
See also PhototropicPhotochromism, 278Photoluminescence, 19–20Photometer scale, 236
Photometrical resolution, 264Photon, 22, 114
absorption, 114energy, 22
Photopic adaption, 128Photopic vision, 110, 120, 123, 165Photo pigments, 113, 117Photosensitive
pigments, 13, 111–113receptors, 110
Phototropic, 13, 249, 253, 257See also Photochromic
Physical vapor deposition (PVD), 36, 60, 67,70–71, 80, 84–85, 105, 109
coating, 70, 109films, 67method, 67techniques, 105
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt(PTB), 236
Pigmentabsorption, 4–6, 14, 26, 43–46, 49, 53,
58, 64, 67–68, 73, 76–77, 80–81,85–86, 89, 92, 99, 101–103, 129,176–180, 185, 197–199, 201,207, 214–215, 217–219, 221, 238,243, 248–249, 313, 315, 386–392,396–397, 399, 408, 423, 435–436,438, 444
calibration series of, 45, 391, 393corrosion prevention, 69diffraction, 4–6, 14, 34, 38–39, 43, 62,
64–65, 80–82, 84–85, 95, 101,104–110, 201, 209, 222–228, 241,242, 252, 260, 314–315, 408
flake-shaped, 63, 76, 79, 85, 206interference, 5–6, 34–36, 38, 45, 64, 68, 80,
82–93, 95–96, 98, 100, 103–104,179, 197–199, 201, 204, 209–217,222, 225, 242, 252, 267, 316, 337,386, 390–392, 401, 407–408
loading, 176–178, 185–186,188–189, 218
metallic, 4–6, 28, 34, 57, 62, 64–82,102–103, 197–198, 200–204, 206,209, 220, 225, 236, 242, 252,271–272, 314–316, 337, 356,358–359, 386, 391, 400–401,407–408, 436, 438, 447
pearlescent, 6, 64, 80–85, 92–93, 95, 98,107, 200, 209, 211, 215, 218, 221,400, 436, 438, 448
scattering, 436
Index 489
Pigmentation, effect pigments, 102Pigment preparation, 434Pigment volume concentration (PVC), 61, 198Pigment volume content, 102Pitch, 88–89, 99Planck constant, 15Planckian locus, 139Planck law of radiation, 15, 23, 139Plastic materials, 44, 49, 51, 59, 61, 65, 69,
153, 159, 192, 195, 198, 247–249,254, 267, 274, 438
See also PolymersPlastic melts, 197, 252Plastics, 5, 27, 50, 102, 152, 159, 249, 373,
386, 401, 438, 447–448Polyacrylate, 73, 84Polyamide, 199Polycarbonate, 84, 199Polychromatic
illumination, 275–276light, 104, 117measurement, 275
Polyethylene terephthalate, 67, 84, 199Polymeric materials, 154, 199, 247, 387
dehydration of, 199Polymers, 26, 44–45, 50, 60, 66–67, 69–72,
76–77, 83, 87–90, 198–199, 243,247, 277, 332–333, 387, 447–448
Polynomial, 190, 311, 357–358, 386Polypropylene, 67, 84Polystyrene, 67, 84Polyvinylchloride, 61, 198Poynting vector, 25, 296Prediction procedures, 418, 424, 436
See also Recipe predictionPressure gradient, 197, 439Primaries, 118–123, 125–126, 137
real, 125virtual, 1252◦ observer, 12610◦ observer, 126
Primary standard, 236Printing process, 440Prism spectrum, 39Probability, 280, 282–288, 311
of light scattering, 296, 301, 309, 313Process control, 73, 233Processing, 3, 49, 64, 67, 76, 79, 85, 109, 141,
161–163, 192, 197, 199, 205, 224,252, 383, 423–424, 434
techniques, 70, 76Process variables, 248, 438Producer risk, 288
PTB, see Physikalisch-Technische Bunde-sanstalt (PTB)
Purkinje effect, 127Purple boundary, 137–138, 140PVC, see Pigment volume concentration
(PVC), PolyvinylchloridePVD, see Physical vapor deposition (PVD)
QQuadrature formula of Gauss, 357, 371Quality
consistency, 424control, 233–234, 248, 252, 259–260,
279, 292Quantum
emission, 49energy, 13, 16, 45hypothesis, 16optics, 12
RRadiance factor, 239–240, 243Radiant energy, 121, 136, 192Radiant flux, 192, 297, 306Radiation
constant, 15cosmic, 4, 12diffuse, 7, 31, 298, 327, 334, 340, 345, 348,
350, 354, 377–378diffuse–diffuse, 377–378directed, 297, 348, 377electromagnetic, 13energy, 13, 15, 24, 32, 192, 274,
296, 419energy density, 419field, 16, 296, 305, 312, 316–317, 327,
341, 345, 356, 358, 361, 370–371,377–378
IR, 13–14, 69, 192, 447–448optical source, 11–43Planck law of, 15, 23, 139radioactive, 192subdivision of field, 377thermal, 278UV, 13, 19, 69, 88, 274, 447
Radiative transfer, 7, 33, 49–50, 187, 295–379,381–383, 390–391, 393, 397,402, 411–414, 427–428, 445,451–454
approximation, 187, 381–383, 390–391,393, 397, 402, 411–414,427–428, 445
theory of, 7
490 Index
Radiative transfer equation (RTE)295–296,302, 306–309, 311–312, 316, 326,340, 343–344, 352, 356–359, 371,451–454
general (GRTE), 307–309plane parallel layer, 308–313, 326special, 311
Radiatorblackbody, 14–16, 18, 139–140, 236luminescence, 14, 16, 19, 34, 139, 155temperature, 14, 16, 18–19, 23–24, 140xenon, 192
Radioactive radiation, 192RAL, 58–59Random
errors, 279–280, 282, 402, 428measurement error, 280spot check, 287test, 292, 403variable, 283–284, 288variations, 428See also Stochastic
Rayleigh–Jeans radiation formula, 16Rayleigh law, 16–17Rayleigh scattering, 32, 302Receptors, photosensitive, 3, 110
response time, 116Recipe
accuracy of, 400–403alternative, 381, 390, 403, 406,
420–421, 444best, 421, 435correctability of, 178, 421, 424–427different, 406–407, 421with effect pigments, 409selection, 424strategy, 389, 406, 427, 430
Recipe prediction, 4, 7–8, 56, 118–119, 161,169–170, 172, 178, 184, 187–188,243–244, 246, 250, 259–261, 263,265, 267, 277–278, 295, 316,323–324, 326, 332, 341, 357,381–445
basic idea of, 332classical, 381, 390, 392, 403–404, 417,
420–421, 435different methods of, 404heart of, 170modern classical methods, 382modern methods, 421, 431three levels of, 386total error of, 402
Red to green contribution, 141
Reference color, 49, 122–123, 144–147, 151,155, 157, 169–171, 179, 207–208,235, 255–256, 259, 266, 288–290,382–384, 401, 403–404, 406, 409,414, 421, 427, 430–437, 439,443–444, 449
Reference coloration, 198, 200, 206, 252, 265,390–393
Reference database, 392Reference illuminant, 166–167, 170, 172–174,
261, 448Reference pictures, 382, 434Reference spectrophotometer
characteristics of, 260specifications of, 260
Refinishing paint, 208, 438Reflectance, 28–29, 33, 49–56, 77–78, 81, 91,
93–101, 105–107, 109, 134–136,169–171, 174, 182, 186–189,201–202, 204, 206, 211, 233, 236,239, 241, 246, 248, 251–252, 257,261, 266–271, 275–276, 295, 347,388–389, 393, 397, 430, 438
angle dependent, 81, 95apparent values, 236curve, 54, 95, 98–100, 107, 109diffuse, 50, 94, 347of ferromagnetic diffraction pigments, 109measurement, 81, 95, 189, 206, 211, 236,
241, 248standardized measurement, 241wavelength-dependent, 236
Reflected light, 26, 29, 36, 49, 69, 77, 79, 156,250, 261, 338
Reflectionboundary surface, 32, 59, 338coefficient, 29–32, 60, 253–254, 333–334,
336–337, 340, 348–349, 351,353–354, 364, 375, 378
corrected, 350, 365–366, 368–369, 371,373–376
corrected function, 369definition of, 320, 328diffuse, 60, 62, 64, 76–77, 235, 328, 334,
372–373diffuse–diffuse, 343, 350–351, 363,
369–370directed, 26, 59–60, 309, 314, 318,
320, 354directed–diffuse, 342, 345, 348, 350, 353,
362, 369directional, 26, 59, 77, 253–254, 351experimental, 397, 404, 409
Index 491
external, 267, 333, 335–339, 348, 350–356,369, 371, 375, 378–379
factor, 30–31, 33, 239, 277, 389, 396, 399function, 361, 365–371grating, 38–43, 104–105, 233,
259–260, 337indicatrix, 59, 244inner, 30–31, 365–366at interfaces, 83internal, 267, 322–323, 334–336, 338, 340,
351, 357–363, 369, 372–373law of, 26, 59metallic, 4–5, 65, 74–76, 82, 202multiple, 25, 34, 36, 63–64, 68, 82–83, 86,
249, 251, 267–268outer, 30single, 83, 268spectral, 53, 56, 77, 92, 233, 252, 258, 267,
269, 274, 316, 385, 388–389, 393,399, 402
specular, 26, 59–62, 236, 244, 246–247,249, 253–254, 277
theoretical, 409Reflectivity, 36, 53, 65–66, 89,
332, 447of metals, 65, 107
Refractionindex, 377law of, 26–29, 365–366
Refractive index, 6, 17, 26–32, 34, 36–37,60–61, 66, 82–83, 85–86, 93,95–96, 189, 197, 209, 250,303–304, 323, 333, 337, 354, 363,378–379
complex, 28of metals, 66See also Fresnel coefficient
Relative color strength, 52, 180–181,183–185
Relative tinting strength, 52Remaining colors, 424, 431, 434Repeatability, short-term, 162, 264–265Repetition accuracy, 162Representatives of color, 1, 119, 124, 133, 136,
167, 234, 255Reproducibility, 4, 18, 178, 259, 278
long-term, 263–265, 280Residual stresses, 192Resistance, 4, 44, 48, 69, 102, 189, 192–193,
197–200abrasion, 69, 193climate, 200condensation water, 199
light, 198weather, 44, 48See also Color fastness
Retina, 2–3, 8, 13–14, 109–118, 122, 126, 136,156, 165, 167, 234
Retinex theory, 3, 114Ring pumps, 197Robustness of recipe, 426–427Rods, 110–112, 126, 156, 165Root-mean-square error (r.m.s), 281–282Rough recipe, 432, 434
See also First recipeRutil, 47, 81, 83–84, 90, 93, 97, 98
SSafety colors, 166, 274Salt spray testing, 199Sample
color, 8, 11, 14, 18, 20, 24, 28, 31, 43,49–50, 57, 61–62, 87, 125–126,129, 136, 144–146, 154, 160,162–163, 167–169, 179–180, 192,206–207, 234, 238–240, 244, 246,249–250, 258, 260–261, 279, 289,381–383, 386, 409, 428
requirements, 248–250semi-glossy, 254structured, 254surface, 26, 239, 242–244, 246, 249,
261, 272Sanding, 60Saturation, 2, 52–53, 58, 81, 102, 115, 161,
179, 184, 276, 278Scanning electron microscope (SEM), 69–71,
73, 86–87, 211, 271, 274Scanning electron microscopy, 74Scatter ellipsoid, 285, 290Scattering, 4–5, 7, 11, 13–14, 16–17, 25,
32–34, 50–51, 53, 56–57, 60,90–92, 96, 102–103, 107, 178,182, 185, 189, 195–197, 299–306,313–316, 352, 354–361, 400, 408,410, 412, 418
anisotropic, 313–316, 357, 383coefficient, 50–51, 182, 300, 312, 316,
319–320, 324, 327, 336, 343, 383,386, 390, 393–397, 410, 418, 451,453–454
constant, see Scattering, coefficientcross section, 301dependent, 304diffuse, 195, 248edge, 75–76, 103, 215
492 Index
Scattering (cont.)of edges, 50, 83, 224elastic, 32function, 296, 301, 303
See also Phase functioninelastic, 32isotropic, 60, 247, 303, 312–316, 326, 341,
357–358, 383multiple, 7, 295, 302–306, 318–319pure, 309, 321–322, 338, 346, 355, 359,
375selective, 46, 81simple, 295single, 7, 302–304, 313
Scatter term, 307See also Source, function
Scotopic vision, 110, 165Scratches, 197, 249Search program, 432Search strategy, 435Secondary color values, 417Secondary illuminant, 417Secondary standard, 236–237, 243,
255, 262Selection
of colorants, 407of recipes, 407
Semiconductor diode, 14Semiconductor laser, 22Sensitivity
absolute, 164–165of color receptors, 112, 122definition of, 424entire, 425–427of human eye, 17, 56, 135, 140of measuring, 247, 262of recipe, 425–426, 427
Sequential analysis, 292Serial production, 256Shade, see Color shadeShear, 3, 69–70, 85, 192, 197–198, 200, 225,
248, 252, 439gradient, 225rates, 192, 197, 252stability, 198stable, 70, 198stress, 197velocities, 248, 439
Significance, statistical, 288level, 289point, 287testing, 288
Silver, 5, 66–67, 70–72, 75, 77, 80, 84–86,89–90, 92–94, 106–107, 109, 198,207, 215–216, 218–220, 408, 436,438, 447
Silver bronze, 5, 66–67Silver colored, 92, 107, 109Silver dollar
aluminum pigment, 218–220, 438flakes, 75, 80, 198pigments, 70–71, 75
Simultaneous contrast, 114–115, 156, 250Single-constant theory, see One-constant
theorySingle scattering, 7, 302–304, 313Size distribution, see Particle, size distributionSkylight, 17, 238
north, 17, 238overcast, 17south, 238zenith, 17
Smectic, 88, 225Sodium
lines, 27vapor lamp, 23–24, 237
Software, 8, 234, 261, 272, 357, 381, 402, 421,431, 435, 441
Solar constant, 16, 192Solar energy, 192Source
of artificial light, 18function, 302, 306–307, 312technical, 18, 23term, 307, 311–313, 317, 341working life of, 18
Sparkle, 70, 72, 77, 79, 82, 89–90, 99, 103,153, 200–201, 204–206, 271–273,287, 403, 423, 436
area, 272, 287definition of, 72degree, 200, 205, 272effect, 89–90, 201, 204–205grade, 205–206intensity, 272particle, 72, 99, 205, 272pigments, 90uniformity of, 273See also Glitter effect
Sparkling, see SparkleSpecial metamerism indices, 172–175Special optical cases, 295, 307, 309, 319,
336, 345See also Optical triangle
Index 493
Spectral colors, 13, 20, 93, 121, 137–138,278–292
Spectral energy distribution, 14, 17–21, 115,118, 125
Spectral lines, 237Spectral-matching criteria, 182Spectral power distribution, 11–12, 14–15,
17–18, 23–24, 33, 49, 123–124,128, 134, 136, 138, 155, 165–166,170, 173, 192, 253, 261
Spectral reflectance, 53–56, 78, 93, 95–100,105–107, 109, 134, 136, 169–170,186–188, 233, 236, 239, 251–252,257, 276, 389
Spectral reflection, 53, 56, 77, 92, 233, 252,258, 267, 269, 274, 316, 385,388–389, 393, 399, 402
Spectral transmission, 189Spectral transmittance, 134, 257Spectral value, 52, 170, 172, 210, 236, 244,
248–249, 252–255, 258–259, 262,264–266, 275–276, 288, 295, 297,310, 381, 384, 386, 394, 402–404,409–410, 412–414, 430, 432, 443
calculated, 404corrected, 430experimental, 394measured, 252, 266, 275, 288, 381, 386,
404, 409, 414, 432theoretical, 409–410
Spectrometric correction, 429–431Spectrometric procedure, 264, 404, 413Spectrometric recipe prediction, 412Spectrometric strategy, 404, 409–414, 417–418Spectrophotometer, 39, 124, 162, 183, 222,
237, 241–244, 247, 251, 253,257, 259–267, 271–272, 288, 383,385–386, 390, 401–403, 409, 412,420, 428, 432
accuracy of, 263–266characteristics of, 260error limits, 264photometrical resolution, 264short-term repeatability, 162, 264–265wavelength resolution, 260–261
Spectrumcolors, 121continuous, 18–19diffraction, 39, 43, 223, 260electromagnetic, 12locus, 137–138visible, 6, 12–14, 44–45, 52, 89, 111, 127,
138, 316
Specular angle, 26, 78, 83, 91, 95, 222–223,241–242, 252
Specular color, 226, 228Specular component, 244, 246–247, 254,
262, 277excluded, 244, 254
Specular reflection, 26, 59–62, 236, 244,246–247, 249, 253–254, 277
Stable colors, 116Standard
black, 236, 264–265color, 237, 390, 434metallic, 78primary, 236reference, 238, 266secondary, 236–237, 243, 255, 262transfer, 236white, 202, 236, 262–265
Standard climate, 237, 250,265, 278
Standard color-matching functions (SCMFs),125–126, 134–136, 138–139,257–258, 288, 404
Standard color values, see CIE 1931 colorspace
Standard deviation (SD), 281–282,287–288, 290
Standard illuminantA, 18–19, 21, 23–24, 140, 253D65, 19–21, 23–24, 140, 171, 186, 155,
210–211, 222, 253, 258, 261Standard observer, 128, 134–136, 138, 142,
168, 170–171, 173–175, 183–184,194–195, 238, 253, 258, 261, 402,414, 425, 432, 435
2◦ standard observer, 122, 124–125, 127, 135,138, 170–171, 182, 194, 257
10◦ standard observer, 127, 135, 137–138, 156,163, 168, 171, 182, 194, 210–211,222, 257, 410
Standards, orderedASTM, 185, 241–242, 455–456CIE, 3, 18–21, 23–24, 109, 125–129,
134–135, 137, 163, 174, 184, 238,253, 261, 414, 458
DIN, 163, 241–242, 458–459DIN EN ISO, 459ISO, 461JIS, 461
Starting values, 168, 347, 412Statistical error, 280, 402Statistical methods, 287Statistical significance testing, 288
494 Index
Statistical test, 256, 279, 287–292color differences, 279, 287–292
Statistical testingcolor differences, 279, 287–292
Steradian (sr)definition of, 24, 297
Stimulation, 13, 49, 238, 260, 275of fluorescence, 49, 238, 275selective, 13
Stochasticerrors, 280variable, 283–284, 287–288variations, 256, 280See also Random
Stokes emission, 275Storage, 4, 233, 237, 248, 250, 261, 266, 278,
383, 434color collections, 250color patterns, 250data, 261, 383standards, 278
Storing, 192, 262Strength of color, relative, 52, 180–181,
183–185Striations, 193Substitution of colorants, 4Substrate
aluminum, 106–107, 215curved, 62ferromagnetic, 107, 109, 201glass, 89metal, 68, 104mica, 6, 64, 85–86, 91, 93–99, 200, 215,
239–240, 448muscovite, 86, 209nickel, 80
Subtractive color mixing, 102–103, 116–120Subtractive color mixture, 215Superposition
additive, 103of colored lights, 117of diffraction and interference, 228of interference and absorption, 95of waves, 39, 81
Superstructure, 189Surface
boundary corrections, 346, 352,363–369, 372
boundary effect, 60boundary layer, 332correction, 336–338, 340–341, 345, 348,
354, 357, 362–363forms, 60
gloss, 22, 61, 206glossy, 26, 58, 246, 255high-glossy, 59–60, 244, 255irregular, 50matt, 60, 235, 249phenomenon, 59–63reflection, 32, 59, 62, 72, 253–254,
325, 338roughness, 60, 107slightly glossy, 247structure, 59, 69, 73, 162, 238–239, 246,
248–249, 253, 255–256, 271,274, 279
structured, 59, 156, 197, 240Surrounding color, 115, 156Surrounding polymer, 69, 77Swelling, 199Synapse strength, 442–444Systematic errors, 256, 279–280, 401–402,
428–429recipe prediction, 402, 428
TTarget color, 172
See also Reference colorTaylor series, 395, 398, 412Temperature drift, 264–265Temperature radiator, 14, 16, 18–19, 23–24,
140Test colorations, critical, 403Test quantity, 287–288, 290–292
statistical, 291Tetrachromacy, 112Textile fibers, 49, 159, 247–248, 254–255, 278,
387, 429, 441Texture, 77, 79, 87–89, 201, 225, 246, 277
cholesteric, 88–89, 277nematic, 88smectic, 88, 225
Theoryof errors, 279–280, 282of radiative transfer, 7, 295–379
Thermochromic color, 249, 277–278Three-flux approximation, 312, 337, 340–356,
361, 376, 378, 396–397, 399, 444Three-flux theory, 340–343, 345Threshold
of acceptability, 256of discrimination, 164–165
Tinting power, 44, 189, 422Tinting strength, 52Titanium dioxide
anastas, 47, 83–84, 90, 93, 97–98
Index 495
brookit, 93rutil, 47, 81, 83–84, 90, 93, 97–98, 210,
239–240Tolerance
agreement, 141, 161–163, 171, 233–234,255–257, 266, 422
ellipse, 140, 205, 238parameter, 153, 256ranges, 163, 256specification, 205value, 162, 256
Topcoat, 200, 249See also Clear coat
Total error of recipe prediction, 402Total influx, 352Total reflection, 28, 30, 334, 340–341, 348,
350, 354, 357, 368–371, 373–378critical angle of, 28, 30partly directed component of, 354
Trainingcolorimetrical, 163coloristical, 163color perception, 238of neural networks, 382, 390
Transfer standard, 236Translucent, 49–51, 83, 91, 134, 184, 189, 191,
193, 197, 246–247, 250–252, 255,257, 266–268, 296, 319, 324–325,331, 340, 346–347, 367–368,387–390, 396, 398–399, 412, 420,447, 451–454
color, 50, 134, 255, 389colorants, 420diaphanous, 51gleaming, 51ideal, 51layer, 83, 91, 251–252, 267–268, 324, 340,
347, 368, 451, 453–454materials, 51, 189, 193, 246, 251–252, 267,
346, 396, 412system, 50, 252, 331, 340
Transmission, 11, 32–33, 38–43, 53, 59, 116,118, 124, 128, 182, 184, 189, 196,233, 235, 237, 246–248, 250–251,255, 257, 261, 267–271, 277, 295,297, 310, 316–323, 325, 328–239,331–339, 343–345, 346–348,352–374, 383, 385–386, 393–394,398, 402, 409–410, 412, 451, 453
corrected, 350, 352, 366–367definition of, 32, 328determination of, 50, 237, 251,
261, 270
diffuse, 50, 247, 328diffuse–diffuse, 343, 351directed, 318directed–diffuse, 342, 345,
348, 363directional, 247, 351experimental, 398, 412external, 333, 335, 338–339, 350–351, 353,
378–379function, 361–368, 370, 372–373grating, 38–40internal, 322–323, 336, 351, 362spectral, 189
Transmissivity, 195–196Transmittance, see Transmission
factor, 33, 240, 247Transmitted light, 49, 88, 239, 250,
252, 361Transparency
ideal, 135, 138, 189, 321–322, 339, 352,355, 378
index, 189–191, 197, 250Transparent colors, 49, 86, 134, 250Transparent layer, 50, 197, 316, 319–320, 336,
353, 369, 452–454ideal, 353
Transparent liquid, 89, 99, 211, 270–271Transparent material, 134, 189, 191, 197, 237,
250, 267, 313, 322, 325, 331, 338,346, 396
measurement, 240, 246, 251Transparent medium, 189, 191, 250, 320,
330, 338Travel, see FlopTrichromasy, 112
anomalous, 113Trichromatic color sense, 133Trichromatic color theory, 114Trichromatic matching, 123Trichromatic stimulus, 123, 234Tristimulus colorimeter, 257–259, 265Tristimulus color matching, 120–123Tristimulus values, 123–125,
133–228, 432Tungsten filament lamp, 18–21, 261Turbidity, 50, 192–197, 422Twilight, 165–166Two-color pigments, 85
See also Color flopTwo-constant theory, 387Two-flux approximation
diffuse–diffuse, 355
496 Index
Two-flux approximation (cont.)directional, 316–326, 328–329, 338,
353–354See also Two-flux theory
Two-flux theory, 7, 326, 329, 351See also Two-flux approximation
Two-mode spectroscopy, 275–276Two-tone, 77, 79
See also Lightness, flop
UUCS Uniform color scales, 58, 141, 144,
160–161Ulbricht sphere, 243, 248, 250, 260, 262Uncertainty, 12, 186, 190, 233–234, 252–253,
256, 263–265, 271–272, 278–281,292, 386, 412, 424–425, 427
of measurement, 234, 252, 256, 263–264,271, 278–279
relative, 190Uniform chromaticity scale, 141UV absorption, 53, 200, 447UV catastrophe, 16UV radiation, 19, 88UV range, 15–16, 20
VVariable directional geometry, 241–242, 261Variance, 281, 284–287, 289, 291Varnish power value, 191Viscosity, 69, 76, 438
Newtonian, 69structural, 69, 252
Visible range, see Visible spectrumVisible spectrum, 6, 12–14, 44–45, 52, 89, 111,
127, 138, 316Visible wavelengths, 6, 11, 13, 36, 56, 69, 82,
252, 257, 297Vision
of colors, 2, 110, 112–113, 118, 156,165, 176
mesopic, 110, 123photopic, 110, 120, 123, 165scotopic, 110, 165
Visual acuity, 164–165Visual angle, 110–111, 122, 126, 156, 171Visual assessment, 19–20, 23–24, 26, 62, 115,
126, 128, 145, 164–165, 181, 238,253, 255, 384
Visual cells, 110–111Visual cortex, 3, 8, 109, 113–114, 116,
159, 234Visual perception, 114, 214, 292Visual sensation, 8
Volume, 17, 28, 32, 34, 43, 59–61, 74–76, 102,108, 138, 142, 160, 185–186, 189,195, 197, 235, 240–241, 246–248,250, 253–254, 267, 299, 309, 332,385, 402
fraction, 386Von Kries coefficient law, 167
WWater-based paint, 199Water-borne system, 198Water resistance, 199Water vapor, 56, 199Wavelength
band, 36, 265discrete, 19, 24, 123, 136, 257, 275long, 16–17, 111monochromatic, 22, 138reflected, 228scale, 20, 237short, 16, 24visible, 6, 11, 13, 36, 56, 69, 82, 252,
257, 297Wave optics, 64Weather
durability, 45, 200resistance, 44, 48stability, 199
Weatheringartificial, 192natural, 200outdoor, 192resistance, 102, 189, 200
Weather resistance, 44, 48Weighted colorimetric strategy, 405Weighting factor, 153, 170, 182–183, 305, 327,
398, 404–405, 410–412, 414–418,420, 433
empirical, 195, 207–208, 393Weiss areas, 108White balance, 121White mixtures, 176–177, 387–388Whiteness index, 193–195Whitening index, 194–195White pigment, 45, 47, 181, 193, 387–388, 391White standard, 202, 236, 262–265Wien’s law of radiation, 16
XXenon lamp, 19–21, 260–262
of high pressure, 23, 258–259Xenon radiator, 192
Top Related