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Anatomy and Physiology I
Unit 7: The Skeletal System
Physiology of the Skeletal System
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Skeletal System
Bones are made of severaltissues
Primarily made of collagen andhydroxyapatite -Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
About 206 bones in the humanbody
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Functions of Skeletal System
SUPPORT: Hard framework that supports and anchorsthe soft organs of the body.
PROTECTION: Surrounds organs such as the brain andspinal cord.
MOVEMENT: Allows for muscle attachment thereforethe bones are used as levers.
STORAGE: Minerals and lipids are stored within bone
material.
BLOOD CELL FORMATION: The bone marrow isresponsible for blood cell production.
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Parts of the Skeletal System
Axial skeleton
Skull and bones that support it
Includes vertebra and ribs 80 bones
Appendicular skeleton
Limbs
126 bones
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Features of a Long Bone:
Epiphysis: Ends of the
bone.
Diaphysis: The shaft of
the bone which surrounds
the medullary cavity.
Articular Cartilage:
Cushions the ends of the
bones and allows for
smooth movement.
Epiphyseal Plate:
Areas made of cartilage
allowing for the growth of
the bone.
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Joints
Where bone meets bone
Ligament holds bone to bone
Types of joints: Immovable - skull
Ball-and-socket - shoulder
Hinge - knee Pivot forearm
Gliding - vertebrae
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Cartilage
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Bone Structure
Periosteum hard outer covering Cells for growth and repair
Compact bone hard strong layer
Bone cells, blood vessels, protein with Ca and P
Spongy bone at ends of long bones Has small open spaces to lighten weight
Marrow cavity hollow in middle of long bones
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Bone Marrow
Red marrow produces blood cells and
clotting factors
F
ound in humerus, femur, sternum, ribs,vertebrae, pelvis
Produces RBC 2 million per second
Yellow marrow stores fat
Found in many bones
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Bone Structure
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Haversian System
Structure of compact bone
Rings of bone tissue with blood vessels
and nerves in the center
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Haversian System
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Bone Development
Initial skeleton of cartilage in infants
Replaced with bone by osteoblasts
More than 300 bones at birth fuse to 206
Always growing and breaking down Osteoblasts form new bone cells Osteoclasts break bone cells down
Osteocytes mature bone cells
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Broken Bones
Fracture is a break of the bone Simple or Complex fracture
Regrowth of bone:
Spongy bone forms in first few days Blood vessels regrow and spongy bone hardens
Full healing takes 1-2 months
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Homeostatic Imbalances
Rickets
Disease of children due to a lack of vitamin D.
Calcium is not deposited in bones.
Bones become soft.Bowing of the bones, and other deformities occur.
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Homeostatic Imbalances
Osteomalacia
Rickets of adults.
Due to a lack of vitamin D.Calcium is not deposited in the bones.
Bones become brittle.
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Homeostatic Imbalances
OsteoporosisBone reabsorption is greater than bone deposition.
Due to any of the following:
Lack of estrogen in women.
Lack of exercise to stress the bones.Inadequate intake of calcium and phosphorus.
Abnormalities of vitamin D metabolism.
Loss of muscle mass.
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Age Related Dysfunctions
Arthritis:
Osteoarthritis- 90% of pop. By age 40
chronic inflammation of articular cartilage
can be normal age-dependent change
can also be pathology due to ?
Age-related changes
decrease blood supplytrauma
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Osteoarthritis
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Osteoporosis
Decline in Bone Density
Bone Resorption > Bone Deposition
Increase Risk for Fracture
compression fractures of vertebrae
hip fractures
Role of calcium, vitamin D, estrogen, exercise
Calcitonin vs. Parathyroid Hormone
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Osteoporosis
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