An Interactive System forAn Interactive System forCO-Citation VisualizationCO-Citation Visualization
Xia Lin
Jan Buzydlowski
Howard D. White
Drexel University
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Co-CitationCo-Citation a method for measuring the common
intellectual interest between a pair of documents
Small & Griffith (in 70’s)
Later documentsA, B, C, …
Document 1 cites
Document 2
?
cites
Author Co-Citation Author Co-Citation Insights into the intellectual structure of
science and scholarship through citations over time.
White & Griffith (in 80’s)
AuthorsA, B, C, …
Author 1 cites
Author 2
?
cites
Author as an IconAuthor as an IconAn author– represents a person;– represents a body of writings.
A group of related authors – comes to stand for a body of ideas– represents subject relationships of
documents.
A Map of Information Scientists A Map of Information Scientists
Map StructuresMap Structures
Retrieval
Document
User
Citation(Bibliometrics)
(Communication)(IR theories)
(Online retrieval)
(General)
Data for Information Scientists MapData for Information Scientists Map
120 highly cited authors in Information Science
Co-citation count of every pair of the 120 authors
A matrix of 120 by 120 of their co-citation counts, converted to Pearson r’s
Data CollectionData CollectionLabor-intensive process– Decided who are highest-cited authors
in the field– Conducted thousands of DIALOG
searches on paired authors• C(120, 2) =7140 searches
– Processed data in a spreadsheet White and McCain (JASIS, April 1998)
New Interactive SystemNew Interactive SystemThe challenges– To process data and generate the map
instantly. – To provide interactive functions for the
viewer to explore the map and the underlying data (with search engines).
– To provide different maps (with different mapping algorithms).
The DatabaseThe Database– Institute for Scientific Information– Arts and Humanities Database (AHCI)• 1988 - 1997• 1.26 million records
– BRS search engines
The Old InterfaceThe Old Interface
System StructureSystem Structure
BRS Search Engines
Web Server Java ServletsWeb Interface
Java Applet
MappingProcedures
cgi
The New InterfaceThe New Interface
Authors co-cited most often with Authors co-cited most often with PLATOPLATO
Kruskal, Joseph B.Kruskal, Joseph B.
Kruskal, Clyde P.Kruskal, Clyde P.
Future DevelopmentFuture Development
Adding different maps– Pathfinders–Multidimensional scaling– Hierarchical clustering
Adding more interactions with search engines–Mining and exploration tools– Subject labels
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