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UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
(FDD mode, R2/R3)
Prerequisites:
GSM Radio Network Engineering
Fundamentals
Introduction to UMTS
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UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
Table of content
1. Introduction
2. Inputs for Radio Network Planning
3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation
4. Initial Radio Network Design
5. Basic Radio Network Parameter Definition
6. Basic Radio Network Optimization
7. UMTS/GSM co-location and Antenna Systems
Appendix
Abbreviations and acronyms
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1. Introduction
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
Duration:
2h30
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1. Introduction
Session presentation
Objective:
to get the necessary background information in regards of
UMTS basics and RNP principles for a good start in UMTS
Radio Network Planning.
Program:
1.1 UMTS Basics
1.2 UMTS RNP notations
1.3 UMTS RNP tool overview
1.4 UMTS RNP process overview
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1. Introduction
1.1 UMTS Basics
Objective:
to be able to describe the UMTS network architecture
and main radio mechanisms
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS network architecture(1)
Iu
PLMN, PSTN,
ISDN, ...
IP
networks
External Networks
USIM
ME
Cu
UE
Uu
(air)
User
Equipment
Node B
Node B
Iur
UTRAN
RNC
RNC
Node B
Node B
Iub
RNS
RNS
UMTS Radio
Access Network
MSC/VLR
CN
GMSC
GGSN
HLR
SGSN
Iu-CS
Iu-PS
Core Network
Entities and interfaces
Iub
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS network architecture(2)
Alcatel OMC-UR architecture
A9100
MBS
UTRAN
A9140
RNC
Iub
RNS
RNS
LAN
A1353 OMC-UR
RNO
NM
ItfB
ItfR
A9155
RNP tool
Radio Network Optimizer
Network Performance Analyzer
Network Manager (used to
perform supervision and
configuration of the UTRAN)
RNO
NPA
NM
Note: NM is provided from R3 onwards. In R2, the NM
function are implemented in two separate servers EM
(Element Manager) and SNM (Sub-network Manager)
+
NPA
A9140
RNC
A9100
MBS
A9100
MBS
A9100
MBS
Note: the
Alcatel
NodeB is
called
A9100 MBS
(Multi-
standard
Base
Station)
from R2
onwards
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1.1 UMTS Basics
3GPP: the UMTS standardization body
Members:ETSI (Europe) ARIB/TTC (Japan) CWTS (China)T1 (USA) TTA (South Korea)
UMTS system specifications: Access Network
WCDMA (UTRAN FDD) TD-CDMA (UTRAN TDD)
Core Network Evolved GSM All-IP
Note: 3GPP has also taken over the GSM recommendations (previously written by ETSI)
Releases defined for the UMTS system specifications: Release 99 (sometimes called Release 3)
Release 4 Release 5
In the following material we will only deal with UMTS FDD R99.
(former Release 2000)
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1.1 UMTS Basics
3GPP UMTS specifications
3GPP UMTS specifications are classified in 15 series (numbered from 21 to 35), e.g. the serie 25 deals with UTRAN aspects.
Note: See 3GPP 21.101 for more details about the numbering scheme and an overview about all UMTS series and specifications.
Interesting specifications for UMTS Radio Network Planning:
3GPP TS 25.101: "UE Radio transmission and Reception (FDD)"
3GPP TS 25.104: "UTRA (BS) FDD; Radio transmission and Reception“
3GPP TS 25.133: "Requirements for support of radio resource management (FDD)"
3GPP TS 25.141: "Base Station (BS) conformance testing (FDD)
3GPP TS 25.214: "Physical layer procedures (FDD)".
3GPP TS 25.215: "Physical layer - Measurements (FDD)”
3GPP TS 25.942: "RF system scenarios".
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1.1 UMTS Basics
Alcatel UTRAN releases
Alcatel UTRAN equipment (RNC, NodeB and OMC-UR) is designed by a
joint-venture between Alcatel and Fujitsu, called Evolium.
Note: the Alcatel UMTS equipment is called EvoliumTM 9100 MBS, EvoliumTM
9140 RNC and EvoliumTM 1353 OMC-UR
Relationship between Evolium UTRAN releases and 3GPP releases:
Evolium UTRAN releases 3GPP releases
R1 (former 3GR1)
R99 (Technical Status December 2000)
R2 R99 (Technical Status June 2001)
R3 R99 (Technical Status March 2002)
R4 R4
R5 R5
Prevision
Stand:
June 2004
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(1)
Sector/Cell/Carrier in UMTS
Sector and cell are not equivalent anymore in UMTS:
A sector consists of one or several cells
A cell consists of one frequency (or carrier)
Note: a given frequency (carrier) can be reused in each sector of each
NodeB in the network (frequency reuse=1)
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(2)
CDMA (called W-CDMA for UMTS FDD) as access method on the air a given carrier can be reused in each cell (frequency reuse=1)no FDMA
all active users can transmit/receive at the same timeno TDMA
As a consequence, there are inside one frequency:
Extra-cell interference: cell separation is achieved by codes (CDMA)
Intra-cell interference: user separation is achieved by codes (CDMA)
Multiple frequencies (carriers)
first step of UMTS deployment: a single
frequency (e.g. frequency 1) is used for the whole
network of an operator
second step of UMTS deployment: additional
frequencies can be used to enhance the capacity of
the network: an additional frequency (e.g frequency
2) works as an overlap on the first frequency.
Frequency 1
Frequency 2
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(3)
Channelization and scrambling codes (UL side)
2chc
1chc
scramblingc
air
interfaceModulator
3chc
UE
Ph
ysic
al
ch
an
nels
Channelization codes (spreading codes)
short codes (limited number, but they can be
reused with another scrambling code)
code length chosen according to the bit rate of
the physical channel (spreading factor)
assigned by the RNC at connection setup
Scrambling codes
long codes (more than 1 million
available)
fixed length (no spreading)
1 unique code per UE assigned by the
RNC at connection setup
Bit rateA
Bit rateB
Bit rateC
3.84 Mchips/s
3.84 Mchips/s
3.84 Mchips/s3.84 Mchips/s
.
.
.
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(4)
Channelization and scrambling codes (DL side)
2chc
1chc
scramblingc
air
interfaceModulator
3chc
NodeBsector
Ph
ysic
al
ch
an
nels
Channelization codes (spreading codes)same remarks as for UL sideNote: the restricted number of channelization codes is more problematic in DL, because they must be shared between all UEs in the NodeB sector.
Scrambling codes
long codes (more than 1 million available, but
restricted to 512 (primary) codes to limit the time for
code research during cell selection by the UE)
fixed length (no spreading)
1(primary) code per NodeB sector defined by a
code planning: 2 adjacent sectors shall have
different codes (see §5)
Note: it is also possible to define secondary
scrambling codes, but it is seldom used.
Bit rateA
Bit rateB
Bit rateC
3.84 Mchips/s
3.84 Mchips/s
3.84 Mchips/s3.84 Mchips/s
.
.
.
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(5)
Physical channels
Physical channels are defined mainly by:
a specific frequency (carrier)
a combination channelization code / scrambling code
used to separate the physical channels (2 physical channels must NOT have the same combination channelization code / scrambling code)
start and stop instants
physical channels are sent continuously on the air interface between start and stop instants
Examples in UL:
DPDCH: dedicated to a UE, used to carry traffic and signalling between UE and RNC such as radio measurement report, handover command
DPCCH: dedicated to a UE, used to carry signalling between UE and NodeB such as fast power control commands
Examples in DL:
DPCH: dedicated to a UE , same functions as UL DPDCH and UL DPCCH
P-CCPCH: common channel sent permanently in each cell to provide system- and cell-specific information, e.g. LAI (similar to the time slot 0 used for BCCH in GSM)
CPICH: see next slide
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(6)
CPICH (or Pilot channel)
DL common channel sent permanently in each cell to provide:
srambling code of NodeB sector: the UE can find out the DL scrambling code of the cell through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the CPICH (used during cell selection)
power reference: used to perform measurements for handover and cell selection/reselection (function performed by time slot 0 used for BCCH in GSM)
time and phase reference: used to aid channel estimation in reception at the UE side
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits = 10 symbols
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
The CPICH contains:
a pre-defined symbol sequence (the same for each cell of all UMTS networks) scrambled with the NodeB sector scrambling code
at a fixed and low bit rate (Spreading Factor=256): to make easier Pilot detection by UE
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(7)
Power control
Near-Far Problem: on the uplink way an overpowered mobile phone near the base station (e.g. UE1) can jam any other mobile phones far from the base station (e.g. UE2).
Node
B
UE1
UE2
an efficient and fast power control is necessary in UL to avoid near-far effect
power control is also used in DL to reduce interference and consequently to increase the system capacity
Power control mechanisms (see Appendix for more details):
open loop (without feedback information) for common physical channels
closed loop (with feedback information) for dedicated physical channels (1500 Hz command rate, also called fast power control)
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(8)
RNC
Node B
Soft/softer Handover (HO)
a UE is in soft handover state if there are two (or more) radio links between this UE and the UTRAN
it is a fundamental UMTS mechanism (necessary to avoid near-far effect)
only possible intra-frequency, ie
between cells with the same frequency
Note: hard handover is provided if soft/er
handover is not possible
A softer handover is a soft handover
between different sectors of the same
Node B
Soft handover(different sectors of different NodeBs)
Softer handover(different sectors of the same NodeB)
RNC
Node BNode B
UE
UE
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(9)
Active Set (AS) and Macro Diversity Gain
All cells, which are involved in soft/softer handover for a given UE
belong to the UE Active Set (AS):
usual situation: about 30% of UE with at least 2 cells in their AS.
up to 6 cells in AS for a given UE
The different propagation paths in DL and UL lead to a diversity gain,
called „Macro Diversity‟ gain:
UL
one physical signal sent by one UE and received by two different cells
soft handover: selection on frame basis (each 10ms) in RNC
softer handover: Maximum Ratio Combining(MRC) in NodeB
DL
two physical signals (with the same content) sent by two different cells and received by one UE
soft/softer handover: MRC in UE
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1. Introduction
1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles
Objective:
to be able to understand the vocabulary and
notations* used in this course in regards of UMTS
planning
* unfortunately, UMTS RNP notations are not clearly
standardized, so that the meaning of a notation can be
quite different from one reference to another one.
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Received power and
power density
Power
[dBm]
Power
Density
[dBm/Hz
]
Comment
(Power Density=Power/B
with B=3.84MHz)
Received (useful) signalC
(or RSCP)Ec
Ec = Energy per chip=C/B
Thermal Noise -108.1 Nth=-174Nth = k.T0 with k=1.38E-20mW/Hz/K
(Bolztmann constant) and T0=293K (20°C)
Thermal Noise at receiver N -N =-108.1dBm+NFreceiver [dB] (=Thermal
noise + Noise generated at receiver)
Interference intra-cellIintra
(Iown)-
interference received from transmitters
located in the same cell as the receiver
Note: C is included in Iintra
Interference extra-cellIextra
(Iother;Iinter)-
interference received from transmitters not
located in the same cell as the receiver
Interference I -I=Iintra+ Iextra
(no “Thermal noise at receiver” included)
1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles
Notations (1)
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Received power and
power density
Power
[dBm]
Power
Density
[dBm/Hz]
Comment
Power Density=Power/B with
B=3.84MHz
Total received power
(“Total noise”)
I+N
(RSSI)Io
I+N= Iintra+ Iextra +N
Note: C is included in (I+N)
Total received power
(“Total noise” without
useful signal)
I+N-CNo
(Nt)
No=( Iintra+ Iextra +N-C)/B
Note: C is not included in No
1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles
Notations (2)
Note: Io can be measured with a good precision, whereas No is not easy to
measure (but it is useful for theoretical demonstrations)
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Ratio in [dB] Comment
Received
energy per chip
over “noise”
Ec/Io
Here “noise”=Io
This ratio can be accurately measured: it is used for physical
channels without real information bits, especially for CPICH (Pilot
channel)
Ec/No
(“C/I”)*
Here “noise”=No
This ratio is difficult to measure, but is useful for theoretical
demonstrations: it is used for physical channels with real
information bits, especially for P-CCPCH and UL/DL dedicated
channels.
Received
energy per bit
over “noise”
Eb/No
Eb/No=Ec/No+PG with PG (Processing Gain) = 10 log [(3.84
Mchips/s) / (service bit rate)]
e.g. for speech 12.2 kbits/s, Processing Gain = 25dB
Required
energy per bit
over “noise”
(Eb/No)req
Fixed value which depends on service bit rate...(see §3.5)
Eb/No shall be equal or greater than the (Eb/No)req
1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles
Notations (3)
*This ratio is often written with the classical GSM notation “C/I” (Carrier over Interference ratio): this notation is incorrect, it should be C/(I+N-C)
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Two more
interesting
ratios!
in [dB] Comment
f
(or little i)Iextra / Iintra
In a homogenous network (same traffic and user
distribution in each cell), f is a constant in uplink.
Typical value for macro-cells with omni-directional
antennas: 0.55 (in uplink)
Noise Rise (I+N)/N
Very useful UMTS ratio to characterize the moving
interference level I compare to the fixed “Thermal Noise at
receiver” level N.
1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles
Notations (4)
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1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles
Exercise (1/2)
Assumptions:
- n active users in the serving cell with speech service at 12.2kbits/s and
(Eb/No)req =6 dB
- Received power at NodeB: C=-120dBm (for each user)
- homogenous network (f=0.55)
- NFNodeB = 4dB and NFUE =8dB
Node
B
Serving cell
Surrounding cells
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1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles
Exercise (2/2)
1. What is the processing gain for speech 12.2kbits/s ?
2. The users in the serving cell are located at different distance from the NodeB: is it
desirable and possible to have the same received power C for each user?
3. What is the value of the “Thermal Noise at receiver” N?
4. Complete the following table:
n
[users]
I
[dBm]
I +N
[dBm]
Noise
Rise [dB]
Ec/No
[dB]
Eb/No
[dB]Comment
1
10
25
100
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1. Introduction
1.3 UMTS RNP Tool Overview
Objective:
to be able to describe briefly the structure of a RNP
tool
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1.3 UMTS RNP Tool Overview
RNP tool requirements(1)
Digital maps
topographic data (terrain height) Resolution:
typically 20m for city areas and 50 m for rural areas
possibly building and road databases for more accuracy
Coordinates system
important for interfacing with measurement tools
e.g. UTM based on WGS-84 ellipsoid
morphographic data (clutter type) Resolution: same as topographic data
Propagation model dialog
e.g. setting Cost-Hata propagation model parameters (see §3.2)
Site/sector/cell/antenna dialog
importing sites (e.g GSM sites)
setting site/sector/cell/antenna parameters (“Network design parameters”, see §4.1)
Note: in UMTS, sector and cell are not equivalent
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1.3 UMTS RNP Tool Overview
RNP tool requirements(2)
Link loss calculation
Traffic simulation
Setting traffic parameters (§2.2)
Traffic map generation
Resolution: same as topographic data
UE list generation (a snapshot of the UMTS network)
Coverage predictions
displaying the results on the map
showing the results as numerical tables
Automatic neighborhood planning
Automatic scrambling code planning
Interworking with other tools (dimensioning tools, OMC-UR, measurements
tools, transmission planning tool...)
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1.3 UMTS RNP Tool Overview
Example: A9155 UMTS/GSM RNP tool
A9155
screenshot
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1. Introduction
1.4 RNP Process Overview
Objective:
to be able to describe briefly the 11 steps of the RNP
Process, which starts with Radio Network
Requirements definition and ends with Radio Network
Acceptance.
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(12. Further Optimization)
1.4 RNP Process Overview
The 11 steps of RNP process
1. Radio Network Requirements (see §2.4)
2. Preliminary Network Design(see §3)
3. Project Setup and Management
4. Initial Radio Network Design(see §4)
5. Site Acquisition Procedure
6. Technical Site Survey
7. Basic Parameter Definition(see §5)
8. Cell Design CAE Data Exchange over COF
9. Turn On Cycle
10. Basic Network Optimization(see §6)
11. Network Acceptance
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 1: Definition of Radio Network Requirements
The Request for Quotation (RfQ) from the operator prescribes the
requirements which consists mainly in:
Coverage
Traffic
QoS
see §2.4 for more details
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 2: Preliminary Network Design
The preliminary design lays the foundation to create the Bill of Quantity (BoQ)
List of needed network elements
Geo data procurement
Digital Elevation Model DEM/Topographic map
Clutter map
Definition of standard equipment configurations dependent on
clutter type
traffic density
Definition of roll out phases
Areas to be covered
Number of sites to be installed
Date, when the roll out takes
place.
Network architecture design
Planning of RNC, MSC and
SGSN locations and their links
Frequency spectrum from license
conditions
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 3: Project Setup and Management
This phase includes all tasks to be performed before the on site part of the
RNP process takes place.
This ramp up phase includes:
Geo data procurement if required
Setting up „general rules‟ of the project
Define and agree on reporting scheme to be used
Coordination of information exchange between the different teams which are involved in the project
Each department/team has to prepare its part of the project
Definition of required manpower and budget
Selection of project database (MatrixX)
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 4: Initial Radio Network Design
Area surveys
As well check of correctness of geo data
Frequency spectrum partitioning design
RNP tool calibration
For the different morpho classes:
Performing of drive measurements
Calibration of correction factor and standard deviation by comparison of measurements to predicted received power values of the tool
Definition of search areas (SAM – Search Area Map)
A team searches for site locations in the defined areas
The search team should be able to speak the national language
Selection of number of sectors/cells per site together with project management and operator
Get „real‟ design acceptance from operator based on coverage prediction and predefined design level thresholds
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 5: Site Acquisition Procedure
Delivery of site candidates
Several site candidates shall be the result out of the site location search
Find alternative sites
If no site candidate or no satisfactory candidate can be found in the search area
Definition of new SAM (Search Area Map)
Possibly adaptation of radio network design
Check and correct SAR (Site Acquisition Report)
Location information
Land usage
Object (roof top, pylon, grassland) information
Site plan
Site candidate acceptance and ranking
If the reported site is accepted as candidate, then it is ranked according to its quality in terms of
Radio transmission
High visibility on covered area
No obstacles in the near field of the antennas
No interference from other systems/antennas
Installation costs
Installation possibilities
Power supply
Wind and heat
Maintenance costs
Accessibility
Rental rates for object
Durability of object
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 6: Technical Site Survey
Agree on an equipment installation solution satisfying the needs of
RNE (Radio Network Engineer)
Transmission planner
Site engineer
Site owner
The Technical Site Survey Report (TSSR) defines
Antenna type, position, orientation and tilt
Mast/pole or wall mounting position of antennas
EMC rules are taken into account
Radio network engineer and transmission planner check electro magnetic compatibility (EMC) with other installed devices
BTS/Node B location
Power and feeder cable mount
Transmission equipment installation
Final Line Of Site (LOS) confirmation for microwave link planning
E.g. red balloon of around half a meter diameter marks target location
If the site is not acceptable or the owner disagrees with all suggested solutions
The site will be rejected
Site acquisition team has to organize a new date with the next site from the ranking list
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 7: Basic Parameter Definition
After installation of equipment the basic parameter settings are used for
Commissioning
Functional test of BTS/NodeB and VSWR check
Call tests
RNEs define cell design data
Operations field service generates the basic software using the cell design CAE data
Cell parameters definition
LAC/RAC...
Frequencies
Neighborhood/cell handover
relationship
Transmit power
Cell type (macro, micro,
umbrella, …)
Scrambling code planning
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 8: Cell Design CAE Data Exchange over COF
A956 RNOA956 RNO
OMC 1
COF
ACIE
ACIE
POLO
BSS Software offline production
3rd Party RNP
or Database
A9155 V5/V6 RNP
A9155
PRC Generator
ConversionOMC 2
ACIE = PRC file
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 9: Turn On Cycle(1)
The network is launched step by step during the Turn On Cycle.
A single step takes typically two or three weeks
Not to mix up with rollout phases, which take months or even years
For each step the RNE has to define „Turn On Cycle Parameter‟
Cells to go on air
Cell design CAE parameter
Each step is finished with the „Turn On Cycle Activation‟
Upload PRC/ACIE files into OMC-R
Unlock sites
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 9: Turn On Cycle(2)
Site Verification and Drive Test
RNE performs drive measurement to compare the real coverage with the
predicted coverage of the cells.
If coverage holes or areas of high interference are detected
Adjust the antenna tilt and orientation
Verification of cell design CAE data
To fulfill heavy acceptance test requirements, it is absolutely essential to
perform such a drive measurement.
Basic site and area optimization is preventing to have unforeseen
mysterious network behavior afterwards.
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 9: Turn On Cycle(3)
HW / SW Problem Detection
Problems can be detected due to drive tests or equipment monitoring
Defective equipment
will trigger replacement by operation field service
Software bugs
Incorrect parameter settings
are corrected by using the OMC or in the next TOC
Faulty antenna installation
Wrong coverage footprints of the site will trigger antenna re-alignments
If the problem is serious
Lock BTS/NodeB
Detailed error detection
Get rid of the fault
Eventually adjusting antenna tilt and orientation
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 10: Basic Network Optimization
Network wide drive measurements
It is highly recommended to perform network wide drive tests before doing the commercial opening of the network
Key performance indicators (KPI) are determined
The results out of the drive tests are used for basic optimization of the network
Basic optimization
All optimization tasks are still site related
Alignment of antenna system
Adding new sites in case of too large coverage holes
Parameter optimization
No traffic yet -> not all parameters can be optimized
Basic optimization during commercial service
If only a small number of new sites are going on air the basic optimization will be included in the site verification procedure
45All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 11: Network Acceptance
Acceptance drive test
Calculation of KPI according to acceptance requirements in contract
Presentation of KPI to the operator
Comparison of key performance indicators with the acceptance targets in the
contract
The operator accepts
the whole network
only parts of it step by step
Now the network is ready for commercial launch
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
(Step 12: Further Optimization)
Network is in commercial operation
Network optimization can be performed
Significant traffic allows to use OMC based statistics by using A956 RNO and
A985 NPA
All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P0447
2. Inputs for Radio Network Planning
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
Duration:
2h00
48All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2. Inputs for Radio Network Planning
Session presentation
Objective:
to be able to describe the UMTS RNP inputs in regards of
frequency spectrum, traffic parameters, equipment
parameters and radio network requirements
Program:
2.1 UMTS FDD frequency spectrum
2.2 UMTS traffic parameters
2.3 UMTS Terminal, NodeB and Antenna overview
2.4 UMTS Radio Network Requirements
49All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2. Inputs for Radio Network Planning
2.1 UMTS FDD frequency spectrum
Objective:
to be able to describe the UMTS FDD frequency
parameters defined by the 3GPP
50All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.1 UMTS FDD frequency spectrum
Frequency spectrum
1920-1980 2110-2170
Frequency spectrum (UMTS FDD mode)
UL: 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz
DL: 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz
Duplex spacing: 190 MHz
51All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.1 UMTS FDD frequency spectrum
Carrier spacing
Carrier spacing: 5MHz
2110 MHz – 2170 MHz = 60 MHz; 60 MHz / 5 MHz =12 frequencies
One operator gets typically 2–3 frequencies (carriers)
So typically 4–6 licenses per country as a maximum
Required bandwidth: 4.7MHz
The chip rate is 3.84Mchip/s, therefore at least 3.84MHz bandwidth are needed to avoid
inter-symbol interference (Nyquist-Criterion)
The roll-of factor of the pulse-shaping filter is 0.22 (root-raised cosine)
The needed minimum bandwidth is 3.84MHz x 1.22 4.7MHz
Examples:60MHz
5MHz
6 operators
4 operators
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2.1 UMTS FDD frequency spectrum
Frequency channel numbering
UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN)
UARFCN formula (3GPP 25.101 and 25.104):
MHz.fMHz
with
[MHz]fUARFCN
nlinkUplink/DowCenter
nlinkUplink/DowCenternlinkUplink/Dow
632760.0
5
UARFCN is integer:
0 <= UARFCN <= 16383
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2.1 UMTS FDD frequency spectrum
Center Frequency
Center Frequency fcenter
Consequence of UARFCN formula (see previous slide):
fcenter must be set in steps of 0.2MHz (Channel Raster=200 kHz)
fcenter must terminate with an even number (e.g 1927.4 not 1927.5)
fcenter values
Uplink (1920Mhz-1980MHz)
1922.4MHz <= fcenter <= 1977.6MHz
9612 <= UARFCN Uplink <= 9888
Downlink (2110Mhz-2170MHz)
2112.4MHz <= fcenter <= 2167.6MHz
10562 <= UARFCN Downlink <= 10838
54All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.1 UMTS FDD frequency spectrum
Further comments
Frequency adjustment
If an overlap between frequency bands belonging to same operator is
set, guard band between different operators will increase.
This feature can be used to enlarge the guard band between frequency
blocks belonging different operators and prevent dead zones.
Example:
it shows an overlap of 0.3 MHz between two carriers of one operator0.6 MHz additional
channel separation between the operators is created.
0.6 MHz additional
guard band
5 MHz
5 MHz
4.7 MHz 4.7 MHz
0.3 MHz overlap
1920 1940
Operator 1 Operator 2
Frequency coordination at country borders (see Appendix)
0.3 MHz overlap
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2. Inputs for Radio Network Planning
2.2 UMTS traffic parameters (UMTS traffic map)
Objective:
to be able to describe the method to create a traffic
map
56All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.2 UMTS traffic parameters
Step 1: Terminal parameters
Tx power
(dBm)
Terminal parameters
(typical values) Min Max
Antenna
Gain
(dB)
Internal
Losses+
Indoor
Margin
(dB)
Noise
Factor
(dB)
Active
set
size
Deep Indoor 20
Indoor 18
Indoor First Wall 15
Incar 8
Mobile phone
Outdoor
21
0
Deep Indoor 20
Indoor 18
Indoor First Wall 15
Incar 8
Personal Digital
Assitent (PDA)
Outdoor
-50
24
0
0
8
3
The indoor margin (also called penetration loss) is part of UE
parameters.
57All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.2 UMTS traffic parameters
Step 2: Service parameters(1)
(Eb/ No)req (dB) DL traffic
Power (dBm)
3 Km/ h 50 km/ h 120 km/ h
Service
parameters
(typical
values) UL DL UL DL UL DL T
yp
e
SH
O a
llo
we
d
Pri
ori
ty
UL n
om
ina
l ra
te
(Kb
/se
c)
DL n
om
ina
l ra
te
(Kb
/se
c)
Co
din
g F
act
or
UL/D
L
Act
ivit
y F
act
or
(UL/D
L)
Min Max
Bo
dy l
oss
(dB
)
Speech 12.2 3 12.
2 12.2 0.6 3
CS 64
CS
2 64 64
PS 64 1 64 64
PS 128 0 64 128
PS 384
see next page
PS
Y
0 64 384
1
1
-50 + 40
0
Activity factor and Body loss are part of service parameters
58All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.2 UMTS traffic parameters
Step 2: Service parameters(2)
(Eb/No)req typical values
• fixed values which depends on link direction
(UL or DL )service bit rate, BLER (or BER),
UE speed, UE multipath environment, TX/RX
diversity and processing/hardware
imperfection margin (2dB)
Uplink Downlink
2 rx ants 1 tx ant
Vehicular A - 3 km/h 5,8 7,6
Vehicular A - 50 km/h 6,2 8,1
Vehicular A - 120 km/h 7,1 8,7
SPEECH 12.2
Uplink Downlink
2 rx ants 1 tx ant
Vehicular A - 3 km/ h 3,2 6,2
Vehicular A - 50 km/ h 3,5 6,5
Vehicular A - 120 km/ h 4,4 7,1
CIRCUIT 64
Uplink Downlink
2 rx ants 1 tx ant
Vehicular A - 3 km/ h 2,8 5,5
Vehicular A - 50 km/ h 3,2 6,2
Vehicular A - 120 km/ h 4,2 6,7
PACKET 64
Uplink Downlink
2 rx ants 1 tx ant
Vehicular A - 3 km/ h 2,1 4,8
Vehicular A - 50 km/ h 2,5 5,5
Vehicular A - 120 km/ h 3,4 6,1
PACKET 128
Uplink Downlink
2 rx ants 1 tx ant
Vehicular A - 3 km/ h 1,8 5,2
Vehicular A - 50 km/ h 2,2 6,1
Vehicular A - 120 km/ h 3,0 6,8
PACKET 384
PS services for a target BLER of 0.05
CS services for a target BLER of 0.0001 (10-4)
Speech services for a target BLER of 0.01(10-2)
Source: Alcatel simulations
59All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.2 UMTS traffic parameters
Step 3: User Profile parameters
Traffic Density
Volume
(Kb/ sec)
User Profile
(Examples)
Service
(see Step2)
Terminal
(see Step1) Calls/
hour Duration
(sec) UL DL
Surfing user PS 384 PDA Deep Indoor 1 - 8 60
Videocall user PS 64 PDA Deep Indoor 1 - 5 20
Phonecall user Speech 12.2 Mobile phone Deep
Indoor 1 115.2 - -
Speech 12.2 1 72 - -
CS64 1 72 - -
PS64
PS128
City user
PS384
Mobile Phone Outdoor
0.2 - 40 200
Standard user same as City User without PS384 service
All of this data has to be provided by the operator: as the user profiles will be
different for different operators in different countries, no typical values can be
given.
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2.2 UMTS traffic parameters
Step 4: Environment Class parameters
User profiles have been used to describe single user types.
Environment classes are used to distribute and quantify these user profiles on
the planning area.
Environment
class*
(Examples)
User profiles
(see Step 3)
Geographical density (users/km2)
low traffic medium traffic high traffic
Dense Urban city user 1000 3000 6000
Urban city user 750 1500 3000
Suburban city user 50 250 500
Rural standard user 10 20 40
*BE CAREFUL: environment classes and clutter classes have often the same names, although
they refer to quite different concepts: an environment class refers to a traffic property whereas a
clutter class refers to an electromagnetic wave propagation property. The reason is that
environment classes are very often mapped on clutter classes to generate a traffic map (see Step
5)
61All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.2 UMTS traffic parameters
Step 5: Traffic Map definition
Mapping of Environment Classes (see Step 4) on a map:
Example with 4 environment classes: Dense Urban, Urban, Suburban, Rural
Dense Urban
Urban
Rural
Suburban
Resolution:20m…100m
Planning Area
(also called Focus Area)
MapTraffic map
Note: an easy way to generate a traffic map is to use the clutter map and to associate each
clutter class to an environment class (e.g. Dense Urban environment class is mapped on Dense
Urban clutter class…)
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2. Inputs for Radio Network Planning
2.3 UMTS Terminal, NodeB and Antenna overview
Objective:
to be able to describe briefly the main characteristics
of the UMTS radio equipment (UE, Alcatel NodeB and
antenna)
63All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.3 UMTS Terminal, NodeB and Antenna overview
UE characteristics
According to 3GPP 25.101 (Release 1999):
UE power classes at antenna connector*:
Power class 1: (+33 +1/-3)dBm
Power class 2: (+27 +1/-3)dBm
Power class 3: (+24 +1/-3)dBm
Power class 4: (+21 ±2)dBm
UE minimum output power: <-50dBm
According to UE manufacturers:
UE Noise Figure: 8dB (typically)
UE internal losses + UE antenna gain = 0dB
What is EIRP for a UE of power class 4?* the notation means e.g. for class 1:
- Maximum output power: +33dBm
- Tolerance: +1dBm/-3dBm
Answer:
UE EIRP=UE TX Power+ UE Antenna Gain -UE Internal Loss=21dBm + 0 dB = 21 dBm
64All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.3 UMTS Terminal, NodeB and Antenna overview
Alcatel NodeB(1)
The EVOLIUMTM Alcatel 9100 MBS (=Alcatel NodeB)
is a multi-standard base station, which can handle the UMTS and GSM functions
is available in 3 types of configurations: UMTS only, GSM only, mixed
UMTS/GSM
is available from UTRAN Release 2 (R2) onwards*
Iub
MBS RNC
MBS
UE
UE
UE
GSMpart
UMTSpart
BSC
GSMpart
UMTSpart
A-bis
Iub
A-bis
The UMTS part is a
Node_B in charge of
radio transmission
handling (with W-CDMA
method)
The GSM part is a BTS in
charge of radio
transmission handling
(with FDMA/TDMA
method)
* in UTRAN release 1 (former 3GR1) there was the Alcatel NodeB V1. This product is no more produced and no
more supported from UTRAN R3 onwards.
65All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
SUMU
BBTEU
BB
BBTEU
ANRU
ANRU
TMA
Option
TMA
Option
RF BASE BAND COMMON
GSM
Part
UMTS
Part Iub
DL
2.3 UMTS Terminal, NodeB and Antenna overview
Alcatel NodeB (2)
only 4 types of modules for the MBS: SUMU, BB, TEU and ANRU
UL
up to 4 E1 interfaces (2Mbits/s) on Iub (hardware limit)
2 antennas per sector:
-necessary due to RX diversity
-can also be used with optional TX diversity
66All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.3 UMTS Terminal, NodeB and Antenna overview
Alcatel NodeB (3)
SUMU
BBTEU
BB
BBTEU
ANRU
ANRU
TMA
Option
TMA
Option
RF BASE BAND COMMON
Iub
Functions: O&M (alarm, software…), clock, transmission towards RNC
Capacity:1 SUMU board per MBS
Functions: pool of processing resources to be shared between all cells of the MBS for UL/DL channel coding, interleaving, spreading, scrambling, power control (inner loop), softer handover…
Capacity:
•64 speech channels (AMR) or 1536 kbits/s per BB board*
•number of boards depends on the required traffic capacity ( not on the number of sectors)
* Soft/softer handover overhead capacity has already been taken into account in these figures.
BB board dimensioning rule for mixed traffic:
K + L + M + N < 64 user channelsK x 12.2 kbps + L x 64 kbps + M x 128 kbps + N x 384 kbps < 1536 kbpsWhereK = number of speech12.2kbps usersL = number of 64 kbps channel usersM = number of 128 kbps channel usersN = number of 384 kbps channel users
67All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.3 UMTS Terminal, NodeB and Antenna overview
Alcatel NodeB (4)
SUMU
BBTEU
BB
BBTEU
ANRU
ANRU
TMA
Option
TMA
Option
RF BASE BAND COMMON
Iub
Functions: DL multi-carrier modulation and DL multi-carrier power amplification
Capacity:
•1 TEU board per sector (2 per sector with optional TX diversity )
•TEU output power at antenna connector:
20 W (43 dBm) for TEUM
35 W (46 dBm) for TEUH (only available from R3 onwards)
Note: the output power is shared between all the carriers of one sector (symmetrically or asymmetrically).
Functions: UL/DL filtering and duplexing, and UL multi-carrier low noise amplification
Capacity:
•as many ANRU as number of sectors
•NF(Noise Figure)=4dB
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2.3 UMTS Terminal, NodeB and Antenna overview
Alcatel NodeB (5)
MBS hardware limits (due to number of connectors, space constraints…)
up to 6 sectors and up to 24 cells per MBS
up to 4 carriers (cells) per sector
up to 13 BB boards per MBS
MBS limits in R2
up to 3 sectors and up to 3 cells per MBS
up to 1 carrier (cell) per sector
up to 2 BB boards per MBS
MBS limits in R3 (Stand: June 2004)
up to 6 sectors and up to 6 cells per MBS
up to 3 carriers (cells) per sector
up to 4 BB boards per MBS
69All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.3 UMTS Terminal, NodeB and Antenna overview
UMTS antennas (1)
Constraints for antenna system installation:
visual impact
space or building constraints
co-siting with existing GSM BTS (see §7)
Note: the antenna system includes not only the antennas themselves, but also the
feeders, jumpers and connectors as well as diplexers (in case of antenna system
sharing) and TMAs (tower mounted amplifiers)
Whenever possible, a solution with a standard antenna has to be chosen:
Model: 65° horizontal beam width
Azimuth: 0°, 120° and 240° (3 sectored site)
Gain: 17-18dBi
Height (above ground): 20-25 m for urban and 30-35 m for suburban
Downtilt: electrical downtilt adjustable between 0° and 10°
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2.3 UMTS Terminal, NodeB and Antenna overview
UMTS antennas (2)
Antenna parameters are key parameters which can be tuned to decrease
interference in critical zones, especially:
Antenna downtilt
by increasing the antenna downtilt of the interfering cell
downtilt changes with a difference less than 2° compared to the previous value do not make sense, since the modification effort (requiring on-site tuning) does not stand in relation to the effect.
rule of thumb: the downtilt in UMTS should be at least 1°-2° higher than the value a planner would chose for GSM
Antenna azimuth
by re-directing the beam direction of the interfering cell
azimuth modifications of 10°-20° compared to the previous value do not make sense
Note: Azimuth/downtilt modifications can be restricted or even forbidden due to
antenna system installation constraints (especially the constraints for UMTS/GSM co-
location, see §7 for more details)
71All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2. Inputs for Radio Network Planning
2.4 Radio Network Requirements
Objective:
to be able to understand the parameters, which
define the UMTS radio network requirements in terms
of coverage, traffic and quality of service
72All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.4 Radio Network Requirements
Definition of radio network requirements (1)
Traffic mix and distribution for traffic simulation with the aim to predict power
load in DL and UL noise rise (see §2.2)
Covered area
Polygon surrounding the area to be covered (focus zone for RNP tool)
Definition of what coverage is
CPICH Ec/Io coverage
(CPICH Ec/Io)required=-15dB (Alcatel value coming from simulations
and field measurements)
Required coverage probability for CPICH Ec/Io:
e.g. Average probability {CPICH Ec/Io > (CPICH Ec/Io)req} > 95%
(with this definition a minimum average quality in the covered area
is guaranteed*) *other definitions of required coverage probability are possible,
e.g. 95% of area with CPICH Ec/Io > (CPICH Ec/Io)required
(with this definition, a minimum percentage of covered area is guaranteed)
73All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.4 Radio Network Requirements
Definition of radio network requirements (2)
UL and DL service coverage
(Eb/No)reqspecific value for each service and for each direction
(UL/DL), see §2.2
Required coverage probability for DL and UL services:
e.g. Average probability {Eb/No > (Eb/No)req} > 95% (for each
direction UL/DL and for each service)
Note: It is possible to define different required coverage
probabilities for different services.
Eb/No values can not easily be measured, but nevertheless service
coverage predictions are a good source of information to improve the
radio network design (to find the limiting resources).
74All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.4 Radio Network Requirements
Definition of radio network requirements (3)
CPICH RSCP coverage (optional)
(CPICH RSCP)required: it can be defined, if the maximum allowed path loss is determined by calculating a link budget and taking into account the CPICH output power (if no traffic mix is available, the link budget would base on the limiting service)
Required coverage probability for CPICH RSCP
e.g. Average probability {CPICH RSCP > (CPICH RSCP)req}>95%
(To guarantee an average reliability, that the minimum level is fulfilled in the covered area)
CPICH RSCP prediction is not mandatory, but:
it can be a help to guarantee a certain level of indoor coverage from outdoor cells, taking into account different indoor losses for different areas.
CPICH RSCP can easily be measured using a 3G scanner.
All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P0475
3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
Duration:
4h00
76All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation
Session presentation
Objective:
to be able to calculate the cell range for a given service by
doing a manual link budget in UL.
to be able to describe the typical UMTS radio effects in UL
and in DL.
Program:
3.1 Inputs for a manual UL link budget
3.2 UMTS propagation model
3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading modeling
3.4 Calculation of Node B reference sensitivity
3.5 UMTS interference modeling
3.6 Calculation of cell range
77All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation
3.1 Inputs for a manual UL link budget
Objective:
to be able to define the necessary inputs for an UL
link budget (in order to prepare cell range
calculation).
78All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
3.1 Inputs for a manual UL link budget
Principle for Cell Range calculation
We consider a link budget in UL (assuming that the coverage is UL limited).
It is known that:
the pathloss Lpath depends on the distance UE-NodeB d (see §3.2).
Lpath = MAPL for d=Cell Range.
We calculate MAPLk for the limiting service k in UL:
Node
BUE
dBGainsdBLossesdBMargins
dBmysensitivitReference_dBmEIRPdBMAPL kNodeB,UEk
EIRPUE
(see §2.3)
Reference_sensitivityNodeB,k
(see §3.4)
d=Cell Range
79All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
3.1 Inputs for a manual UL link budget
Inputs for the UL link budget
Margins
Shadowing margin* see §3.3
Fast fading margin see §3.3
Interference margin see §3.5
Losses
Feeders and connectorsNodeB typically 3dB (it depends on the feeder length..)
Body loss see §2.2
Penetration loss (indoor margin) see §2.2
Gains*
Antenna gainNodeB typically 18dBi
*Soft/softer handover gain is included in the shadowing margin (see §3.3)
80All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation
3.2 UMTS propagation model
Objective:
to be able to describe the parameters involved in
UL/DL wave propagation.
to find out the relationship between the pathloss
and the distance UE-NodeB
81All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
3.2 UMTS propagation model
How to calculate the Pathloss Lpath?
For UMTS link budget calculations, we have to find out the value of the Pathloss Lpath
between the NodeB and the UE using:
The free-space formula:
It cannot be used in mobile networks such as UMTS, because the Fresnelellipsoid is obstructed in the environment of the UE over a big distance(due to low height above the ground of the UE).
Empirical formulas:
The most effective approach is based on the classical COST 231-Hataformula, extended for the usage on higher frequencies or additionalpropagation effects.
e.g. Alcatel selected as UMTS propagation model a slightly modified COST231-Hata model, called the Standard Propagation Model*.
In UMTS radio environment, the propagation waves are subject to complex mechanisms:
Free Space Propagation
Reflections/Refractions/Scattering
Diffraction
Slow fading (Shadowing)
Fast Fading (Multipath fading)
*see Appendix for the relationship between COST231- Hata and the Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
82All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Lpath formula:
Important: this formula takes into account
free space propagation, reflections /refractions/scattering and diffraction
not slow and fast fading effects (never considered in propagation model,
but as margins see §3.3)
(m) UEof height antenna effective :H
(m) NodeBof height antenna effective:H
(m) UE-NodeB distance:d
*with
eff
eff
UE
NodeB
path
clutterfKHfKHdK
ndiffractiofKHKdKKL
clutterUENodeB
NodeB
effeff
eff
)(loglog
)(loglog
65
4321
*see next slides for the values of the 7 multiplying
factors K1, ..., K6, Kclutter and the calculations of
the 3 functions f(diffraction), f(HUEeff), f(clutter)
83All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Can we consider for the antenna height in the Lpath formula the height above
the sea? the height above the ground?
What is the effective antenna height of NodeB and UE?
Typical values for the antenna height of NodeB and UE above the
ground level are:
HNodeB above ground = 20-25 m for urban and 30-35 m for suburban
HUE above ground = 1.5 m
These values and the topographic information between NodeB and UE
are used to calculate an effective antenna height HNodeB eff and HUE eff , in
order to model the real effect of antenna height on the pathloss.
The effective height and the height above the ground :
are equal on a flat terrain (of course)
can be very different on a hilly terrain
Answer:Height above the sea: no (Mexico isn‟t better than Shanghai due to its higher altitude!)Height above ground: it is can be a strong approximation on a hilly terrain. Indeed assume a 20 m antenna is located on the top of a 500 m hill. The height above ground is 20 m, but the antenna height shoud be 520 m.
84All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Multiplying factors (directly derived from COST-Hata model)
Name Value Factor
related toComment
K1 23.6
(for f=
2140MHz)
constant
offset
used to take into account free space propagation and
reflections/refractions/scattering mechanisms for a standard
clutter class.
K2 44.9 d same comment as K1.
K3 5.83 HNodeB eff same comment as K1.
K5 -6.55 d , HNodeB eff same comment as K1.
K6 0 HUEeff same comment as K1. As the contribution of f(HUEeff) is close
to zero, K6 is set to zero.
Propagation model parameters (1)
85All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Multiplying factors (not included in COST-Hata model)
Name Value Factor
related toComment
K4 1 f(diffracti
on)
used to take into account diffraction mechanisms see
further comments on f(diffraction).
Kclutter 1 f (clutter) used to take into account the necessary correction compared to
the standard clutter class see further comments on
f(clutter).
Propagation model parameters (2)
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Clutter Class* Clutter
Loss1 buildings -1.0
2 dense urban -3.0
3 mean urban -6.0
4 suburban -8.0
5 residential -11.0
6 village -14.0
7 rural -20.0
8 industrial -14.0
9 open in urban -12.0
10 forest -9.0
11 parks -15.0
12 open area -24.0
13 water -27.0
Propagation model parameters (3)
clutter losses based on experienced values
*BE CAREFUL: do not confuse clutter classes and environment classes (see §2.2)
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Calculation of the diffraction loss f(diffraction)
Approximation: an obstacle of height H between NodeB and UE is modeled
as an infinite conductive plane of height H.
Case 1: one obstacle
Node
BUE
What is the diffraction loss in case 1 (use the curve on the next page)?
r
h0
Fresnel Ellipsoid
(first order)
Infinite conductive plane
H
Answer:h0=r v=-1f(diffraction)=14dB
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Knife-edge diffraction function
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Clearance of Fresnel ellipsoid (v)
F(v
) [d
B]
Calculation of the diffraction loss f(diffraction)
Case 1: one obstacle (continuing)
Diffraction loss for one obstacle:
v: clearance parameter,
v=-h0/r
r: Fresnel ellipsoid
radius,
h0: height of obstacle
above line of sight
(LOS)
Note:
h0 = 0 v =0 F(v) =
6 dB
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Calculation of the diffraction loss f(diffraction)
Case 2: several obstacles
Node
BUE
The diffraction loss in case 2 is not easy to calculate: it is not equalto the sum of the contributions of each obstacle alone (it is usuallysmaller).
Different calculations methods can be applied based on the General method for one or more obstacles described in ITU 526-5 recommendations, e.g Deygout, Epstein-Peterson or Millington
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Calculation of f(clutter):
In the Lpath formula, the multiplying factors K1,..,K6 are calculated for a
standard clutter class: f(clutter) is a correction factor compared to the
standard clutter class.
f(clutter) is calculated taking into account a clutter loss* average of all
pixels located in the line of sight and in a circle around the UE (the circle
radius, called Max distance, is typically 200m).
Pixel
Node
BUE
Water clutter class pixel
clutter loss = -27 dB (typically)
Forest clutter class pixel
clutter loss = -9 dB (typically)
*(also called clutter or morpho correction factor)
in this example, 3 pixels are considered to
calculate f(clutter)
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Calculation of f(clutter):
How are provided the clutter loss values?
based on experienced values: simple, accuracy of +/-3 dB (see previously)
based on calibration measurements: complex and expensive way, but accuracy of +/-1 dB.
Is it possible to reuse GSM1800 calibration measurements(in order to
save costs of expensive measurement campaigns)?
The difference between 1850 MHz (middle of GSM1800 band) and 2140
MHz (middle of DL UMTS FDD band) involves:
fixed offset of 0.9dB for all clutters taken into account in K1:
K1=24.5 (COST-Hata value for f=2140MHz) – 0.9dB = 23.6
no significant correction offset per clutter except if large vegetation is penetrated
Conclusion: GSM 1800 calibrations can be reused. Only for clutter type
mainly covered by vegetation, additional calibration is recommended.
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Calculation of f(clutter) (simplified*):
all the values are negative and are given compared to the “standard
clutter class” for which f(clutter) =0 dB (the worst case)
Example:
Clutter Classf(clutter)
(simplified*)
Dense urban -3
Urban -6
Sub-urban -8
Rural -20
*Assumption:
homogeneous
clutter class around
the UE
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Other Propagation Models
Other propagation models can be applied, especially for micro-cell planning:
e.g. Walfish-Ikegami or Ray-Tracing
necessary to have building and road databases (expensive)
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model (simplified formula)
Clutter
class
dUE-
NodeB
[km]
C1
[dB]
C2 x log(dUE-NodeB)
[dB]
Lpath
[dB]
Dense
Urban
0.5
1
2
Suburban
0.5
1
2
*Assumptions:
-HNodeBeff=30m
-no diffraction
-homogeneous clutter class around the UE
Exercise:
Let‟s consider the simplified* formula of the Alcatel Standard
Propagation Model:
Lpath[dB] = C1 + C2 x log(dUE-NodeB[km])
Can you complete the table?
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3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation
3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading modeling
Objective:
to be able to find out the UL margins due to fading
effects (fast fading and shadowing)
to be able to describe the fading effects in UL and
in DL
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Definition of fading(1)
Let‟s consider a the received power level C of a UE at the cell edge, taking
into account the pathloss, all gains, all losses and all margins, except
shadowing and fast fading margins.
Node
BUE
EIRPUE
Reference_SensitivityNodeB,k=
Cthreshold
(fixed value for a given
service k)
UE received power C
Time
Cmean
=Cthreshold
(fixed value)
UE received power C
oscillates around a
mean value Cmean
equal to Cthreshold
Cell Range
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Definition of fading(2)
Shadowing (or Slow Fading or long-term fading )
Fast Fading (or Multipath fading or small-scale fading or Rayleigh fading)
Cmean
Cthreshold
(fixed value)
Time
UE received power C
Shadowing and fast fading margins are
necessary to maintain the UE received
power C above the fixed Cthreshold during the
most part of the time
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (1)
Cause:
Shadowing holes appear in the
received power C when the UE is in
the “shadow” of large objects
(size>10m)
Modeling:
The received power C can be
modeled as a Log-normal
distribution with:
a mean value Cmean
a standard deviation ,
typically =7-8 dB (clutter
dependent)
Note: GSM1800 calibrations can
be reused for the values.
Signal distribution
Pro
bab
ilit
y
std dev=8 dB
std dev = 4dB
std dev= 2dB
std dev= 6dB
Cmean
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (2)
Definition of reliability level and reliability margin:
Reliability level* =% of time for the received power C to be above
Cthreshold (for a sufficient observation time period) at a given pixel
Reliability marginx% =Cmean offset compared to the fixed Cthreshold to get
a reliability level of x%
Wanted reliability level=50%
Reliability margin50%=0dB
Cmean = Cthreshold
UE received power C
Time
Cmean
=Cthreshold
(fixed
value)
UE received power C
Time
Cthreshold
(fixed
value)
Cmean
reliability margin
50
%
95
%
Wanted reliability level=95%
Reliability margin95%=10dB (for =6)
Cmean = Cthreshold +10dB
(see next slide for calculation of Reliability marginx%)
*also called local coverage probability or
coverage probability per pixel
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (3)
Reliability level (also called local coverage probability or
coverage probability per pixel)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
-20 -10 0 10 20
F = (Fmed - Fthr) /dB
Reliability margin95.2%=10dB
95,2
%
50%
probability
for Fmed=Fthr
Curve for a standard
deviation =6dB
k - -0.5 0 1 1.3 1.65 2 2.33 +
Reliability
level
0% 30% 50% 84% 90% 95% 97.7% 99% 100%
Reliability margin*=k
* be careful! the reliability margin
(defined above) corresponds to the
GSM shadowing margin, but not to
the UMTS shadowing margin (see
further)
Calculation of reliability margin*:
It depends on the reliability level and on the standard deviation
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (4)
Values for the standard deviation :
Power level [dBm] (e.g CPICH RSCP): it can be modeled as a log-normal variable with a standard variation
(clutter dependent value, typically 7dB or 8dB)
Ratio [dB] (e.g CPICH Ec/Io or UL/DL Eb/No)
it can normally NOT be modeled as a log-normal variable, because the
numerator and the denominator are modeled as separate log-normal
variables with separate standard deviations.
Approximation: a ratio is modeled as a log-normal variable with a standard
deviation which is estimated according to the correlation between the
numerator and the denominator:
CPICH Ec/Io : strong correlation between shadowing effect on Ec and
shadowing effect on Io. CPICH Ec/Io is constant (Field value:3dB)
DL Eb/No: same as CPICH Ec/No
UL Eb/No: no specific correlation between Eb and No. UL Eb/No is a
clutter dependent value as for CPICH RSCP
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (5)
Reliability level=87%
Reliability level=98%
Reliability level=95%
Cell coverage probability=95%
Definition of area (cell) coverage probability:
If the reliability levels are provided at each pixel of a area (or a cell), it is
easy to calculate the Area(or cell) coverage probability as the average of
all reliability levels.
Area (cell) coverage probability=% of time for the received power C to
be above Cthreshold (for a sufficient observation time period) in average over
the area(cell).
Average
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (6)
Definition of shadowing margin:
If the area (cell) coverage probability is provided (from the radio network
requirement, see §2.4), it is possible to find out the reliability levels in the
area (cell).
Reliability level=?
Reliability Margincell edge=?
Reliability level=?
Reliability level=?
Cell coverage probability=95%
For a UE at cell edge:
Shadowing margin* = Reliability Margincell edge – Soft/Softer HO Gain
*the UMTS shadowing margin (defined above) is NOT the same as the GSM shadowing margin(=Reliability Margin)
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (7)
How to calculate the shadowing margin for a received power C?
It depends on:
Wanted cell coverage probability
Clutter class of the UE
UE soft/softer handover state and correlation factor between UE radio links (0=no correlation, typically 0.5)
Examples in uplink (Source: Alcatel simulations)
Note:in case of soft/er handover (it is
typically the case for a UE at cell edge), the
soft/er handover gain partially compensates
for the additional path loss caused by
shadowing.
Shadowing margin (dB) (no SHO)
UL Shadowing margin (dB) (SHO, 2 legs)
Cell coverage
probability = 6 = 8 = 12 = 6 = 8 = 12
95 % 5.9 8.7 14.6 3.1 4.8 8.5
90 % 3.3 5.4 10.0 0.6 2.1 6.4
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Fast Fading (1)
Cause: summation and cancellation of different signal components of the
same signal which travel on multiple paths
Modeling
Rayleigh distributed fading with correlation distance /2
Note: =15 cm for f=2GHz
positive fades are less strong than negative fades (unequal power
variance)
RayleighSmall-Scale
Fading
Rayleigh
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
UL Fast Fading (2)
How to compensate for fast fading losses in UPLINK?
Case 1: slow moving UE (0-50km/h)
Power control (inner loop at 1500Hz) compensates fairly well with a TX
power increase for the fast fading losses in the serving cell, but:
It works only if the UE has enough TX power Power Control Headroom (called Fast Fading Margin) necessary, especially for the UEs at the cell edge (see further)
Side effect: increase of f value (little i value) for the surrounding cells (see further)
Case 2: fast moving UE (>50km/h)
Power Control loop is too slow to compensate for fast fading
A margin is necessary to compensate for the fast fading losses: this margin is not explicit, but implicitly included in the (Eb/No)req values (see §2.2)
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
UL Fast Fading (3)
How to calculate Power Control Headroom (Fast Fading Margin) for slow
moving UEs (Case 1)?
Fast fading depends on:
required BER (or BLER)
UE speed
Multipath environment (Vehicular A, Pedestrian A…)
UE soft/softer handover state and power difference between UE radio links
Example for uplink (Source: Alcatel simulations)
Fast fading margin (dB) for several target BLER
Multipath environment
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
Dense urban, urban,
suburban (Veh. 3km/h) 0.6 1.7 2.5 3.3
Rural (Veh. 50 km/h) -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2
Assumption:
Soft handover
considered with 2 links
and 3dB power
difference between the
2 links
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
UL Fast Fading (4)
- 5
- 10
- 15
0
5
10
15
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Seconds, 3km/h
dB
Channel
Transmitted
power
Node-B
received
power
Average
transmit
power
Power
rise
What about the side-effect for slow moving UE (Case 1)?
Fast fading in serving cell and in neighboring cells are not correlated:
impact on neighboring cells due to UE TX power increase which causesadditional UL extra-cell interference (called average power rise)
increase of f value (little i value)
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
DL Fast Fading (5)
How to compensate for fast fading losses in DOWNLINK?
Case 1: slow moving UE (0-50km/h)
As in uplink, power control compensates fairly well with a TX power increase the loss
due to fast fading in the serving cell, but:
Power Control Headroom (called Fast Fading Margin) necessary for NodeB,
but much smaller than in uplink, because:
NodeB TX power is a shared power resource: the NodeB has to compensate channel variations due to fast fading for all UEs in the cell
There is a very low probability that all UEs be in a fading dip at the same time
Typical value: 2 dB on the overall available power
Case 2: fast moving UE
(>50km/h)
same as in UL (see previous
slides)
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3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation
3.4 Calculation of Node B reference sensitivity
Objective:
to be able to calculate the reference sensitivity for
a given service bit rate, BER, UE speed and UE
multipath environment
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3.4 Calculation of Node B reference sensitivity
Definition of Reference_Sensitivity
The received Eb/No for a given UE at the
NodeB reference point must apply:
Eb/No[dB] > (Eb/No)req[dB]
Note:
Eb/No=C/(I+N – C) + PG (definition, see §1.3)
NodeB reference point=NodeB antenna connector
(see 3GPP 25.104)
[dB]N
N-CIN[dBm][dB] [dB]– PG (Eb/No)
)[dBm]N-C(I[dB] [dB]– PG (Eb/No)[dBm]C
req
req
min
minmin
Reference_Sensitivity [dBm]
defined with reference to N
it is service dependent
Interference Margin [dB]
= Noise Rise [dB] –10log{1+ (Ec/No)req}
see §3.5 for more details
Node
BUE
As a consequence, the minimum received power Cmin shall apply:
NodeB antenna
connector
Feeder
Antenna
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3.4 Calculation of Node B reference sensitivity
Calculation of Reference_Sensitivity
with:
N=-108.1dBm+ NFNodeB =-104.1dBm (assuming NFNodeB=4dB)
PG is the Processing Gain (service dependent):
PG=25dB for speech 12.2k
PG=17.8dB for CS 64k
PG=10dB for PS 384k
(Eb/No)req is a fixed value (see §2.2)
Note: (Eb/No)req depends in UE speed and UE multipath environment (Vehicular
A 50km/h...) in order to take into account the multipath diversity effect:
gain due to multipath combining in the rake receiver
loss due to multipath fading holes (see §3.4)
N[dBm][dB] [dB]– PG (Eb/No)[dBm]nsitivity ference_Se req Re
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3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation
3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Objective:
to be able to calculate the UL interference margin
for a given traffic load
to be able to describe the interference effects in
UL and in DL
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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Calculation of interference margin
The NodeB reference_sensitivity is defined with reference to the fixed received „thermal noise at receiver“ N: it is necessary to apply a correction factor, called Interference Margin in order to take into account the effect of the movable received interference I:
} linear (Ec/No){e [dB] – Noise Risin [dB] ce MInterferen req ][1log10arg
with:
Noise Rise [dB] depends on the interference level I (ie on the traffic
load):
I=Cmin Noise Rise ~ 0,2dB
I=N Noise Rise=3dB
I=3N Noise Rise=6dB
{10 log {1+ (Ec/No)req[linear]}
typically between 0.1dB (for speech 12.2k) and 0.8dB (for PS 384k)
small value because (Ec/No)req (linear value) <<1 (the useful signal level is always far below the noise floor in W-CDMA )
it can be neglected except for very high bit rates
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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Noise Rise and Traffic load(1)
Definition:
Cj[dBm]: received power of the transmitter j (UEj in UL, NodeBj in DL)
Xj[%]: load factor for j defined as the contribution of j to the total noise (I+N)
Cj=Xj x (I+N)
X[%]: load factor defined as the sum of the contributions for all transmitters
XUL=sumall UEs in the network(Xj) ; XDL=sumall NodeBs in the network(Xj)
We can demonstrate that:
X
[dB]Noise Rise
1
1log10
Example in Uplink
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 100
XUL (%)
50% of cell load
(3dB of interference)
max loading : 75%
No
ise
Ris
el (d
B)
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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Noise Rise and Traffic load(2)
Uplink
Noise Rise and XUL are cell specific
parameters (useful to characterize UL
cell load)
XUL can tend toward 100% (just by
adding new UEs in the network)
Noise Rise can tend towards infinity
the system can be unstable.
Downlink
Noise Rise and XDL are UE specific
parameters (not convenient)
XDL can not tend toward 100%
(because the TX power of NodeBs
has a fix limit Noise Rise can not
tend towards infinity the system
can not be unstable.
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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Traffic load and UL load factor (1)
Relationship between XUL and traffic load for one cell:
Does XUL depend on:
the traffic mix?
the user distribution in the serving cell?
the user distribution in the surrounding cells?
XUL can be calculated analytically with the assumption that Iextra=f x Iintra
with f constant value:
Answer:Does XUL depend on:-the traffic mix? yes (due to different (Eb/No)reqvalues and PG values)-the user distribution in the serving cell? no (due to power control)-the user distribution in the surrounding cells? yes, but the most polluting users in the surrounding cells should stop to pollut by taking the serving cell in their active set (soft/softer handover) and being therefore power controlled by the serving cell
cell serving the in usersof number N with
FactorActivity rate Chip
Rate Bit ServiceNo
Eb1
FactorActivity rate Chip
Rate Bit ServiceNo
Eb
f)(1[%] XN
1k
kk
kreq,
kk
kreq,
UL
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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Traffic load and UL load factor (2)
XUL typical values (commonly used):
Very low loadXUL=5%Noise Rise=0.2dB
Medium loadXUL=50%Noise Rise=3dB(typical default value)
High loadXUL=75% Noise Rise=6dB (at the limit of system
instability)
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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
What about DL load factor?
As Noise Rise and XDL are not convenient to characterize the DL cell load,
another parameter is commonly used:
Orthogonality effect
In downlink, the orthogonality of channelization codes reduces the intra-
cell interference Iintra:
Iintra [W]=(1-) x sumDL users in the cell (Ci) with Orthogonality Factor
=0no orthogonality Iintra= sumDL users in the cell (Ci)
=1perfect orthogonality Iintra= 0 W
3GPP values for Orthogonality Factor :
=0.6 for Vehicular A
=0.94 for Pedestrian A
Note: there is no orthogonality effect in UL because the codes of UL physical channels
come from different UEs and are therefore not synchronized each over.
cell[W] the for NodeBpower TX Maximum
cell[W] the for NodeBpower TX[%] factor load powerDL
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3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation
3.6 Calculation of cell range
Objective:
to be able to calculate the MAPL with a manual
UL link budget and to deduce the cell range
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3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: MAPLUL calculation (1)
Fixed assumptions:
Antenna gainUE + Internal lossesUE = 0dB
Antenna gainNodeB=18dBi
Feeder and Connector losses=3dB
Thermal noise=-108.1 dBm and NFNodeB=4dB
EXAMPLE 1:
Service/UE mobility assumptions are given (see table EXAMPLE 1)
Can you complete the table EXAMPLE 1?
EXAMPLE 2:
EIRP, Reference_sensitivity, margins, losses and MAPL are given (see table
EXAMPLE 2)
Can you find the service/UE mobility assumptions?
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3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: MAPLUL calculation (2)
EXAMPLE 1— UL link budget for:
UE power class 4
Speech12.2kbits/s
Vehicular A 3km/h
UE in soft(or softer) handover state with
2 radio links
Deep Indoor
Cell coverage probability=95%, =8
UL load factor=50%
Value in
Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
A. On the transmitter side
A1 UE TX power dBm see §2.3
A2 Antenna gainUE + Internal lossesUE dB f.a.
A3 EIRPUE dBm A1+A2
B. On the receiver side
B1 (Eb/No)req dB see §2.2
B2 Processing Gain dB see §1.3
B3 NFNodeB dB f.a.
B4 Thermal noise dBm f.a.
B5 Reference_SensitivityNodeB dBm B1-B2+B3+B4
(continuing on next slide)
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3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: MAPLUL calculation (3)
EXAMPLE 1— continuing Value in Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
C. Margins
C1 Shadowing margin dB see §3.3
C2 Fast fading margin dB see §3.3
C3 Noise Rise dB see §3.5
C4 10 log {1+ (Ec/No)req} dB see §3.5
C5 Interference margin dB C3-C4
D. Losses
D1 Feeders and connectors dB f.a.
D2 Body loss dB see §2.2
D3 Penetration loss (indoor margin) dB see §2.2
E. Gains
E1 Antenna gainNodeB dBi f.a.
MAPL dB =?
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3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: MAPLUL calculation (4)
EXAMPLE 2— UL link budget for:
UE power class ?
Service: ?
Multipath Environment: ?
UE in soft(or softer) handover state?
Indoor margin:?
Cell coverage probability=?, =?
UL load factor=?
Value in
Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
A. On the transmitter side
A1 UE TX power 24 dBm see §2.3
A2 Antenna gainUE + Internal lossesUE 0 dB f.a.
A3 EIRPUE 24 dBm A1+A2
B. On the receiver side
B1 (Eb/No)req 3.2 dB see §2.2
B2 Processing Gain 17.8 dB see §1.3
B3 NFNodeB 4 dB f.a.
B4 Thermal noise -108.1 dBm f.a.
B5 Reference_SensitivityNodeB -118.7 dBm B1-B2+B3+B4
(continuing on next slide)
125All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: MAPLUL calculation (5)
EXAMPLE 2— continuing Value in Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
C. Margins
C1 Shadowing margin 4.8 dB see §3.3
C2 Fast fading margin -0.3 dB see §3.3
C3 Noise Rise 3 dB see §3.5
C4 10 log {1+ (Ec/No)req} 0.1 dB see §3.5
C5 Interference margin 2.9 dB C3+C4
D. Losses
D1 Feeders and connectors 3 dB f.a.
D2 Body loss 3 dB see §2.2
D3 Penetration loss (indoor margin) 8 dB see §2.2
E. Gains
E1 Antenna gainNodeB 18 dBi f.a.
MAPL 139.3 dB
126All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: cell range calculation (6)
Can you complete the following table by using the simplified formula of the
Alcatel Standard propagation model (see exercise in §3.2)?
Limiting Service Clutter classCell Range
[km]
Speech 12.2k
Dense urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural
PS64
Dense urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural
All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04127
4. Initial Radio Network Design
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
Duration:
4h00
128All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4. Initial Radio Network Design
Session presentation
Objective:
to be able to have the theoretical background to create an
initial network design using a RNP tool*: the aim is to fulfill
the radio network requirements with lowest possible costs.
Program:
4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP
4.3 UMTS Traffic Simulations
4.4 Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services
4.5 “Traffic emulation approach” or “fixed load approach”?
* the aim of this training is not to learn how to use A9155 RNP tool. There is another
training course for that purpose (3FL 11195 ABAA Alcatel 9155 RNP Operation)
129All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4. Initial Radio Network Design
Overview
Cell range
calculation
(see §3)
Positioning the sites
on the map (§4.1)
CPICH RSCP
coverage
prediction
(§4.2)
Traffic
simulation
(§4.3)
Coverage predictions(§4.4)
- CPICH Ec/Io
-UL Eb/No
-DL Eb/No
Basic radio network parameter
definition (§5)
RNP
requirements
fulfilled?
Fixed load
default values
Traffic parameters
Propagation model parameters
Network design parameters
Basic radio network
optimization (§6)
Traffic map
Traffic emulation
approach
Fixed load
approach
Change network
design parameters
Initial Radio Network Design
YES
NO
RNP requirements
fulfilled?
NO
130All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4. Initial Radio Network Design
4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Objective:
to be able to get a coarse positioning of NodeB sites
on the planning area and to apply a UMTS parameter
set for network design parameters.
131All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Calculation of inter-site distance
Manual Method:
Description:
1. calculate MAPLUL for the limiting service by performing a manual UL link budget (see §3)
2. deduce the cell range and the inter-site distance:
Inter-site distance = 1.5 x Cell Range for a 3-sectored site
Advantage:
quick, because it can be performed by hand even if RNP tool and digital
maps are not available yet.
Inconvenient:
imprecise, because topographic data and detailed clutter data are not
taken into account.
Typical inter-site distance: Dense urban: 350-450 m, Urban: 500-650 m,
Sub-urban:900 -1200 m, Rural: 2000 - 3000 m
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4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Site map
The sites are positioned in the planning area roughly respecting the inter-site
distance for each clutter class:
Existing GSM sites can be reused
The sites should be positioned close to the dense traffic zones (see
traffic map in §2.2)
Planning area The initial site map is
regularly updated based on
site acquisition and site survey
results.
Note: At this stage, search
radii may already be issued, in
order to start the long process
of site acquisition
Site map
133All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Network Design Parameters (1)
.Network design parameters – site
wiseTypical value Comment
Number of UL/DL hardware
resources
R2: 2BB boards
R3: 4 BB boardssee §2.3
Number of sectors 3
134All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Network Design Parameters (2)
.Network design parameters –
sector wiseTypical value Comment
Number of carriers 1
TMA usage no
Antenna
parameters
model 65° horizontal beam width
azimuth 0°, 120° and 240° 3 sectored site
height20-25m for urban
30-35 m for suburban
gain 18dBi
downtilt 6° mechanical +electrical downtilt
RXdiv yes
TXdiv no
DL feeder and connector losses 3dB see §3.1
UL feeder and connector losses 3dB see §3.1
Noise Figure 4dB see §2.3
135All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Network Design Parameters (3)
.Network design parameters – cell
wise
also called Cell Parameters
Typical value Comment
see Appendix for a complete description of Cell Parameters. Here are only described the cell parameters which have an impact on traffic simulations and coverage predictions (§4)
Max. total power (for the cell) 43dBm see §2.3
CPICH (Pilot) power 33dBm 10% of Total power
Other common physical channels
power35dBm CPICH power + 2dB
AS threshold 3dB
maximum threshold between
the CPICH Ec/Io of the best
transmitter and the CPICH
Ec/Io of another transmitter so
that this transmitter becomes
part of the UE active set
136All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4. Initial Radio Network Design
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=CCPICH=Pilot level=
Pilot field strength)
Objective:
to be able to check that the CPICH RSCP coverage
probability is in line with the network requirements
perform, interpret and improve a CPICH RSCP
coverage prediction
137All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=CCPICH =Pilot level)
How to perform the prediction?(1)
Calculation
Radius of
NodeBj
Calculation
Area of
NodeBj
NodeBj
Virtual UE
scanning the
Calculation Areas
of all NodeBs
Step1: enter the prediction inputs
e.g. definition of Calculation Areas Planning Area
138All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Node
B
Virtual UE
CPICH TX powerCPICH RSCP(=CPICH RX power)
No shadowing
(Shadowing margin=0dB in this step)
at each pixel*:
CPICH RSCP[dBm] = CPICH TX power[dBm] +GainNodeB antenna [dB]
– LossNodeB feeder cables [dB] – Lpath [dB]
Step2: the tool calculates the CPICH RSCP values for the virtual UE (without
considering shadowing effect)
*The calculation is performed for a given resolution, typically
at each pixel of the Calculation Areas (see Step1)
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=CCPICH =Pilot level)
How to perform the prediction?(2)
139All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=CCPICH =Pilot level)
How to perform the prediction?(3)
Step3: the tool calculates the reliability level for each CPICH RSCP value
(calculated in Step2) in order to consider the shadowing effect
(at each pixel)
CPICH RSCP- (CPICH RSCP)minimum=Reliability Margin
with (CPICH RSCP)minimum =fixed value
Reliability Margin = f(Reliability Level, Standard deviation )
is given by the clutter map
we can deduce a CPICH RSCP reliability level (per pixel)
Example:
assume CPICH RSCP=-94 dBm, (CPICH RSCP)minimum =-104dBm, =6dB
What is the reliability level for this CPICH RSCP value (use the curve
in§3.3)?
Answer:
Reliability Margin=10dBReliability level=95% (=6dB)
140All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
From the radio network requirements (see §2.4), it is known:
(CPICH RSCP)minimum
required Area Coverage Probability (typically 95%)
Area Coverage Probability:
it is the average of all Reliability Levels per pixel (calculated in Step3)
over the Planning Area
it can be calculated by a tool and has to be compared with the
required Area Coverage Probability
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=CCPICH =Pilot level)
How to interpret the prediction?
Reliability level=80%Reliability level=98%
Reliability level=95%
Area coverage probability>required value?
if yes, network design is OK
else network design has to be improvedReliability level=50%Reliability level=99%
Reliability level=98%
Reliability level=95%Reliability level=70%
Reliability level=98%
Planning
Area
141All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
1. What happens if you have a bad CPICH RSCP coverage in an area?
2. Does the CPICH RSCP coverage depend on traffic load?
3. Which are the input parameters for the CPICH RSCP coverage prediction?
4. Shall the calculation radius be greater or smaller than the inter-site
distance?
5. Make some suggestions to improve the prediction results
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=CCPICH =Pilot level)
Exercise
142All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4. Initial Radio Network Design
4.3 UMTS Traffic Simulations
Objective:
to be able to check that the network capacity is in line
with the traffic demand by performing traffic
simulations with a RNP tool
143All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
Why do we need traffic simulations?(1)
Traffic Map (see§2)
Traffic demand modeling
Can the capacity cope with the demand in UL and in DL?
Site map (see §4.1)
Network capacity modeling
it is necessary to calculate the UL/DL network capacity to check that it is
in line with the traffic demand.
144All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
Why do we need traffic simulations?(2)
How to calculate the UL/DL network capacity?
Problem: the capacity depends on the user distribution (at least in DL)
Solution: a traffic simulation can be performed (= a snapshot of UMTS network at a given time, one possible scenario among infinite number of scenarii).
User distribution 1 User distribution 2
384k
12.2k
Cell
NodeB
12.2k
384k (in outage)
Cell
NodeB
Suburban environment class
Network capacity 1 > Network capacity 2 (for the same traffic map)
145All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
How to perform a traffic simulation?(1)
Traffic simulation inputstypicalvalue Comment
Traffic simulation parameters (only used for traffic simulations)
Maximum UL load factor 75%limit of system instability. If this threshold is overcome,
some UEs are put in outage.
Number of iterations 100 RNP tool dependent values. Trade off between
precision and calculation timeConvergence criteria 3%
Orthogonality factor (per
clutter)0.6 0.6 for Vehicular A ; 0.94 for Pedestrian A
Traffic mapsee §2.2
Propagation model parameterssee §3.2
Network design parameterssee §4.1
Step 1: enter the traffic simulation inputs
146All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
How to perform a traffic simulation?(2)
Step 2: the RNP tool provides a realistic user distribution
Used input: traffic map
The RNP tool provides a snapshot of the network at a given time (based on the
traffic map and Monte-Carlo random algorithm):
a distribution of users (with terminal used, speed and multipath environment) in the planning area
a distribution of services among the users
a distribution of activity factors among the speech users in order to simulate the DTX (Discontinuous Transmission) feature
Example:
Mobile phone
Vehicular 50km/h
Speech 12.2k (active)
PDA
Vehicular 3km/h
PS384
24 users
147All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
How to perform a traffic simulation?(3)
Step 3: the RNP tool checks the UL/DL service availability for each user
Used inputs: user distribution (see Step1) +Propagation model
parameters+Network design parameters+ traffic simulations parameters
UL/DL link loss calculations are performed iteratively due to (fast) power
control mechanisms in order to get:
needed UE TX power for each UE
needed NodeB TX power for each cell
Each of the following conditions is checked: if one of them is not fulfilled, the
concerned user will be ejected (service blocked):
Conditions in UL:
1) needed UE TX power < Maximum UE TX power
2) UL load factor < Maximum UL load factor (typical value: 75%)
3) enough UL NodeB processing capacity
Conditions in DL:
1) CPICH Ec/Io < ( CPICH Ec/Io)required
2) needed NodeB TX power < Maximum NodeB TX power (ie DL Power load<100%)
3) (for each traffic channel) needed TX power < Max TX power per channel
4) enough DL NodeB processing capacity
5) needed number of codes < max number of codes
148All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
Traffic simulation outputs
DL (power) load factor per cell
UL load factor per cell
Percentage of soft handover
Percentage of blocked service requests and reasons for blocking (ejection
causes)
Example of ejection causes with A9155 RNP tool:
the signal quality is not sufficient:
on downlink:
not enough CPICH quality: Ec/Io<(Ec/Io)min
not enough TX power for one traffic channel(tch): Ptch > Ptch max
on uplink:
not enough TX power for one UE (mob): Pmob > Pmob max
the network is saturated:
the maximum UL load factor is exceeded (at admission or congestion).
not enough DL power for one cell (cell power saturation)
not enough UL/DL NodeB processing capacity for one site (channel
element saturation)
not enough DL channelization codes (code saturation)
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4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
Limitation of traffic simulation
Limitation:
a simulation is only based on one user distribution
another simulation based on the same traffic map but on a different user
distribution can give different results for DL/UL service availabilities
Solution:
to average the results of several simulations (statistical effect) to be
closer to the reality
Other interest of traffic simulation
Some traffic simulation ouputs (that are DL (power) and UL load factors
per cell) can be used as inputs for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL service
coverage predictions (see §4.4).
150All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4. Initial Radio Network Design
4.4 Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services
Objective:
to be able to check that the coverage probabilities
for UL/DL services are in line with the networks
requirements by performing coverage predictions
with an RNP tool
151All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
Why do we need coverage predictions?
What is the coverage probability
at this pixel for:
-CPICH Ec/Io?
-UL service coverage?
-DL service coverage?
What is the probability for a user to get UL/DL services at a given point of the
planning area?
Problem: traffic simulations can be used, but it is necessary to average an
enormous number of traffic simulations (see§4.3) to get the answer for each
service at each pixelunrealistic calculation time
Solution: Coverage Predictions can be performed
152All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
Different types of coverage predictions
CPICH RSCP prediction plot (see §4.2)
CPICH Ec/Io prediction plot
Only the pilot quality from best server is considered (no soft handover)
Standard deviation: 3dB
no UL/DL service coverage if CPICH Ec/Io < (CPICH Ec/Io)minimum
UL Coverage area prediction plots for each service
soft/softer handover possible
Standard deviation: same as clutter map values
Uplink service area is limited by maximum terminal power.
DL Coverage area prediction plots for each service
soft/softer handover possible
Standard deviation: 3dB
Downlink service area is limited by maximum allowable traffic channel
power
153All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
How to perform a coverage prediction?(1)
Step 1: enter the Coverage Prediction inputs
Traffic simulation inputstypicalvalue Comment
Coverage Predictions parameters (only used for predictions)
Calculation Radius (per cell) 4 km same as for CPICH RSCP prediction (see §4.2)
Probe
UE
Service parameters
see §2.2
The probe UE characterizes the
service/terminal/multi- path environment for which
the Coverage Prediction is performed, e.g.
PS64/PDA/Vehicular 3km/h
Note: in case of CPICH/Io prediction, no service
parameters are entered.
Multipath environment
Terminal parameters and
indoor margin
UL load factor(per cell) 50% used to simulate UL/DL interference levelFixed load approach: same values for all cellsTraffic emulation approach: specific values for each cell (see §4.5)
DL(power) load factor(per cell) 50%
(ratio value)minimum
-15dB (typically) for CPICH Ec/Io ratio (see §2.4)(Eb/No)req values for UL/DL (Eb/No) ratios (see §2.2)
Stand. deviation (per clutter) 3dB for CPICH Ec/Io and DL (Eb/No) ratios, clutter map values for UL (Eb/No) ratio (typically 7-8dB)
Orthogonality factor (per clutter) 0.6 0.6 for Vehicular A ; 0.94 for Pedestrian A
Propagation model parameters(see §3.2) + Network design parameters(see §4.1)
154All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
How to perform a coverage prediction?(2)
Step 2: calculation of the ratio values (e.g. CPICH Ec/Io values) at each pixel
A probe UE (causing no interference) is scanning each pixel of the
planning area.
Pathloss calculations are performed for this probe UE to get the ratio
values:
e.g. CPICH Ec/Io values per pixel or UL PS64 (Eb/No) values per pixel
Probe UE scanning each pixel of
the calculation areas
155All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
How to perform a coverage prediction?(3)
Step 3: calculation of the reliability level for each ratio value (calculated in
Step2) in order to consider the shadowing effect.
(at each pixel)
Ratio value - (ratio value)minimum=Reliability Margin
with (ratio value)minimum =fixed value
Reliability Margin = f(Reliability Level, Standard deviation )
is given by the prediction inputs (see Step 1)
we can deduce a reliability level (per pixel) for the ratio value
Example:
what is the reliability level for the following pixels(use the curve in §3.3):
CPICH Ec/Io value = -12 dB?
UL (Eb/No) value= 4dB (for PS64, Vehicular 50km/h)?
Answer:CPICH Ec/Io(CPICH Ec/Io)minimum=-15dBReliability Margin=3dBk=1 (=3dB)Reliability level=84%UL (Eb/No)(Eb/(No)req=3.2dBReliability Margin=0.8dBk=0.1 (=8dB)Reliability level~50%
156All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
How to interpret a coverage prediction?
From the radio network requirements (see §2.4), it is known:
(ratio value)minimum
required Area Coverage Probability (for a given ratio)
Area Coverage Probability (for a given ratio):
it is the average of all Reliability Levels per pixel (calculated in Step3)
over the Planning Area
it can be calculated by a tool and has to be compared with the
required Area Coverage Probability
Reliability level=80%Reliability level=98%
Reliability level=95%
Area coverage probability>required value?
if yes, network design is OK
else network design has to be improved
Reliability level=50%Reliability level=99%
Reliability level=98%
Reliability level=95%Reliability level=70%
Reliability level=98%
Planning Area
157All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4. Initial Radio Network Design
4.5 “Traffic emulation approach” or “fixed load
approach”?
Objective:
to be able to describe the different
approaches which lead to an acceptance
test
158All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.5 “Traffic emulation approach” or “fixed load approach”?
Traffic emulation approach(1)
Traffic map (§2.2)
Traffic simulations (§4.3)
Predictions (§4.4)
in line
with RNP
requirements?
Result1
Change
Network
Design
Parameter(s)
Field traffic
emulation
Field
measurements
Result2
Acceptance Test
Result1=Result2?
yes
no
Fixed DL(power)/UL load
factors per cell
RNP tool Field
159All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.5 “Traffic emulation approach” or “fixed load approach”?
Traffic emulation approach(2)
Advantages:
accurate (but the accuracy depends on the accuracy of traffic map)
Disadvantages:
complex:
traffic forecast and traffic map for the coming years must be provided by the operator
traffic simulations must be performed with RNP tool and if any parameter is changed, it is necessary to recalculate traffic simulations before recalculating coverage predictions
no acceptance test possible, because it is not realistic to emulate the
traffic map in the field.
160All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.5 “Traffic emulation approach” or “fixed load approach”?
Fixed load approach(1)
Default DL(power)/UL load
factors values for each
cell”Fixed load”
Predictions (§4.4)
in line
with RNP
requirements?
Result1
Change
Network
Design
Parameter(s)
Field Fixed load
emulation
Field
measurements
Result2
Acceptance Test
Result1=Result2?
yes
no
RNP tool Field
161All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.5 “Traffic emulation approach” or “fixed load approach”?
Fixed load approach(2)
Advantages:
simple: no need of traffic map and traffic simulations
acceptance test can be realized, because “fixed load” can be emulated
and measured in the field (at least in DL, see further)
Disadvantages:
inaccurate (no traffic map considered)
all planning efforts targeting to optimize the network by reducing traffic
per cell can not be modeled by this approach (“Fixed Load Trap” effect): adding cells/sites
real effect: big enhancement of the total network capacity modeled effect: little enhancement of the network capacity
indeed, as the same load is mandatory for all cells (“fixed load”), the new cell/site will add (artificial) load and therefore bring a lot of (artificial) interference and only very little new capacity
downtilting antenna for one cell real effect: cell load decrease (because it makes the cell area
smaller) modeled effect: no cell load decrease (due to “fixed load”)
162All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.5 “Traffic emulation approach” or “fixed load approach”?
Fixed load approach(3)
How to emulate DL “fixed load” in the field?
DL load can be emulated with
the OCNS (Orthogonal Code
Noise Simulator) feature of the
Alcatel NodeB: It generates artificial
interference in downlink It is used to emulate
downlink load and perform tests with a reduced number of UEs
Typical default value: 50% for
DL (power) load factor
NodeB
Common channels
OCNS channels
Dedicated channels
AvailablepowerTXDLMaximum
UETracepowerTXOCNSloadDL
powerDL
TX
__(%)_
Virtual
mobiles
(due to OCNS)
Trace
mobile
Real
traffic
Simulated
traffic
Maximum
output power
163All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.5 “Traffic emulation approach” or “fixed load approach”?
Fixed load approach(4)
UE
AttTx
RxTx
Rx
RxTx
How to emulate UL fixed load in the field?
UL load could be emulated by generating artificial interference at the
NodeB receiver (a kind of “UL OCNS feature”): such a feature is not
provided by Alcatel NodeB.
Workaround:
UL load can be emulated at the MS side by placing an Attenuator (Att) in the MS transmit path
Typical default value: 50% for UL load factor (ie 3dB Noise Rise, ie 3dB Attenuation)
164All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.5 “Traffic emulation approach” or “fixed load approach”?
A medium approach(1)
Traffic map (§2.2)
Traffic simulations (§4.3)
Predictions (§4.4)
in line
with RNP
requirements?
Result1
Change
Network
Design
Parameter(s)
Field fixed
load
emulation
Field
measurements
Result2
Acceptance Test
Result1=Result2?
yes
no
Fixed DL(power)/UL load
factors per cell
RNP tool Field
Default UL load factor
values for each
cell”Fixed load”
DL(power) load factor per cell
165All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
4.5 “Traffic emulation approach” or “fixed load approach”?
A medium approach(2)
Alcatel strategy is to use the fixed load approach as it is measurable on the
field and less ambiguous if commitments have to be fulfilled.
Nevertheless, a medium approach can be considered to overcome the
disadvantages of the fixed load approach (see previous slide):
Advantages:
accurate (but the accuracy depends on the accuracy of traffic map)
acceptance test can be realized
Constraints:
traffic forecast and traffic map for the coming years must be provided by the operator
traffic simulations must be performed with RNP tool
DL: the operator shall agree that the DL field traffic emulation is realized from the traffic simulation outputs of the RNP tool
UL: default value for UL load factor must be taken for the whole network (no “UL OCNS feature”)
All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04166
5. Basic Radio Network Parameter Definition
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
Duration:
1h00
167All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
5. Basic Radio Network Parameter Definition
Session presentation
Objective:
to be able to define the basic radio network parameters
(neighborhood planning and code planning parameters)
Program:
5.1 Neighborhood planning
5.2 Scrambling code planning
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5. Basic Radio Network Parameter Definition
5.1 Neighborhood planning
Objective:
to be able to describe the criteria and methods used
to perform neighborhood planning.
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5.1 Neighborhood planning
Overview
The purpose of neighborhood planning is to define a neighbor set (or monitored set) for each cell of the planning area
The neighbor set is broadcasted in each cell in the P-CCPCH and can therefore be accessed by each UE
Each UE monitors the neighbor set to prepare a possible cell re-selection or handover
The neighbor set may contain: Intra-frequency neighbor list : cells on the same UMTS carrier Inter-frequency neighbor list: cells on other UMTS carrier Inter-system neighbor lists: for each neighboring PLMN a separate list is needed.
Note: it is NOT the aim of neighborhood planning to define a ranking of the cells inside the neighbor set. This ranking is performed by the UE using UE measurements and criteria defined by UTRAN radio algorithms.
The neighborhood planning plays a key role in UMTS. Indeed, as UMTS is strongly interference limited, a wrong neighbors plan will bring interference increase and therefore capacity decrease.
e.g. if a possible soft handover candidate is not selected, because it is not in the neighbor list, it is fully working as “Pilot Polluter”
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5.1 Neighborhood planning
Criteria and methods
Criteria:Let‟s consider one cell (called cell A). One or several of the following criteria can be used to decide to take a candidate cell as neighbor of cell A : the distance between cell A and the candidate cell is less than a given
maximum inter-site distance. the overlap area between cell A and the candidate cell is more than a
given minimum value. Note: overlap area between cell A and cell B = intersection between SA and SB, withSA[km2]=area where
(CPICH RSCP)cellA and (CPICH Ec/Io)cellA better than given minimum values (CPICH Ec/Io)cell A is the best
SB[km2]=area where (CPICH RSCP)cellB better than given minimum value (CPICH Ec/Io)cell B>(CPICH Ec/Io)cell A – (a given margin)
the candidate cell is a co-site cell (=cell of the same NodeB). cell A is neighbor of the candidate cell (neighbor symmetry).
Methods: manually (not possible to consider the overlap area criterion) with an RNP tool see example with A9155 tool on next slides
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5.1 Neighborhood planning
Automatic neighborhood allocation with A9155(1)
Neighborhood parameters Typical value Comment
Minimum CPICH RSCP -105 dBm
parameters used for overlap area
criterion
Minimum CPICH Ec/Io -18 dB
Ec/Io margin 8 dB
Reliability level 87%
Minimum covered area 2%
Maximum inter-site distancebetween 8km
and 25km
8 km for dense urban and urban, 10 km
for sub-urban and around 25 km for
rural areas
Force co-site cells as neighbors Yes co-site cells=cells of the same NodeB
Force neighbor symmetry Yese.g. if cell A is neighbor of cell B, cell B
will be neighbor of cell A
Max number of neighbors 14
Step1: enter input parameters
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5.1 Neighborhood planning
Automatic neighborhood allocation with A9155(2)
Step2: for each cell, A9155 RNP tool calculates the neighbor list as follows
if “Force co-site cells as neighbors=Yes”, co-sites cells are taken first in
the neighbor list.
cells which fulfill the following criteria are taken in the neighbor list:
the maximum inter-site distance criterion
the overlap area criterion
Note: if the maximum number of neighbors in the list is exceeded, only the cells with the largest overlap area are kept.
if “Force neighbor symmetry”=Yes, cells with a neighbor symmetry are
taken in the neighbor list, under the condition that the maximum number
of neighbors has not already been exceeded.
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5. Basic Radio Network Parameter Definition
5.2 Scrambling code planning
Objective:
to be able to describe the criteria and the methods
used to perform the scrambling code planning
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Scrambling code planning in UMTS FDD is similar to frequency planning in
GSM. However it is not such a key performance factor:
it concerns only DL scrambling code (channelization codes and UL
scrambling codes are automatically assigned by the RNC)
In contrast to frequency planning, it is not crucial which scrambling
codes are allocated to neighbors as long as they are not the same
code.
5.2 Scrambling code planning
Overview
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DL scrambling codes:
used to separate cells
restricted to 512 (primary) scrambling codes (easy planning)
Criteria:
the reuse distance between two cells using the same scrambling code
inside one frequency shall be higher than 4 x inter-site distance
(preferable) the same scrambling code should not be used in two cells
of the same sector
Methods
manually
with a RNP tool (see see example with A9155 tool on next slide)
5.2 Scrambling code planning
DL scrambling code planning (1)
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Method with a RNP tool:Note: Neighborhood planning (see §5.1) must be performed before performing scrambling code planning, because neighborhood relationships are used in the following method.
1. define the set of allowed codes for each cell (there can be some restrictions for cells at country borders)
2. (optional) define the set of allowed codes per domain (one domain per frequency)
3. define the minimum reuse distance
4. define forbidden pairs (for known problems between two cells)
5. run automatic code allocation and check consistency A9155 assigns different primary scrambling codes to a given cell i and to its neighbors.
For a cell j which is not neighbor of the cell i, A9155 gives it a different code:
If the distance between both cells is lower than the manually set minimum reuse distance,
If the cell i / j pair is forbidden (known problems between cell i and cell j).
A9155 allocates scrambling codes starting with the most constrained cell and ending with the lowest constrained one. The cell constraint level depends on its number of neighbors and whether the cell is neighbor of other cells.
5.2 Scrambling code planning
DL scrambling code planning (2)
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5.2 Scrambling code planning
Definition of UL scrambling code pool for a RNC
UL scrambling codes:
used to separate UEs
more than one million of codes available (very easy planning)
2 different UEs mustn‟t have the same code (inside one frequency)
Criterion for definition of UL scrambling code pools: 2 RNC mustn‟t have the
same scrambling code in their pool
Method: each RNC is assigned manually a unique pool of codes (e.g. 4096
codes in R2)
Note: when a UE performs a connection establishment to UTRAN (RRC connection), the
Serving RNC will assigned dynamically an UL scrambling code out of its pool to the
UE. The code is released after RRC connection release.
All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04178
6. Basic Radio Network Optimization
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
Duration:
2h30
179All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
6. Basic Radio Network Optimization
Session presentation
Objective:
to be able to discuss optimization possibilities in terms of
capacity and coverage
Program:
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
6.2 Design optimization based on drive measurements
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6. Basic Radio Network Optimization
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
Objective:
to be able to describe the Alcatel R2/R3 UTRAN
features in term of coverage/capacity improvements in
UL/DL
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6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
UTRAN features
UTRAN
featuresRelease 2 (R2) Release 3 (R3)
in UL
RX diversity with 2 RX chains
(this is a standard feature)
TMA (Tower Mounted Amplifier)
-
in DL -
High power amplifier (multi-carrier
TEU with 35W TX power at
antenna connector)
TX diversity (STTD mode and
TSTD mode)
in ULandin DL
support of 3 sectors per MBS
(support of 1 carrier (cell) per
sector)
support of 6 sectors per MBS
support of 3 carriers (cells) per
sector
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6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TMA - Tower Mounted Amplifier (1)
A TMA can be used at a UMTS Node B to improve the
effective receiver system noise figure when a long
feeder cable is used
The reduction in the receiver system noise figure is
translated into an improvement in the uplink power
budget
This can be interpreted as compensating the losses of
the feeder and connectors between the antenna and the
input of the base station
Additional downlink loss (~0.5 dB)
BTS /
Node B
Feeder
Antenna
Tx / Rx
Duplexer
Duplexer
Tx Rx
TMA
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For RX antenna diversity
operation, the configuration has to
be doubled
One TMA for each antenna
needed Dual TMA
Alcatel TMA is a dual TMA
Node B
Feeder
Antenna
Tx / Rx
Duplexer
Duplexer
Tx Rx
TMA
Duplexer
Duplexer
Tx Rx
TMA
Tx / Rx
Feeder
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TMA - Tower Mounted Amplifier (2)
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Network Design and Planning
relevant TMA parameters
RX Part
RX passband:1920–1980 MHz
fixed nominal Gain:10-12dB
Noise figure at 25°C:< = 2dB
Max. input power:10 dBm
TX Part
TX passband:1920–1980 MHz
Insertion Loss:< 0.5dB
TX ANT Filter
out-of-band attenuation:
> 35 dB in all GSM bands
RX ANT Filter
out-of-band attenuation:> 60 dB in GSM TX band> 63 dB in DCS TX band
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TMA - Tower Mounted Amplifier (3)
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Calculation of the resulting NF with Friies-Formula
DXcableTMA
BS
cableTMA
DX
TMA
cableTMATMAtot
ggg
n
gg
n
g
nnn
111,
DXcable
BS
cable
DXcableTMAnotot
gg
n
g
nnn
11,with 1010
elementNF
elementn and 1010elementG
elementg
Element Noise Figure (NF) Gain
TMA 2dB 12dB
Cable 25m 3dB -3dB
Node B (incl. ANRU) 4dB
Noise Figure of TMA & cable & nodeB Noise Figure of cable & node B
2.7dB 7dB
4.3 dB gain on
total NF in this
example due to
TMA
DX means Diplexer or Filter
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TMA - Tower Mounted Amplifier (4)
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Cell Range R (km)
To
tal
Inte
rfere
nce I
(d
B) Link Budget Curve with TMA
Link Budget Curve w/o TMA
I(R) for High_Traffic
I(R) for Low_Traffic
Typical reduction of the
required number of sites:
~40%
for low traffic scenario
~30%
for high traffic scenario
Uplink coverage gain
depends on the traffic
density!
TMA impacts Link Budget
curve but not Traffic curve
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TMA - Tower Mounted Amplifier (5)
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Example of Gain on
Coverage
Assuming UL
limited scenarios
Conclusion:
In UL limited scenarios a
TMA can reduce the
number of required sites
by 30 to 40 %
without TMA with TMA without TMA with TMA
Cell range/ km 0,377 0,481 0,318 0,383
UL load 14% 18% 53% 63%
Site area / sqkm 0,277 0,451 0,197 0,286
# of sites for
reference coverage
area of 1000sqkm 3608 2217 5071 3496
Gain in # of sites 39% 31%
Low Traffic Scenario High Traffic Scenario
Dense Urban
without TMA with TMA without TMA with TMA
Cell range/ km 0,517 0,665 0,448 0,539
UL load 18% 20% 50% 62%
Site area / sqkm 0,520 0,863 0,392 0,567
# of sites for
reference coverage
area of 1000sqkm 1921 1159 2552 1763
Gain in # of sites 40% 31%
Urban
Low Traffic Scenario High Traffic Scenario
without TMA with TMA without TMA with TMA
Cell range/ km 1,287 1,659 1,126 1,377
UL load 18% 21% 49% 61%
Site area / sqkm 3,230 5,367 2,472 3,697
# of sites for
reference coverage
area of 1000sqkm 310 186 404 270
Gain in # of sites 40% 33%
Suburban
Low Traffic Scenario High Traffic Scenario
without TMA with TMA without TMA with TMA
Cell range/ km 4,945 6,273 4,397 5,305
UL load 26% 32% 51% 62%
Site area / sqkm 47,691 76,721 37,699 54,882
# of sites for
reference coverage
area of 1000sqkm 21 13 27 18
Gain in # of sites 38% 31%
Low Traffic Scenario High Traffic Scenario
Rural
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TMA - Tower Mounted Amplifier (6)
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TMA allows x dB higher interference level: gain in UL budget
cell radius can be maintained without shrinking with x dB more interference
can be translated in capacity gain
increase of interference only up to max. allowed level
high gain for low traffic (A)
negligible gain for high traffic (B)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Cell Load
Inte
rfe
ren
ce leve
l
max. allowedinterference level
Capacity gain A
A
Capacity gain B
B
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TMA - Tower Mounted Amplifier (7)
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Example of UL capacity gain:
UL limited scenario
Conclusion:
In UL limited scenarios a TMA can improve the overall UL throughput, if
the interference (noise rise) is not close to the limit
Note: gain is service independent
Low traffic
scenario
Medium traffic
scenario
High traffic
scenario
1 3 5
0,21 0,50 0,68
Interference before adding TMA
in dB
Load before adding TMA
232,5%
Gain in Throughput relative to
initial throughput 50,4% 9,7%
Max UL load of 75%
used in simulation
Noise Rise
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TMA - Tower Mounted Amplifier (8)
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128 kbps
coverage
384 kbps
coverage
Introduction
of 384kbps Compensate for introduction of higher bit
rate services
Required received level (sensitivity) of high data rate services is bigger than for low data rate services
E.g. difference between Rx sensitivities of 128kbit/s and 384kbit/s services: 4.5 dB
Introduction of high data rate service means potential decrease of cell range
Gain through TMA in uplink budget can be used to compensate for this effect Simultaneous introduction of
TMA and new service helps
keeping coverage range
Higher bit rate services
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TMA - Tower Mounted Amplifier (9)
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GSM 900/
GSM1800
BTS
UMTS
Node B
Feeder
Dualband antenna
Diplexer
Diplexer
TMA
DC block Band 1 (GSM)
DC pass Band 2 (UMTS)
Feeder sharing solution
DC feed has to be resolved in case of
diplexer usage (DC block for GSM
band, DC pass of UMTS band)
It is not possible to have more than one
TMA in case of feeder sharing (alarm
handling, DC feed)
If a TMA is required for each system,
use separate feeders
It is not possible to use a common TMA
in case of broadband antenna usage
(interleaved UL and DL signals)
Usage in co-siting scenarios
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TMA - Tower Mounted Amplifier (10)
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Blocking aspects
In-Band-Blocking
Potential Problem: “Excess gain” of TMA
Blocking performance decreases be the amount ofexcess gain=amplifier gain – feeder cable loss
Solution: Amplification reduction in node B to
Out-of-Band-Blocking and Co-Siting with GSM
RX ANT filter attenuates all out of band signals and improves the out-of-band-blocking situation (better than without TMA!)
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TMA - Tower Mounted Amplifier (11)
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Conclusion
Tower mounted amplifiers (TMA) enable to increase the uplink coverage
The reduction of the number of sites to cover a given area with TMA
depends on the traffic density assumptions and is higher for low traffic
conditions than for high traffic conditions.
In the Uplink, setting up sites with TMA will require between 30% and
40% less sites than without TMA.
However, implementing TMA may accelerate DL power limitation, A
carrier on TX diversity may be required in such cases.
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TMA - Tower Mounted Amplifier (12)
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Basics
The transmit antenna diversity techniques consist in using several
transmit antennas, broadcasting de-correlated complementary signals
2 modes :
Open loop (first phase : already available)
TSTD - Time Switch Transmit Diversity(Synchronization channel only)
STTD - Space-Time transmit diversity (Other physical channels)
Closed loop (second phase) : higher diversity gain
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TX diversity (1)
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Open-loop techniques (i.e. STTD) are statistical and rely on a non-
coherent combining in the receiver.
Performance gain due to ability to fight against fast fading
b0 b1 b2 b3
b0 b1 b2 b3
-b2 b3 b0 -b1
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
Channel bits
STTD encoded channel bits
for antenna 1 and antenna 2.
STTD= Space-Time transmit diversity
Signal is shifted in space and in time to obtain the second
signal
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TX diversity (2)
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Performance gain:
doubling the TX power by adding a power amplifier (PA or TEU)
Reducing the required transmit power for each downlink channel (transmit power raise due to fast fading is reduced)
Improving the RX Eb/No (slight reduction for open loop TxDiv, higher for closed loop TxDiv)
6
7
8
9
3 6 10 25 50 120
Ta
rge
t R
x E
b/N
0 (
dB
)
Speed (km/h)
Speech 8 kbps, 1 rx antenna, downlink, pedestrian A
Without Tx diversitySTTD
0.8 dB
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TX diversity (3)
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STTD-Gain on DL Capacity
“Pure Diversity” Gain:
Independent of cell range
Service dependent
High difference between multipath environments:
low to medium gain in Vehicular A (valid in macrocells)
significant gain in Pedestrian A (valid in microcells)
Gain through adding a second PA:
Highly dependent on cell range
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TX diversity (4)
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Monoservice NRT 128kbit/s, Urban, Vehicular
A
Pure Diversity gain in
capacity: ~8%
Gain through 2nd PA:
dependent on cell range
Example for typical cell
range (0.6km):
8%+3%=11% total gain
STTD-Gain on DL Capacity - Example
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TX diversity (5)
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STTD-Gain on DL Capacity
Typical Values Typical Values in Vehicular A environment
Typical Value in Pedestrian A environment (microcell)
Pure Diversity gain: ~20%
Gain through 2nd PA: negligible
Dense Urban Urban/ Suburban Rural
Capacity gain through
diversity
~ 8% ~ 10% ~ 12%
Capacity gain through 2nd PA
(for typical cell ranges)
~ 0%-2% ~ 1%-8% ~ 2%-11%
Typical Total Capacity Gain ~ 8% ~ 15% ~ 20%
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TX diversity (6)
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PA
Carrier Power Amplifier Antenna
Antenna 120 W
TRX1
TX
PA
PA
Carrier Power Amplifier Antenna
Antenna 1TRX1
TX
Antenna 2
20 W
20 W
TXdiv
Adding second PA
doubling power
Implementation in Alcatel Node B V1
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TX diversity (7)
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Adding second TEU
doubling powerTEU
PA
Power Amplifier Antenna
Antenna 120 W
TX Bus
TX1
TEU
PA
TEU
PA
Power Amplifier Antenna
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
20 W
20 W
TX Bus
TX1
TX1div
Implementation in Alcatel MBS
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TX diversity (7bis)
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Conclusion
Transmit diversity enables to increase the DL capacity of a UMTS cell.
2 different TxDiv Techniques are defined: STTD (open loop) and closed
loop (feedback from the UE to the node B)
Performance depending on the scenario.
Low multipath channel (Vehicular A) the performance is better, but the potential improvement is lower compare to a channel with higher multipath diversity (Pedestrian A).
The performances achieved depend also on the type of TxDiv used:
closed loop TxDiv is better for low speeds than STTD.
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
TX diversity (8)
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Throughput NRT 128 (kbps)
Tra
ns
mit
po
we
r (W
att
)
RURAL 7 km
RURAL 5 km
SUBURBAN 1,3 km
URBAN 0,5 km
URBAN DENSE 0,35 km
+9% +3 % +1,5%
Impact of Node B power rise on capacity
high impact in
rural
negligible impact
in urban
Basics
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
High Power Amplifier (1)
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DL Capacity gain
The capacity curves show that the effect of doubling the available
transmit power is far from doubling the capacity
Due to downlink behaviour, higher transmit power will be more
efficient (in terms of capacity gain) in rural environments than in
urban environments
Capacity gain is higher when increasing the power from 5.3 Watts
to 10 Watts than from 10 Watts to 20 Watts or 20 Watts to 40 Watts
At a given threshold of transmit power, increasing the transmit
power will not help in increasing the cell capacity
The Capacity gain depends on the cell range
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
High Power Amplifier (2)
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NRT 128 kbps / URBAN
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2
Cell Radius (km)
Th
rou
gh
pu
t p
er
secto
r (k
bit
/s)
40 Watts per carrier -1 carrier
24 Watts per carrier - 1 carrier
Traffic Curve (low traffic/kmІ)
Traffic Curve (high traffic/kmІ)
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
High Power Amplifier (3)
Cell range and traffic dependency of capacity gain
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Example of downlink capacity gain
results for fixed cell ranges in high traffic scenarios (uplink
coverage limited) :
Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural
350m 550m 1700m 7km
1 carrier: 20W to 40W 1% 2% 4% 8%
2 carriers: 10W to 20W 4% 6% 11% 20%
3 carriers: 5.3W to 10W 6% 9% 17% 31%
Max power per carrier
Higher PA
Feature Name
Output Powers
(Node-B v2)
Output Powers
(theoretical extended Node-
B)
1 carrier 24 Watts 40 Watts
2 carriers 10 Watts per carrier 20 Watts per carrier
3 carriers 5.3 Watts per carrier 10 Watts per carrier
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
High Power Amplifier (4)
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Conclusion
To increase the power per carrier is only interesting in environments,
where the MAPL allowed is high:
In suburban and rural environments
Where Low data rate services are offered in UL
Where coverage enhancement features are used in UL such as TMA and 4RxDiv
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
High Power Amplifier (5)
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Coverage Gain
Results of simulation done with Alcatel RNP tool A9155V6
No topo or morpho
hexagonal site design , tilt optimized for each environment
NodeB power 46.8 dBm, fixed traffic scenario
3-sector 6-sector 3-sector 6-sector 3-sector 6-sector
Antenna height [m] 20 20 25 25 30 30
HPBW 65° 32° 65° 32° 65° 32°
Tilt (total) 5° 5° 3° 3° 1° 1°
Antenna Gain [dBi] 18 21 18 21 18 21
Intersite distance [m] 1525 1950 4300 4500 13350 15000
Coverage area / site [km² ] 2.0 3.3 16.0 17.5 154.3 194.9
Gain on coverage 64% 10% 26%
Less sites required 39% 9% 21%
More sectors required 22% 83% 58%
URBAN SUBURBAN RURAL
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
6 sector site (1)
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Capacity Gain with NodeB V1
Simulations done with A9155V6 have shown, that the limiting factor in
terms of capacity is not the power, but mainly the base band boards for
V1.
As the BB boards are common resource of the NodeB it is useless to
install a 6 sector site for capacity reasons
N odeB V1
Number of carriers # 1 2 3 1 2
Global Scaling Factor - 8 8 8 8 8
Total number of rejections % 5.0 4.2 4.4 4.9 5.0
Channel elements saturation % 2.4 4.2 4.4 4.8 5.0
Multiple Causes % 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Ptch> PtchMAX % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
TX Power Saturation % 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 sector site 6 sector site
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
6 sector site (2)
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Capacity gain with MBS V2
for different configurations compared to 3x1 and 3x2 configurations(dense urban, 500m inter-site distance)
Less transmit power
per carrier
Higher inter-sector interference for
6 sector site
because less frequencies used
MBS V2
Number of carriers # 1 2 3 1 2
Max. Output Power dBm 46.8 43.0 40.3 46.8 43.0
Global Scaling Factor - 11.7 19 17 16.3 30
Capacity gain (rel. 3x1) % - 62.4 45.3 39.3 156.4
Capacity gain (rel. 3x2) % - - -11% -14% 58%
Total number of rejections % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.0
Channel elements saturation % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Ec/ Io < (Ec/ Io)min % 2.5 0.0 0.0 4.2 0.2
Multiple Causes % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
Ptch> PtchMAX % 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0
TX Power Saturation % 2.1 5.0 5.0 0.7 4.7
3 sector site 6 sector site
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
6 sector site (2bis)
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Assumptions
Adding a carrier leads to less transmit power per carrier, if no additional
Power Amplifier is installed
Even with less transmit power, there is a capacity gain possible for high
traffic areas (low cell range)
No adjacent channel interference considered in this simulation
Coverage gain strongly depended on traffic mix -> not considered here
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
Adding a carrier (1)
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Basics for Uplink
Uplink Coverage:
Link Budget curve
stays the same,
traffic curve
depends on # of
carriers
Uplink Capacity:
doubling # of
carriers:
~doubled uplink
capacity0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Cell Range R (km)
To
tal
Inte
rfere
nce I
(d
B) link budget curve
I(Traffic),1 carrier
I(Traffic), 2 Carriers
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
Adding a carrier (2)
213All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
1 TRX 2 TRX 3 TRX 1 TRX two TRX 3 TRX
Cell range/ km 0,377 0,386 0,389 0,318 0,357 0,370
UL load 14% 7% 5% 53% 29% 20%
Site area / sqkm 0,277 0,291 0,295 0,197 0,249 0,267
# of sites for
reference coverage
area of 1000sqkm 3608 3442 3389 5071 4024 3746
Gain in # of sites 5% 6% 21% 26%
Low Traffic Scenario High Traffic Scenario
Dense Urban
1 TRX 2 TRX 3 TRX 1 TRX two TRX 3 TRX
Cell range/ km 4,945 5,170 5,248 4,397 4,899 5,065
UL load 26% 14% 9% 51% 28% 20%
Site area / sqkm 47,683 52,121 53,706 37,701 46,800 50,026
# of sites for
reference coverage
area of 1000sqkm 21 19 19 27 21 20
Gain in # of sites 9% 11% 19% 25%
Rural
Low Traffic Scenario High Traffic Scenario
Results consider
upgrade from 1
carrier to 2 carriers
and from 1 carrier
to 3 carriers
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
Adding a carrier (3)
UL Coverage gain - Examples
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Adding a carrier means:
reducing power per carrier
(20W 2x10W)
Downlink Coverage:
Gain is dependent on traffic density and cell range
Downlink Capacity:
Capacity is not doubled when doubling # of carriers because of power
reduction per carrier
Gain depends on the hardware configuration (Note of PA per sector, # of
carriers, etc…) and cell range
TEU
PA
Carrier Power Amplifier Antenna
Antenna 1
10 W per carrier
TX
C1
C2
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
Adding a carrier (4)
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NRT 128 kbps / URBAN
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Cell Radius (km)
Th
rou
gh
pu
t p
er
secto
r (k
bit
/s)
24 Watts per carrier - 1 carrier
10 Watts per carrier - 2 carriers
5,3 watts per carrier - 3 carriers
Traffic Curve (low traffic/kmІ)
Traffic Curve (high traffic/kmІ)
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
Adding a carrier (5)
DL Coverage gain - Example
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DL capacity gain (rural)
Capacity gain due to add. carriers in RURAL area
NRT 128 kbps/ RURAL
-20,0%
0,0%
20,0%
40,0%
60,0%
80,0%
100,0%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cell range (km)
Cap
acit
y g
ain
(%
) (24W,1C)>(24W,2C)
(24W,1C)>(10W,2C)
(10W,2C)>(10W,3C)
(10W,2C)>(5.3W,3C)
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
Adding a carrier (6)
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DL capacity gain (urban)
Capacity gain due to add. carriers in URBAN area
NRT 128 kbps/ URBAN
-25,0%
0,0%
25,0%
50,0%
75,0%
100,0%
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
Cell range (km)
Ca
pa
cit
y g
ain
(%
) (24W,1C)>(24W,2C)
(24W,1C)>(10W,2C)
(10W,2C)>(10W,3C)
(10W,2C)>(5.3W,3C)
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
Adding a carrier (7)
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DL Capacity gain - Typical Values
Example for monoservice NRT 128kbit/s and fixed intersite distances,
high traffic scenarios
Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural
350m 550m 1700m 7km
1C> 2C 92% 87% 77% 60%
2C> 3C 41% 37% 27% 15%
Carrier configuration1 PA
DL Capacity gain
6.1 Coverage and Capacity Improvement features
Adding a carrier (8)
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6. Basic Radio Network Optimization
6.2 Design optimization based on drive measurements
Objective:
to be able to describe briefly the principles of
optimization based on drive measurements
to be able to suggest countermeasures which can be
taken to solve typical problems
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6.2 Design optimization based on drive measurements
Overview
Step 1
Define Measurement Areas
Step 2
Define Measurement Test Cases
Step 3
Perform Measurements
Step 4
Analyze results and modify design
Step 5
Re-launch predictions
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6.2 Design optimization based on drive measurements
Step 1: define Measurement Areas
First, the regions and routes have to be defined on the map where
measurements (and, consequently, the measurement based optimization)
should be carried out.
In the first UMTS networks, there used to be a sub-division of the network into
so-called clusters of about seven sites. The advantage of such a relatively
small network region is the lower complexity, the drawback is that there are a
high number of “border regions” between the clusters which are not optimally
treated.
When sub-dividing into clusters, it is important not to define the clusters at an
early stage of the network planning process in a rigid way, but with high
flexibility during the TOC (turn-on-cycle). As soon as a contiguous area of
about seven node B is on air, they can constitute a cluster to be measured.
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6.2 Design optimization based on drive measurements
Step 2: define Measurement Test Cases
Measurement test cases have to be fixed:
In general, 3G scanner measurements in combination with trace mobile
measurements on a dedicated channel are performed. The 3G scanner
measurements give the received CPICH RSCP and Ec/Io values for all
received cells.
The UE measurements give (among others) the SIR on the dedicated
channel and the cells in the active set. In addition, they give an
indication on critical points of network quality by call drops, reduced bit
rate etc.
Note that the settings of the network (office data, OCNS power…) have to be
known at the time of the measurement, otherwise, no analysis is possible.
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6.2 Design optimization based on drive measurements
Step 3 to 5
Step 3: Perform measurements
Measurements have to be performed according to test cases. Please take care of detailed documentation (e.g. on office data settings, on measurement conditions, points and routes....).
GPS coordinates have to be traced along with the measurements
Step 4: Analyze Measurement Results and Modify Design
The measurement result analysis has to identify critical points and the reason for them being critical
see next slides for typical problem sources and the potential countermeasures
Step 5: Re-Launch Prediction
The predictions (described in §4) have to be re-launched with the modified design.
The planner has to repeat the loop (design modification prediction) until she/he is satisfied with the result (interference sufficiently low, coverage acceptable)
224All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
6.2 Design optimization based on drive measurements
Typical problems and potential countermeasures (1)
CPICH level coverage
CPICH coverage problems occur when the pathloss is getting too high and
the received CPICH level (RSCP) is dropping below the minimum required
value.
Problem indication:
RSCPBest < RSCPmin (RSCP of Scanner preferred), where RSCPmin is
the threshold value for CPICH RSCP reception
and/or
There is a call drop or significant bit rate reduction in a region where the
CPICH RSCP monitored by the scanner is very low.
Countermeasures: can you suggest some countermeasures?
Countermeasures for insufficient CPICH level coverage:
•Adapt antenna direction(azimuth and/or tilt) of best possible serverPotential Problem of this solution:There is a trade-off between CPICH level and CPICH quality coverage. This measure enhances RSCP but may decrease Ec/Io
•Add new site
•Increase the CPICH Powerof the cell with RSCPBest.Potential problems of this solution:The interference for other cells may be increased. In addition, there is less downlink power for the DCH (i.e. the traffic channels) left. This means a reduced capacity.
225All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
6.2 Design optimization based on drive measurements
Typical problems and potential countermeasures (2)
CPICH quality
CPICH quality problems occur in case of high interference. The received CPICH Ec/Io is dropping below the minimum required value. The CPICH quality is in contrary to the CPICH level coverage depending on the intra-cell load, the extra-cell load and the interference caused by extra-cell Common Channels.
Problem indication:
((Ec/IoBest < Ec/Iomin) AND (RSCPBest > RSCPmin)) (to be measured by Scanner)
and/or
There is a call drop or significant bit rate reduction in a region where the Ec/Io monitored by the scanner is very low and where the RSCP has still a high enough value.
Countermeasures: can you suggest some countermeasures?
Countermeasures for insufficient CPICH quality:Reduce the own cell sizeif the reason for low Ec/Io is mainly intra cell load, to reduce the load (does not work in fixed load scenario!). Note: In this case, another cell has to overtake the remaining load.Possibilities to reduce own cell size are
1.increase downtilt2.reduce CPICH transmit power (Note that in this case, not only the load and therefore Io is reduced, but also the useful signal, i.e. Ec is reduced, so thatthere may be no
amelioration of the situation)Reduce cell overlap of serving and interfering cellif the reason for low Ec/Io is extra cell load, by changing
1.antenna tilt,2.antenna azimuth3.antenna height4.CPICH transmit power.First try to change the interferer (reduce Io). If this is not possible, change server (increase Ec).
Adding a site:If the reason for low Ec/Io is both extra-cell and intracell load, then adding a site will decrease the load in the serving cell and in surrounding cells and will therefore decrease both intracell interference and extracell interference (does not work in fixed load scenario!Therefore, adding a site should always reduce the fixed load requirements for acceptance.)If the reason is low Ec and Io is close to No, then the CPICH level coverage is the problem (see previous slide)
226All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
6.2 Design optimization based on drive measurements
Typical problems and potential countermeasures (3)
Pilot Pollution
Pilot pollution occurs if more received cells are fulfilling the criteria to enter the active set than the number allowed by the active set size. The criterion is the received CPICH quality given by the parameter Ec/Io. The cell received with the highest Ec/Io is assumed to be serving cell, i.e. it is in the active set. Cells with a Ec/Io value, which is not more than YdB (typically 5dB) lower than the best Ec/Io, are assumed to be in the active set as well under the condition that the maximum active set size (typically 3) is not exceeded. All other cells fulfilling the Ec/Io criterion are polluters.
Problem indication:
More than X CPICHs detected by Scanner with Ec/Io within the interval [Ec/IoBest – Y, Ec/IoBest] (Typically: X=3; Y=5 dB)
Countermeasures:
Identify the cells received within [Ec/IoBest – Y, Ec/IoBest]
Decide which cells should not be received within [Ec/IoBest – Y, Ec/IoBest] and change their design
Increase Ec/IoBest by changing design of best server
Following ranking is valid for design changes:
1. Adapt antenna tilt (i.e. reduce interference)
2. Adapt antenna azimuth (i.e. redirect interferers towards less critical regions)
3. Adapt antenna height (i.e. reduce interference)
4. Adapt pilot power
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6.2 Design optimization based on drive measurements
Typical problems and potential countermeasures (4)
Handover definition
Missing handover definitions (i.e. missing neighbors) can lead to sever quality
problems and call drops, since the missing neighbor is not only not serving the mobile
but in addition producing high interference.
Problem Indication:
The best cell shown in the 3G scanner measurement does not enter the active
set of the mobile.
Scrambling_CodeBestEc/Io(Scanner) Scrambling_CodeBestEc/Io(UE)
Countermeasures:
Declare missing neighbor definition at OMC if the cell with Ec/IoBest reported by
the scanner is wanted to be in the active set
Change the cell design of the cell reported by the scanner with Ec/IoBest , if this
cell is not wanted to be the best server resp. to be in the active set
All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04228
7. UMTS/GSM co-location and Antenna Systems
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
Duration:
1h00
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7. UMTS/GSM co-location and Antenna Systems
Session presentation
Interference mechanisms due to
co-location
Spurious emissions
Receiver blocking
Intermodulation products
Summary on required decoupling required for the 3 interference mechanisms
UMTS-UMTS co-location
Antenna solutions
Dual band sites GSM 1800 -UMTS FDD
Dual band sites GSM 900 -UMTS FDD
Triple band sites GSM 900 -GSM 1800 - UMTS FDD
Feeder sharing impacts
TMA in co-location configurations
TMA in feeder sharing solutions
Objective:
to be able to describe briefly the interference
mechanisms due to GSM/UMTS co-location (co-siting) and
the solutions for antenna systems (antenna, feeder,
diplexer)
Program:
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The Interference MechanismsOverview
Transmitter noise/spurious emissions (in band interference)
The transmitter noise floor and the spurious transmissions could
fall into the receive band of the co-sited system
Receiver blocking (out of band interference)
The transmit signal of one system could block the receiver of the
other system
Intermodulation products
Intermodulation products could interfere the receivers of one or
both systems
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Transmitter Noise / Spurious Emissions
Most critical: GSM 1800/UMTS
Noise floor and spurious transmissions from the GSM 1800 BTS
falling into the Node B receive band
“Historical” reason: GSM1800 Filter specification (ETSI)
f/MHz1880 1920
additional filter required
GSM 1800 DL UMTS/FDD
UL
In band interferenceOut of band interference for the UMTS
system (non ideal UMTS receiver!)
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New 3GPP TS 05.05 (V8.5.1)
Stronger Requirements for GSM base stations co-located with 3G
Spurious Emissions of GSM Base Station in old spec:
< -45 dBm/100KHz means <-29 dBm/3.84MHz
Spurious Emissions of GSM Base Station in new spec:
Same service area, no co-location
<-62 dBm/100kHz means <-46dBm/3.84MHz
Same service area, co-location
<-96 dBm/100kHz means <-80dBm/3.84MHz
Values are valid in 3G receive band
900-1920 TDD, 1920-1980 FDD UL, 2010-2025 TDD
Increase of decoupling
requirement in case of
GSM UMTS co-location
of 51 dB!
233All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Alcatel Values
Alcatel GSM 1800 BTS has a spurious emission :
-80 dBm/3.84MHz (3GPP co-location requirement)
Alcatel MBS 9100 has a limiting interference level requirement of:
-114 dBm/3.84MHz (calculation in slide 8)
The disturbance of UMTS NodeB by Alcatel GSM 1800 spurious
emissions can easily be avoided by
providing additional 34 dB decoupling
see following slides
234All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Spurious Emissions GSM1800 UMTS (1)
Spurious emissions
Old ETSI : < -29 dBmAlcatel and new 3GPP < -80 dBm
TX/ RX
Evolium TM BTS 1800
ANC
Attenuation in UMTS
TRX
:
:
Limiting interference level:
< - 114 dBm
Antenna
connectors
Antenna system
Calculation on next slide
MBS 9100
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Spurious Emissions GSM1800 UMTS (2)
Equipment
type
ETSI specifications (GSM 05.05) Alcatel EVOLIUM™ GSM
1800 BTS
up to v.8.4.1 v.8.5.1Spurious
emissions
(at BTS/ Node
B antenna
connector)
-29dBm -80dBm -80 dBm
Limiting
interference
level
Noise at UMTS receiver without GSM 1800 impact:
Thermal noise (-108 dBm) plus receiver noise figure (4 dB), i.e. –104 dBm
(Pnoise [dBm] = -174 dBm + System Noise Figure [dB] + 10 log (BW [Hz])
Degradation of sensitivity by 0.4 dB acceptable
(level 10 dB below noise floor)
-104 dBm – 10 dBm = -114 dBm
up to v.8.4.1 v.8.5.1Required
decoupling-29 dBm –
decoupling = -114
dBm
Decoupling = 85
dB
-80 dBm–
decoupling = -114
dBm
Decoupling = 34
dB
-80 dBm–decoupling =
-114 dBm
Decoupling = 34 dB
236All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Spurious Emissions GSM1800 UMTS (3)
For BTSs only compliant to the “old” ETSI GSM 05.05 v.8.4.1 the
standard air antenna de-coupling is not sufficient in GSM 1800 and
UMTS systems are co-located.
In case of a GSM 1800 BTS fulfilling only the “old” ETSI GSM
05.05 v.8.4.1 requirements the air de-coupling has to be 81 dB
In order to know the exact required de-coupling value, the
blocking performance of the according equipment has to be
known.
De-coupling measurements have to be performed in order to
determine the required minimum distance between antenna
panels.
237All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Spurious Emissions GSM900 UMTS
No problem for any GSM 900 base station, conform to old ETSI specification
For the minimum decoupling between the antenna ports of two co-located
Node B‟s, the following has to be valid:
-80 dBm – decoupling = -114 dBm
Decoupling = 34 dB
Therefore, if we have a standard decoupling between the antennas of
30dB and a feeder cable loss of 2dB on each side, the decoupling
requirement is fulfilled.
238All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Receiver blocking
Critical: Node B transmitter blocking co-located GSM 900, GSM 1800
or UMTS/FDD receiver
Reason: Filter in RX system (blocked system)
GSM BTSUMTS
Node B
Feeder
loss
Feeder
loss
Decoupling
UMTS antennaGSM antenna
RX blocking TX power
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Receiver blocking
Link Budget for Blocking Evaluation
Example: UMTS blocks receiver of GSM1800
Link budget Value
UMTS Node B TX output power 43.0 dBm
Assumed antenna decoupling - 30 dB
Assumed feeder and connector loss 0 dB
GSM 1800 received power (@ 2000 MHz) 13.0 dBm
Specification 3GPP Alcatel
GSM 1800 blocking limit 0 dBm 23 dBm
Blocking limit fulfilled No Yes
242All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Receiver blocking
Critical: Node B being blocked by co-located GSM 900, GSM 1800 or
UMTS/FDD
Problem doesn‟t occur for
Alcatel Node B thanks to
ANXU filter specification
GSM BTSUMTS
Node B
Feeder
loss
Feeder
loss
Decoupling
UMTS antennaGSM antenna
TX power RX Blocking
244All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Receiver blocking
Link budget Value
GSM 1800 TX output power (high power) 46.7 dBm
Assumed antenna decoupling - 30 dB
Assumed feeder and connector loss 0 dB
UMTS received power (@ 1800 MHz) 16.7 dBm
Specification 3GPP Alcatel
UMTS blocking limit -15 dBm 23 dBm
Blocking limit fulfilled No Yes
Link Budget for Blocking Evaluation
Example: GSM 1800 blocks receiver of UMTS
245All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Receiver blocking
Conclusion
It can be stated that receiver blocking is no problem for co-
located Alcatel equipment assuming an antenna decoupling of
30 dB (and even less). Co-location with equipment from other
suppliers needs to be checked case-by-case.
246All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Intermodulation Products
Cause: distortion in non-linear devices
Frequency spectrum of non-linear device‟s output signal has morecomponents than the input signal:
either harmonics of the input frequencies
or a combination of the input components (mixing).
fIM = m f1 + n f2 with m, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
|m|+|n| is called “order of the intermodulation product”
The intermodulation interference is critical for co-located GSM 1800and UMTS systems.
The 3rd order intermodulation product is the most critical one
GSM 1800 TX within UMTS RX band (e.g. 2 x 1879.8 MHz – 1x 1820 MHz = 1939.6 MHz)
247All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Intermodulation Products
Intermodulation in the GSM 1800 transmitters.
The figure shows schematically the creation of the IM3 intermodulation
product in the GSM 1800 transmitters, interfering a co-sited UMTS Node B:
Diplexer or
air decoupling
TX/ RX
GSM BTS UMTS Node B
TX/ RX
Towards the antenna / diplexer system
TX RX TX RX
Antenna
coupling network
Antenna
coupling network
IM3
f1 f2
248All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Intermodulation Products
Intermodulation in the UMTS receiver
Transmit signals from co-sited system are fed into the receivers producing
intermodulation
Diplexer or
air decoupling
TX/ RX
GSM BTS UMTS Node B
TX/ RX
Towards the antenna / diplexer system
TX RX TX RX
Antenna
coupling network
Antenna
coupling network
IM
f1f2
249All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Intermodulation Products
Intermodulation at the diplexers
Combination of TX signals from different transmitters generate
intermodulation products
Diplexer or
air decoupling
TX/ RX
GSM 1800 BTS UMTS Node B
TX/ RX
Towards the antenna
TX RX
interfering transmit signals
intermodulation product
TX RX
Diplexer
Antenna
coupling network
Antenna
coupling network This scenario is very
critical and must be
avoided with accurate
frequency planning.
250All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Intermodulation Products: conclusion
Interference in UMTS receive band:
3rd order product only critical if fIM = -1f1 + 2f2 falls within UMTS receive band
For UMTS frequencies>1955 MHz, no IM3 products can occur.
In general if fIM = -1f1 + 2f2 <1920 MHz no disturbance in UMTS system sue to IM products.
Interference in GSM bands:
Avoid intermodulation products by careful frequency planning in the GSM bands
Diplexer or filter reduces some of the effects
More decoupling between the systems
251All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Summary on the required Decoupling
GSM 900 (RX) GSM 1800 (RX) UMTS (RX)
Specification
according to:
GSM
05.05
Alcatel GSM
05.05
Alcatel 3G TS
25.104
Alcatel
GSM 05.05 46 dB
Blocking
30 dB v.8.5.1:
34dB
GSM
spurious
v.8.5.1:
34dB
GSM
spurious
GSM 900 (TX)
Alcatel 46 dB
Blocking
30 dB 61 dB
Blocking
30 dB
GSM 05.05 39 dB
Blocking
30 dB v.8.4.1:
85 dB
v8.5.1:
34dB
GSM
spurious
v.8.4.1:
85 dB
v8.5.1:
34dB
GSM
spurious
GSM 1800 (TX)
Alcatel 39 dB
Blocking
30 dB 62 dB
Blocking
34 dB
GSMspurious
3G TS 25.104 35 dB
Blocking
30 dB 43 dB
Blocking
30 dB 58 dB
Blocking
34 dB
SpuriousUMTS (TX)
Alcatel 35 dB
Blocking
30 dB 43 dB
Blocking
30 dB 58 dB
Blocking
34 dB
Spurious
It is assumed, that the
decoupling provided by the
antenna/diplexer system is
at least 30 dB. In fact,
using Alcatel EVOLIUM™
equipment requires for
certain combinations even
less isolation than those
30dB
Intermodulation is
suppressed by frequency
planning
GSM 900-GSM 1800
decoupling values are
added for completeness,
although not treated
throughout this document
252All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
UMTS - UMTS co-location (FDD)
Capacity Loss due to adjacent operators‟ co-existence
Danger of “Dead Zones” in case of operator co-existence
Serving cell (Operator A)
Interfering cell (Operator B)
Dead zone area
f1
f2
Co-location of UMTS operators avoids occurrence of dead zones
253All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Co-location: Conclusion
Co-siting of GSM and UMTS possible
Co-siting of two adjacent UMTS operators desirable to avoid dead
zones
Alcatel EVOLIUMTM base stations are prepared for co-siting
Alcatel can provide solutions for co-siting of Alcatel GSM and/or
UMTS base stations with equipment of any other supplier
254All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Antenna Solutions
Dual-band sites GSM 1800 - UMTS FDD
Dual-band sites GSM 900 - UMTS FDD
Triple-band sites GSM 900 - GSM 1800 - UMTS FDD
Multi-operator sites UMTS-UMTS
255All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Dual-band Sites GSM 1800 - UMTS FDD
Air Decoupling with Single-band Antennas
GSM 1800
BTS
UMTS
Node B
Feeder Feeder
air decoupling
GSM 1800 antenna UMTS antenna
Vertical or cross polarized
Vertical or horizontal
separation
Independent antenna
characteristics (pattern,
downtilt, gain)
256All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Dual-band Sites GSM 1800 - UMTS FDDSeparation for air-decoupling
For Alcatel EVOLIUMTM
GSM1800 BTS
Horizontal Separation:
dh=0.6m
Vertical Separation:
dv=0.5m
Provides already a
decoupling of >47dB
GSM 1800
dh
UMTS
dv
GSM 1800
UMTS
Note: Values for RFS/CELWAVE antennas APX206515-2T (UMTS) and APX186515-2T (GSM 1800)
257All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Decoupling measurements
To determine the required minimum distance between the antenna panels,
decoupling measurements have to be performed.
Spectrum
analyzer Decoupling between -45° plane of GSM 1800
antenna and +45° plane of UMTS antenna over
the frequency for distance “d”.
GSM 1800 UMTS
+45°
d
+45°-45° -45°
258All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Dual-band Sites GSM 1800 - UMTS FDD
Broadband antenna with diplexer or filter
Less flexible - same antenna characteristic for both bands
GSM 1800
BTS
UMTS
Node B
Feeder
Broadband antenna
Diplexer
Example:
Celwave APX18/206515-T6
259All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Dual-band Sites GSM 1800 - UMTS FDD
Dual-band antenna with diplexers
Independent on gain and electrical downtilt
feeder sharing
GSM 1800
BTS
UMTS
Node B
Feeder
Dualband antenna
Diplexer
Diplexer
Exam
ple
: C
elw
ave A
PX
15D
6/1
5W
6
260All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Dual-band Sites GSM 1800 - UMTS FDD
Dual-band antenna with filters
Independent on gain and electrical downtilt
Four feeders per panel
Filter to reduce decoupling requirements
GSM 1800
BTS
AlcatelEvoliumMBS
UMTS
Feeder
Dualband antenna
Feeder
EvoliumAlcatel
GSM 1800
BTS
TS 25.104
UMTS
Node B
Feeder
Dualband antenna
Filter
Feeder
GSM05.05
v.8.4.1.
Filter
261All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Dual Band Sites GSM 1800 / UMTS FDDSolutions with RFS Celwave components
DCS UMTS
75 dB
BTS BTS
DCS UMTS
DCS UMTS
75 dB
75 dB
BTS BTS
DCS UMTS
DCS
+
UMTS
75 dB
BTS BTS
DCS UMTS
Broadband
Antenna Band 1 : GSM1800
Band 2 : UMTS
Full DC block
•75dB of decoupling
•Series expected 04/2002
DiplexerFD DW 6505-1S
262All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Antenna Solutions
Dual-band sites GSM 1800 - UMTS FDD
Dual-band sites GSM 900 - UMTS FDD
Triple-band sites GSM 900 - GSM 1800 - UMTS FDD
Multi-operator sites UMTS-UMTS
263All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Dual-band Sites GSM 900 - UMTS FDD
GSM 900
BTS
UMTS
Node B
Feeder Feeder
air decoupling
GSM 900 antenna UMTS antenna
GSM 900
BTS
UMTS
Node B
Feeder
GSM900/UMTS Dualband antenna
Feeder
Solutions without Feeder Sharing
Single band antenna configuration Dual band antenna configuration
264All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Dual-band Sites GSM 900 - UMTS FDD
Feeder Sharing solution
GSM 900
BTS
UMTS
Node B
Feeder
Dualband antenna
Diplexer
Diplexer
Also possible with single
band antennas
Diplexers have to provide
30dB of decoupling
265All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Dual Band Sites GSM 900 / UMTS FDDSolutions with RFS components
GSMUMTS
55 dB
55 dB
BTS BTS
GSMUMTS
Band 1: AMPS/GSM
Band 2: DCS/UMTS
FD GW 5504 -1S
->full DC pass
FD GW 5504-2S is:
->DC Block in lower bands
->DC Pass in higher bands
Product is available 01/2002
Diplexer
266All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Antenna Solutions
Dual-band sites GSM 1800 - UMTS FDD
Dual-band sites GSM 900 - UMTS FDD
Triple-band sites GSM 900 - GSM 1800 - UMTS FDD
Multi-operator sites UMTS-UMTS
267All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Triple-band sites for GSM 900/1800 and UMTS
With three independent single-band antennas
With dual-band and single-band antennas
GSM 900 single-band, GSM 1800 / UMTS dual-band
GSM 1800 single-band (preferred), GSM 900 / UMTS dual-band
UMTS single-band, GSM 900 / GSM 1800 dual-band
With triple-band antennas
268All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Triple-band antennas for GSM 900/1800 and UMTS
GSM 1800
BTS
UMTS
Node B
Triple-band antenna
GSM 900
BTS
Feeder Connection MatrixFeeder
Filter
FeederFeeder
Diplexer
Diplexer
GSM 1800 GSM 1800UMTS UMTS
Diplexer application Filter application
Connection matrix Filters not required
for Alcatel
EVOLIUM
equipment!
Filter
269All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Antenna Solutions
Dual-band sites GSM 1800 - UMTS FDD
Dual-band sites GSM 900 - UMTS FDD
Triple-band sites GSM 900 - GSM 1800 - UMTS FDD
Multi-operator sites UMTS-UMTS
270All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Multi-operator sites: UMTS FDD-UMTS FDD
Solutions without feeder sharing. Two
completely separate systems with air
decoupling
Different sector orientation possible
Different tilt can be set up
Operator independence
Simple solution
Careful RNP: antenna patterns must not
interfere.
High visual impact
2 feeders needed for each operatorUM TS UM TS
N ode B
Feeder Feeder
air decoupling
UMTS antenna UMTS antenna
N ode B
O pera tor1 O pera tor2
271All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Multi-operator sites: UMTS FDD-UMTS FDD
Solutions without feeder sharing. Two
operators sharing one antenna panel
Different electrical tilt can be set up.
Low visual impact.
Each operator can use TMA if desired.
Sector orientation cannot be chosen
independently.
2 feeders needed for each operator. Feeder
Dual UMTS antenna
(or Dual Broadband antenna)
Feeder
UMTS
Node B
Operator 2
UMTS
Node B
Operator 1
272All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Multi-operator sites: UMTS FDD-UMTS FDD
Two operator sharing one antenna
(feeder Sharing)
Low visual impact
2 feeders needed
Same electrical tilt, same sector
orientation
TMA not possible
High losses due to splitter: 3.3
dB
The two former solutions are
more recommendable!!
UMTS
Node B
Operator 1
UMTS
Node B
Operator 2
Feeder
UMTS antenna
Hybrid
(Splitter/Combiner)~3.3dB loss!
273All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Antenna Feeder Sharing for Dual-band Sites
Feeder
Dual-band
antenna
-45°+45°
Diplexer Diplexer
Diplexer Diplexer
Feeder
Dual-band
antenna
Withintegrateddiplexers
Withoutdiplexers
Dual-band Dual-band
Diplexers at BTS/Node B location
Additional filter depending
on equipment type and
vendor required in the
GSM 1800 branch.
274All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Antenna Feeder Sharing for Triple-band Sites
Tw
o f
eeders
per
secto
r
Ea
sy m
igra
tio
n
GSM 900 Triple-band
antenna
GSM 1800 UMTS
Diplexer
DiplexerTriplexer
Diplexer
DiplexerTriplexer
GSM 900 GSM 1800 UMTS
Feeder system
Antenna system
BTS systems
GSM 900 Triple-band
antenna
GSM 1800 UMTS
Diplexer
Diplexer
GSM 900 GSM 1800 UMTS
Feeder system
Antenna system
BTS systems
30 dB isolation
50 dB isolation
Fo
ur
fee
de
rs p
er
se
cto
r
Low
er
losses
275All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Feeder sharing losses
The next table collects the additional losses.
Component Loss
Diplexer GSM 900-GSM 1800 0.3 dB
Diplexer GSM 900-GSM 1800 / UMTS 0.3 dB
Diplexer GSM 900-UMTS 0.3 dB
Diplexer GSM 1800-UMTS 0.5 dB
GSM 1800 filter (not necessary for Alcatel
equipment!)
(0.4 dB)
276All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Feeder Sharing losses
Additional losses due to diplexers: Example
Influence of feeder sharing (losses in dB)
Components GSM
900
GSM
1800
UMTS
2 Diplexers GSM
900-GSM 1800
0.6 0.6 0.6
2 Diplexers GSM
1800-UMTS
1.0 1.0
Additional losses
(jumpers, connectors)
0.5 0.5 0.5
Total loss 1.1 2.1 1) 2.1 1)
1) Remark: GSM 1800/ UMTS signals have 50 %
more signal attenuation compared with GSM 900
signals over the same feeder cable.
Worst Case Values!!
277All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Antenna feeder sharing: conclusion
Feeder sharing is recommended or even mandatory when:
The building or tower does not allow to add more feeder cables.
If the distance between the BTS/Node B and the antenna is rather long.
Additional diplexers are cheaper compared to the material plus installation costs of the feeder cable. The losses due to the diplexers are, compared to the feeder losses, not so important any more.
Feeder sharing should not be used as general implementation when not really
necessary.
Especially for the higher frequency bands, the additional losses due to
the diplexers should be avoided.
278All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
TMA in co-location configurations
TMA improves the effective receiver
chain noise figure (compensation of
feeder losses)
Increase of cell range in case of
uplink limitation
Additional loss of 0.5 dB in downlink
BTS /
Node B
Feeder
Antenna
Tx / Rx
Duplexer
Duplexer
Tx Rx
TMA
279All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
TMA in co-location configurations
In case there are TMAs installed in the GSM 900 or GSM 1800 part of the co-
siting configuration, we have to check the following points:
Blocking limit of the BTS:
The signal delivered by the TMA to the base station receiver willbe higher which may be resulting in blocking. If the blocking limitis too low, we have to increase the decoupling.
Blocking limit of the TMA:
The TMA must not be blocked by the incoming signal. If theblocking limit is too low, we have to increase the decoupling.
For the Alcatel UMTS TMA and EVOLIUMTM MBS UMTS, these points have
already been checked and do not constitute a problem. In case other
supplier‟s equipment is used, an according check has to be performed.
280All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Examples for TMA usageSolutions with RFS components
DCS UMTS
TMA
75 dB DC pass
75 dB DC pass
BTS BTS
DCS UMTS
+
PDU
DCS GSMUMTS
TMA TMA
55 dB DC block
55 dB DC block
75 dB DC pass
BTS BTS BTS
DCS GSMUMTS
+ +
PDU PDU
DC block in Band1
(GSM900)
DC pass in Band 2 (UMTS)
Diplexer FD GW 5504-2S
(avail: 01/2002)
DiplexerFD DW 6505-2S
(avail: 04/2002)
DC block in Band 1 (GSM1800)
DC pass in Band 2 (UMTS)
TMA
ATM W 1912-1
281All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
TMA in feeder sharing solutions
The Feeder sharing solutions require diplexers, avoiding DC passing into
antenna
DC on feeder is required to feed the TMA with power
It has to be noted that for each TMA a separate feeder cable has to be used.
Otherwise Evolium does not support
DC feed
Alarm handling
282All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Antenna Systems: Conclusion
Wide variety of antenna system solutions for all co-location combinations
No “killer solution”, pre-conditions and operator requirements have to be
checked case by case
All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04283
Appendix
Open loop/Closed loop
Frequency coordination at country borders
COST231- Hata formula
Cell parameters (Network Design Parameters - cell wise)
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
284All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
If UE receives a STRONG DL signal,
then UE will speak low.
Node
BNode
B
1
2
1
2
If UE receives a weak DL signal,
then UE will speak LOUD.
Problem:
fading is not correlated on UL and DL due to separation of UL and DL band.
Open loop Power Control is inaccurate.
Open loop power control
Appendix
Open loop power control
285All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Node
B
Inner loop
...
”Power down”
”Power ...”
SIR
estimation
SIR
estimation
RNCSIR
target
Outer loop
Example
in DL
Appendix
Closed loop power control
DL:
Inner loop: the Node-B controls the power of the UE by performing a SIR estimation:
Outer loop: the RNC adjusts (SIR)target to fulfill the required service quality (e.g. BER<10-2)
(SIR)measured > (SIR)target “Power down” command (Step=1 dB)
----------------<------------- “Power up”----------------------------------
UL:
Inner loop: same as DL, but SIR estimation performed by the UE
Outer loop: same as UL, but (SIR)target adjusted by the UE
The SIR estimation is performed each 0,66 ms (1500 Hz command rate) Closed loop Power
Control is very fast
286All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Method based on “ERC Recommendation (01) 01” to be found at European
Radiocommunications Office (http://www.ero.dk )
ERO is a associated with the CEPT (European Conference of Postal and
Telecommunications Administrations)
1) National frequency and code planning for the UMTS/IMT-2000 is carried
out by the operators and approved by the Administrations or carried out by
these Administrations in co-operation with the operators.
2) Frequency and code planning in border areas will be based on coordination
between Administrations in co-operation with their operators
Appendix
Frequency coordination at country borders(1)
287All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Administrations concerned shall agree on preferred code groups /
code group blocks if center frequencies are aligned
No coordination between is necessary if:
Band
[MHz]
Pre-conditions
(one must be fulfilled )
Predicted mean FS
level of each carrier
must be below
Where?
2110-2170 1) Preferential codes usage
2) Center frequencies not
aligned
3) No IMT2000 CDMA radio
interface used
45 dBµV/m/5MHz 3 m above ground
at border line and
beyond1
1900-1980
2010-2025
1) Preferential codes usage
2) Center frequencies not
aligned
36 dBµV/m/5MHz 3 m above ground
at border line and
beyond1
Any 1) no preferential codes used 21 dBµV/m/5MHz 3 m above ground
at border line and
beyond1
1
to be negotiated
by both partiesFDD DL
FDD UL
TDD
Appendix
Frequency coordination at country borders(2)
288All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Administrations on both sites of the border must
agree on preferential, neutral and non-preferential
frequencies
e.g. the administrations agree on the
following split (assuming 3 available
frequencies):
this split is leading to the following allowed
FS level thresholds
Frequency type Country A Country B
Preferential F1 F3
Neutral F2 F2
Non-preferential F3 F1
Used frequency type Allowed max. FS level at
border and beyond1
Preferential 65 dBµV/m/5MHz
Neutral 45 dBµV/m/5MHz
Non-preferential 45 dBµV/m/5MHz
Appendix
Frequency coordination at country borders(3)
289All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
If a non preferential frequency is used, the operator accepts possible
capacity loss in his system due to interference coming from the high
allowed FS level on his side of the border emitted by the operator of
the other country
Country A
(Neutral)
Country B
(Neutral)
45 dBV/m/5MHz 45 dBV/m/5MHz
Equal field strength limits at border
Country A
(Preferential)
Country B
(Non-preferential)
65 dBV/m/5MHz 45 dBV/m/5MHz
Interference to Rx accepted
(potential capacity loss)
Appendix
Frequency coordination at country borders(4)
290All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
at least the following characteristics should be forwarded to the Administration
affected (more details in ERO T/R 25-08 E)
frequency in MHz
name of transmitter station
country of location of
transmitter station
geographical co-ordinates
effective antenna height
antenna polarisation
antenna azimuth directivity
in antenna systems
effective radiated power
expected coverage zone
date of entry into service.
code group number used
antenna tilt
Appendix
Frequency coordination at country borders(5)
291All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Appendix
Cost 231-Hata formula
Reminder: Cost-Hata formula
Mapping between COST-Hata and Standard Propagation Model
R
TT
HataCOST hCm
d
m
hBB
m
hA
MHz
fAAL
3loglogloglog 21321
Alcatel UMTS
Standard Model
Parameter
COST-Hata
K1 A1+A2log(f/MHz)3B1 –0.87
K2 B1
K3 A33B2
K4 -
K5 B2
K6 C(hR)
KClutter -
Compared to COST231-Hata
propagation model, the Alcatel UMTS
Standard Propagation Model:
has an additional diffraction loss
represented by K4 has been added
can be calibrated by adding a
clutter dependent calibration offset
292All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Appendix Cell parameters
Network architecture dimensioning parameters(1)
ParameterDefinition Default value
Cell NameCell name Site0_0(0)
Local cell IdIdentifier of the cell in the system Numerical value between 0
and 268435455
Transmitter
name
Sector Name to which the cell belongs Site0_0
Carrier Carrier on which the cell is transmitting 0-2
Scrambling
code
Dl primary scrambling code 0-511
Cell class Identifier of the geographical
environment of the cell. The network
tuner/ planner can define his own classes.
4 Evolium predefined
classes: Dense Urban,
Urban, Suburban and
Rural
Cell type Type of the cell, there is only one type of
cell.
Single
293All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Parameter Description DefaultLAC Location Area Code: LAC is a fixed length code that identifies a location
area within a PLMN. One LA consists of a number of cells belonging to
RNCs that are connected to the same CN node (UMSC or 3G-MSC/ VLR).
Values between 0-65535
0
SAC Service area Code: SAC is a fixed length code identifying a service area
within a location area, service area consists of one or more cells. (LA
Domain RNC No. + NodeB No. + Sector No.). Values between 0-65535
0
RAC Routing Area Code: One RA consists of a number of cells belonging to
RNCs that are connected to the same CN serving node, i.e. one UMSC or
one 3G_SGSN. Values between 0-255
0
MCC This parameter defines the Mobil Country Code. It is used for defining the
PLMN identity and therefore the Location Area Identity (LAI) and the
Routing Area Identity (RAI).
999
MNC This parameter defines the Mobil Network Code. It is used for defining
the PLMN identity and therefore the Location Area Identity (LAI) and the
Routing Area Identity (RAI).
999
Appendix Cell parameters
Network architecture dimensioning parameters(2)
294All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Parameter Description Default Value
Max. Total
Power
(dBm)
Transmitter maximum power per carrier (cell).
Depends on Node B configuration.
43 dBm
Pilot Power
(dBm)
Pilot channel Power: Part of the cell maximum
transmit power that is dedicated to the CPCIH. This
value is fixed by the user and remains constant.
33 dBm
(10% of total available
carrier power)
SCH Power
(dBm)
Average Synchronization Channel Power.
Default: 5 dB less than the CPICH , thus P-SCH
and S-SCH have 28 dBm.
This value is fixed by the user and remains constant.
0.63 W+ 0.63W= 1.26W 31 dBm, taking into
account that the SCH are transmitted only 10% of the
time 31 dBm – 10 dB = 21 dBm,
21 dBm
Appendix Cell parameters
Transmit power parameters (1)
295All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Other common channels power
Parameter Description DefaultBCH Power This parameter defines the transmit power of the Broadcast Channel
relatively to the P-CPICH power (offset).
-2 dB
MaxFACHpow
er
This parameter defines the maximum FACH power carried on the SCCPCH
relatively to the P-CPICH power (offset). When more than one FACH are
carried on the same S-CCPCH, each FACH has the same power.
-2dB
PCHpower This parameter defines the transmit power of the Paging Channel relatively
to the P-CPICH power (offset).
-2dB
PICHpower This parameter defines the transmit power of the Paging Indicator Channel
relatively to the P-CPICH power (offset). In fact, this value depends of the
number of Paging Indicators (PI) that are carried on the PICH.
-5 dB
AICH power This parameter defines the transmit power of the AICH relatively to the P-
CPICH power (offset). It depends of the number of Acquisition Indicators.
-9 dB
These channels are not transmitted 100% of the time, however it is
assumed that around 34 dBm are continuously transmitted on the these
channels, designed in A9155 as “other common channels”
Appendix Cell parameters
Transmit power parameters (2)
296All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Parameter Description Default
AS threshold
(dB)
The active set threshold is the maximum pilot quality difference
between the best server and a certain transmitter so that this
transmitter becomes part of the active set of a certain UE.
3 dB
HO Margin HO margin. RNO interface 3 dB
HO Mode HO mode. RNO interface. -
Qoffset_sn It is used for cell reselection procedure in order to favor one
cell.
0 dB
Appendix Cell parameters
Handover parameters
297All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Parameter Description Default
Value Cell Individual
offset
This information shows Cell individual offset. For each
cell that is monitored, the offset is added to the
measurement quantity (for ex CPICH Ec/ Io) before the UE
evaluates if an event has occurred
0 dB
QoffsetsN This information shows Qoffset, n that is used for cell
reselection procedure in order to favor one cell.
0 dB
Qhysts1 Hysteresis value of the serving cell during cell
selection/ reselection. It is used with CPICH RSCP
4 dB
Qhysts2 Hysteresis value of the serving cell during cell
selection/ reselection. It is used with CPICH Ec/ Io
4 dB
Qqualmin Minimum required quality level (CPICH Ec/ Io) in the cell
during cell selection/ reselection.
-15 dB
Qrxlevmin Minimum required RX level (CPICH RSCP) in the cell
during cell selection/ reselection.
-115 dBm
Appendix Cell parameters
Cell selection/reselection parameters
All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04298
Solution of the exercises
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
299All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Solution of the exercises§ 1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles(1)
Be careful in this exercise with:
dBm#dBW :
e.g. Thermal Noise = -204dBW = -174dBm
do not add power values in dBm:
e.g. 2dBm + 2dBm = 5dBm (= 10log (100.2 +100.2))
1. What is the processing gain for speech 12.2kbits/s ?
10 log (3.84Mcps/12.2kbps)=25dB
2. The users in the serving cell are located at different distance from the NodeB: is it desirable and possible to have
the same received power C for each user?
desirable: yes to avoid near-far effect
possible: yes by using power control
3. What is the value of the “Thermal Noise at receiver” N?
N=Thermal Noise+NFNodeB = -108.1dBm + 4dB = -104.1dBm
300All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Solution of the exercises§ 1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles(2)
4. Complete the following table:
Iintra=n x C
Ieytra=i x Iintra=0.55 x Iintra (homogeneous network with i=0.55)
I = Iintra +Iextra= 1.55 x n x C
Noise Rise=(I+N)/N (see question 3 for N value)
Ec/No=C/(I+N-C)
Note: the following approximation can be used: Ec/No ~ C/(I+N) (because C<<N for a speech call)
Eb/No=Ec/No +PG (see question 1 for PG value)
n
[users]
I
[dBm]
I +N
[dBm]
Noise
Rise [dB]
Ec/No
[dB]
Eb/No
[dB]Comment
1 -118.1 -103.9 0.2 -15.9 9.1 Eb/No >>(Eb/No)req UE TX power is much too high
10 -108.1 -102.6 1.5 -17.3 7.7 Eb/No >(Eb/No)req UE TX power is too high
25 -104.1 -101.1 3.0 -18.9 6.1 Eb/No ~(Eb/No)req UE TX power is adapted to the traffic load
100 -98.1 -97.1 7.0 -22.9 2.1Eb/No <<(Eb/No)req UE TX power is much too low or traffic load
much too high
301All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Solution of the exercises§3.2 UMTS propagation model (1)
Exercise:
Let‟s consider the simplified* formula of the Alcatel Standard Propagation Model:
Lpath[dB] = C1 + C2 x log(dUE-NodeB[km])
Can you complete the table?
Be careful that the distances are expressed in meter in the full Alcatel standard propagation model
formula and in kilometer in the simplified formula:
C1 + C2 log (d [km]) = {C1 – C2 log1000} + {C2 log (d [m])}
C2 = K2 + K5 log HNodeB =44.9 + (-6.55) log 30 = 35.22 (HNodeB=30m)
{C1 – C2 log1000} =K1+K3 log HNodeB +K4 f(diffraction) + K6 f(HUE)+Kclutterf(clutter)
=23.6 + 5.83 log 30 + 0 + 0 + f(clutter) (no diffraction)
=32.21 + f(clutter)
C1 = 32.21 + f(clutter) + C2 log1000 = 137.8 + f(clutter)
with f(clutter) = -3dB for dense urban and -8dB for suburban (homogeneous clutter class around UE)
(see table on the next page)
302All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Solution of the exercises§3.2 UMTS propagation model (2)
Clutter class
dUE-
NodeB
[km]
C1
[dB]
C2.log(dUE-NodeB )
[dB]
(C2=35.22)
Lpath
[dB]
Dense
Urbanf(clutter)=3dB
0.5
134.8
-10.6 124.2
1 0 134.8
2 10.6 145.4
Suburbanf(clutter)=8dB
0.5
129.8
-10.6 119.2
1 0 129.8
2 10.6 140.4
*Assumptions:
-HNodeBeff=30m
-no diffraction
-homogeneous clutter class around the UE
Note: C1 and Lpath values can easily be deduced:
• for urban clutter class: C1= 131.8 dB (f(clutter)=6dB)
•for rural clutter class: C1=117.8dB (f(clutter)=20dB)
303All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Solution of the exercises§3.6 Cell Range Calculation (1)
EXAMPLE 1— UL link budget for:
UE power class 4
Speech12.2kbits/s
Vehicular A 3km/h
UE in soft(or softer) handover state with
2 radio links
Deep Indoor
Cell coverage probability=95%, =8
UL load factor=50%
Value in
Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
A. On the transmitter side
A1 UE TX power 21 dBm see §2.3
A2 Antenna gainUE + Internal lossesUE 0 dB f.a.
A3 EIRPUE 21 dBm A1+A2
B. On the receiver side
B1 (Eb/No)req 5.8 dB see §2.2
B2 Processing Gain 25 dB see §1.3
B3 NFNodeB 4 dB f.a.
B4 Thermal noise -108.1 dBm f.a.
B5 Reference_SensitivityNodeB -123.3 dBm B1-B2+B3+B4
(continuing on next slide)
304All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Solution of the exercises§3.6 Cell Range Calculation (2)
EXAMPLE 1— continuing Value in Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
C. Margins
C1 Shadowing margin 4.8 dB see §3.3
C2 Fast fading margin 1.7 dB see §3.3
C3 Noise Rise 3 dB see §3.5
C4 10 log {1+ (Ec/No)req} 0.1 dB see §3.5
C5 Interference margin 2.9 dB C3-C4
D. Losses
D1 Feeders and connectors 3 dB f.a.
D2 Body loss 3 dB see §2.2
D3 Penetration loss (indoor margin) 20 dB see §2.2
E. Gains
E1 Antenna gainNodeB 18 dBi f.a.
MAPL 126.9 dB =?
305All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Solution of the exercises§3.6 Cell Range Calculation (3)
EXAMPLE 2— UL link budget for:
UE power class 3
Service: PS64
Vehicular A 50km/h
UE in soft(or softer) handover state with
2 radio links
Incar
Cell coverage probability=95%, =8
UL load factor=50%
Value in
Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
A. On the transmitter side
A1 UE TX power 24 dBm see §2.3
A2 Antenna gainUE + Internal lossesUE 0 dB f.a.
A3 EIRPUE 24 dBm A1+A2
B. On the receiver side
B1 (Eb/No)req 3.2 dB see §2.2
B2 Processing Gain 17.8 dB see §1.3
B3 NFNodeB 4 dB f.a.
B4 Thermal noise -108.1 dBm f.a.
B5 Reference_SensitivityNodeB -118.7 dBm B1-B2+B3+B4
(continuing on next slide)
306All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Solution of the exercises §3.6 Cell Range Calculation (4)
EXAMPLE 2— continuing Value in Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
C. Margins
C1 Shadowing margin 4.8 dB see §3.3
C2 Fast fading margin -0.3 dB see §3.3
C3 Noise Rise 3 dB see §3.5
C4 10 log {1+ (Ec/No)req} 0.1 dB see §3.5
C5 Interference margin 2.9 dB C3+C4
D. Losses
D1 Feeders and connectors 3 dB f.a.
D2 Body loss 3 dB see §2.2
D3 Penetration loss (indoor margin) 8 dB see §2.2
E. Gains
E1 Antenna gainNodeB 18 dBi f.a.
MAPL 139.3 dB
307All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Solution of the exercises§3.6 Cell Range Calculation (5)
Can you complete the following table by using the simplified formula of the Alcatel Standard propagation model
(see exercise in §3.2)?
MAPL[dB] = C1 + C2 x log(Cell Range [km]) (see exercise in §3.2)
Cell Range [km]= 10 (MAPL-C1)/C2
(see solution of exercise §3.1 for C1 and C2 values)
Limiting Service Clutter classCell Range
[km]
Speech 12.2k
Deep Indoor
MAPL=126.9dB
(calculated on
previous slide)
Dense urban 0.60
Urban 0.73
Suburban 0.83
Rural 1.81
PS64 Incar
MAPL=139.3dB
(calculated on
previous slide)
Dense urban 1.34
Urban 1.63
Suburban 1.86
Rural 4.08
308All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Solution of the exercises§4.2 CPICH RSCP coverage prediction
1. What happens if you have a bad CPICH RSCP coverage in an area?
no service coverage
2. Does the CPICH RSCP coverage depend on traffic load?
no, this is the only coverage prediction which is independent on the traffic load (CPICH Ec/Io and UL/DL service coverage
predictions depends on traffic load)
3. Which are the input parameters for the CPICH RSCP coverage prediction?
look at the CPICH RSCP equation:
CPICH RSCP[dBm] = CPICH TX power[dBm] +GainNodeB antenna [dB]
– LossNodeB feeder cables [dB] – Lpath [dB]
You can see that the input parameters are:
CPICH TX power + Antenna Gain and radiation pattern + Feeder lossNodeB + propagation model parameters (see §3.2) +
Calculation radius
4. Shall the calculation radius be greater or smaller than the intersite distance?
greater. If not, CPICH RSCP will not be calculated on all pixels of the map.
Calculation radius shall be as big as necessary to correctly model interference and as small as possible to allow fast
predictions.
5. Make some suggestions to improve the prediction results
-modify antenna azymuth or downtilt (to increase GainNodeB Antenna on the pixels with bad coverage)
- increase CPICH TX power
309All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Abbreviations and Acronyms (1)
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (cdma2000)
AAL ATM Adaptation Layer
AICH Acquisition Indication Channel
ALCAP Access Link Control Application Part
AMR Adaptive Multi Rate
ANRU Antenna Network Receiver UMTS
ANSI American National Standard Institute (USA)
ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Business (Japan)
AS Active set
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BB Base Band
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
BCH Broadcast Channel
BHCA Busy Hour Call Attempts
BMC Broadcast / Multicast Control
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station (sub)System
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CAMEL Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic
CC Call Control
CCCH Common Control Channel
CCH Common Channels
CCTrCH Coded Composite Transport Channel
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CE Channel Element
CN Core Network
CPCH Common Packet Channel
CPICH Common Pilot Channel
CRNC Controlling RNC
CS Circuit Switched
CTCH Common Traffic Channel
CWTS China Wireless Telecommunication Standard
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel
DCH Dedicated Channel
DHO Diversity Handover
DL Downlink
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
DPCH Dedicated Physical Channel (in DL)
DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DRNC Drift RNC
DS Direct Sequence
DSCH Downlink Shared Channel
DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel
DU Dense Urban
310All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Abbreviations and Acronyms (2)
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
ETSI European Telecommunication Standard Institute
FACH Forward Access Channel
FBI Feedback Information
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
FTP File Transfer Protocol
GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
GMSC Gateway MSC
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
GTP GPRS Tunnelling Protocol
HLR Home Location Register
HO Handover
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IMT International Mobile Telecommunication
IP Internet Protocol
ISCP Interference Signal Code Power
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
ITU International Telecommunication Union
KPI Key Performance Indicator
L1,L2,L3 Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3
LA Location Area
LAC Location Area Code
LAI Location Area Identifier
LCS Location Services
MAC Medium Access Control
MAPL Maximum Allowed Path Loss
MBS Multi-standard Base Station
MC Multiple Carrier
MCC Mobile Country Code
ME Mobile Equipment
MExE Mobile Execution Environment
MM Mobility Management
MNC Mobile Network Code
MRC Maximum Ratio Combining
MSC Mobile-services Switching Center
MUD Multi User Detection
NAS Non Access Stratum
NBAP Node-B Application Part
NF Noise Figure
311All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Abbreviations and Acronyms (3)
OCNS Orthogonal Code Noise Simulator
OMC-UR Operation and Maintenance Center – UMTS Radio
OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
P-CCPCHPrimary Common Control Physical Channel
PCH Paging Channel
PCCH Paging Control Channel
PCH Paging Channel
PDA Personal Digital Assistant
PG Processing Gain
PICH Paging Indicator Channel
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
PS Packet Switched
P-SCH Primary Synchronization Channel
QOS Quality Of Service
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
R Rural
R1, R2, R3 1) 3GPP releases ; 2) Alcatel UTRAN releases
RA Routing Area
RAB Radio Access Bearer
RAC Routing Area Code
RACH Random Access Channel
RAN Radio Access Network
RANAP RAN Application Part
RB Radio Bearer
RL Radio Link
RLC Radio Link Control
RNC Radio Network Controller
RNP Radio Network Planning
RNS Radio Network Sub-System
RNSAP RNS Application Part
RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identity
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRM Radio Resource Management
RSCP Received Signal Code Power
RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator
312All rights reserved © Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
Abbreviations and Acronyms (4)
SAC Service Area Code
S-CCPCHSecondary Common Control Physical Channel
SCH Synchronization Channel
SF Spreading Factor
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
SHO Soft Handover
SIR Signal to Interference Ratio
SMS Short Message Service
SPM Standard Propagation Model
S-SCH Secondary Synchronization Channel
STTD Space Time Transmit Diversity
SU Sub Urban
SUMU Station Unit Mobile Universal
T1 Committee T1 telecommunication of the ANSI (USA)
TD-CDMATime Division-CDMA (for UMTS TDD mode)
TDD Time Division Duplex
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TEU Transmit Equipment UMTS
TF Transport Format
TFC Transport Format Combination
TFCI Transport Format Combination Indicator
TFCS Transport Format Combination Set
TFS Transport Format Set
TIA Telecommunication Industry Association (USA)
TMA Tower Mounted Amplifier
TMSI Temporary Mobile Station Identity
TSTD Time Switch Transmit Diversity
TTA Telecommunication Technology Association (Korea)
U Urban
UARFCN UTRAN Absolute Frequency Channel Number
UE User Equipment
UICC UMTS Integrated Circuit Card
UL Uplink
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
USIM UMTS Subscriber Identity Card
URA UTRAN Registration Area
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator System
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
UWCC Universal Wireless Communications Committee
VLR Visitor Location Register
W-CDMA Wideband CDMA (for UMTS FDD mode)
WGS World Geodetic System 1984