Introduction Foot and Mouth Disease is a viral disease that
affects cloven hoofed animals. The virus causes a fever , followed
by blisters. Susceptible animals include, Cattle Buffalo Sheep
Goat
FMD ruptured vesicles
Etiology FMD virus belongs to family picornaviridae genus
apthovirus. Seven serotypes namely : A, O, C, SAT 1, SAT2, SAT 3
and ASIA 1. FMD virus is highly transmissible and cause high
morbidity outbreaks with moderate to low mortality in most cases.
(Grubman et al., 2004). All FMD serotypes are immunogenically
different from one another. Vaccination with one serotype does not
develop immunity to against another serotype. (Paton et al.,
2005)
Clinical signs Incubation period 2-14 days Fever Blisters
Weight loss Swelling of testicles Teat lesions Decline in milk
production Myocarditis and death in new born animals
Transmission Direct contact Wind-borne transmission - 10-250 km
Aerosol transmission semen and embryos Infected Animals, infected
utensils, food stuff and water etc, Secretions and excretions like
urine, saliva, faeces, milk
Diagnosis Laboratory Tests Antigen or nucleic acid detection
Complement fixation test ELISA VNT Notify authorities and wait for
instructions before collecting samples.
Prevention Prohibit live ruminants, swine and their products
from FMD affected countries. Monitor travellers and belongings at
the ports of entry. State planning and training exercise.
Boisecurity protocols for livestock facilities. Treatment and
Control No treatment available Supportive care to those afflicted
Vaccine available
Vaccination Killed vaccine, serotype specific. Monitor disease
outbreaks worldwide and stock active serotypes and strains. It is
essential to isolate virus and identify the serotype to select the
correct vaccine.
FMD Occurrence FMD has a worldwide distribution with the
exception of Australia, New Zealand and North America. The seven
serotypes have their geographic domains. SAT 1 to SAT 3 are
predominantly found in Africa. Asia 1 exists only in Asia. Types A,
O and C are found in Europe, South America and Asia.The most common
type in Europe is type O.
Continue . In the beginning of 20th century, FMD outbreaks
occurred periodically in Europe but these outbreaks have
devastating effects. (Barteling and Vreeswijk.,1991) In 1968, FMD
outbreaks were reported in UK in which very high number of animals
were slaughtered. (Gloster et al., 2005)
Continue Foot and Mouth disease is endemic in Pakistan, India
and Afghanistan.FMD serotypes A, O and Asia 1 are prevalent in
these countries but FMD serotype O has been responsible for high
number of outbreaks in Pakistan. (Abubakar et al., 2012) The rates
of three FMD serotypes in Pakistan are 70%, 25% and 4.7% for type
O, Asia 1 and type A, respectively (Zulfiqar., 2003) No data is
available regarding FMD in Afghanistan.
Objectives To describe the descriptive epidemiology of a FMD
outbreak in Bihsud and Surkhrod District Nangarhar Province,
Afghanistan. To identify the potential risk factors associated with
the outbreak.
Materials and Methods Descriptive Epidemiology of FMD Study
Design Suspected cases of FMD from Live stock will be collected
from the Civil Veterinary hospital. Descriptive epidemiological
tool will be used to describe the data in terms of place, person
and time. Study Population and Sampling unit Total population in
the catchment area of Civil Hospital of Nangarhar. Sampling units
will be the suspected animal of FMD.
Continue Retrospective study of the confirmed case of FMD
Sample size for case-control Total number of cases and control will
be 274 was calculated by formula as describes by Schlesselman
(1982). A total of 137 confirmed positive (cases) and 137 confirmed
negative (control) will be included in the study. Matching
criteria: Each case will be matched with the control for age, breed
and geographical area. Informed Consent Informed consent will be
obtained from the owner of the animal who will be willing to
participate in the study.
Inclusion Criteria Animals confirmed positive by either
clinical examination or laboratory test (Enzyme linked
immunesarbant assay), visited Civil Veterinary Hospital, Nangarhar
and willing to participate. Exclusion Criteria Animals owners who
refuse to share data and those who will not be confirmed by
clinical examination or laboratory test or complicated cases will
be excluded from the study. Continue
Data Collection Procedure Data will be collected on a
predesigned questionnaire by a face-to face interview with Animals
owner and data about age, gender, demographic information,
socioeconomic status, source of feeding, hygienic measures and
other relevant factors will be collected. Statistical Analysis
Analysis by using R software. Chi square test will be used to
determine the relationship between time, person and place.
Multivariable analysis will be done to investigate various factors
related to positive cases of FMD. p-value of