A good friend of yours hopes that hypnosis will improve his
memory and help him study longer and more effectively. He worries,
however, that he might not be easily hypnotized. Your mother hopes
that hypnosis will help relieve her arthritis pain but fears that
under hypnosis she might do something embarrassing. Discuss the
extent to which the hopes and fears of your friend and your mother
are realistic. Where appropriate, use research evidence to support
your conclusions.
Slide 2
Drugs
Slide 3
Influences on Drug Use Biological heredity Identical twins
Adoption studies Boys at age 6 excitable, fearless, impulsive
(genetic traits) are more likely to take drugs NPY brain chemical
more sensitive to alcohol Gene identified to predispose people to
alcohol dependence Psychological Lacking sense of purpose Stress
Depression Social-cultural Urban enviro Cultural attitude toward
drugs Peer influences
Slide 4
Drugs blood-brain barrier capillaries that protect our drug.
psychoactive drugs - drugs that are small enough to pass
through.
Slide 5
Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive Drugs - Chemicals that alter
moods and perceptions through actions on neural synapses Altered
state (altered moods and perceptions)associated with changes in
brain activity Examples: alcohol, marijuana, cocaine (depressants,
hallucinogens, stimulants)
Slide 6
Slide 7
Dependence and Addiction Addiction compulsive craving for a
drug despite adverse consequences What about each of our three
major types of drugs make someone want to keep taking them? Sense
of well-being, feeling of euphoria, blissful pleasure, relief from
anxiety, increased self-confidence, alertness Withdrawal symptoms
can contribute to addiction Tolerance need to take larger and
larger doses to experience the same effects Neuroadaptation -
change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a
psychoactive drug Withdrawal discomfort and distress that follow
the discontinued use of certain drugs (aches, nausea, distress)
Physical dependence physiological need for a drug indicated by
withdrawal symptoms Psychological dependence psychological need to
use a drug
Slide 8
Drugs are either. Agonists mimics neurotransmitters Opiates
(heroine, morphine) mimic endorphins Antagonists block
neurotransmitters LSD blocks serotonin Reuptake inhibitors Cocaine
blocks reuptake of dopamine, Ecstasy blocks reuptake of
serotonin
Slide 9
Depressants Depressants - Slow down body processes and calms
neural activity. Breathing slows, pupils constrict, anxiety
replaced by pleasure Alcohol Barbiturates/ tranquilizers Opiates
(morphine, heroine)
Slide 10
Alcohol Depressant Disinhibition (lowers inhibition) Feelings
of self confidence Aggressive Reduces self-awareness and
self-control Euphoria Slowed neural processing Memory disruption
disrupts processing of recent experiences Suppresses REM sleep (no
memory consolidation) Impairs grown of synaptic connections and
contributes to nerve death Expectancy Effects
Slide 11
Opiates Opiates - - Agonist for endorphins. Morphine, heroin,
methadone and codeine. Pupils constrict, breathing slows, lethargy,
blissful pleasure replaces pain and anxiety Highly addictive Brain
stops producing own opiates (endorphins) brain will lack
painkilling neurotransmitters after withdrawal
Slide 12
Stimulants Stimulants - Excite neural activity and speed up
body processes. Increased heart and breathing rates, pupils dilate,
appetite diminishes, energy increases More powerful ones (like
cocaine) give people feelings of invincibility. Amphetamines
Methamphetamines Caffeine Nicotine Cocaine Ecstasy
Slide 13
Hallucinogens Psychedelics Causes changes in perceptions of
reality LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms and marijuana. Reverse
tolerance or synergistic effect
Slide 14
An altered state of consciousness in which people experience
fantastic images and often feel separated from their bodies is most
closely associated with the use of 1.Heroin 2.Cocaine
3.Barbiturates 4.Marijuana 5.LSD Table
Slide 15
Barbiturates are considered 1.Stimulants 2.Hallucinogens
3.Depressants 4.Opiates 5.Both a depressant and hallucinogen
Table
Slide 16
What do methamphetamine, caffeine and cocaine have in common?
1.They slow body functions and calm neural activity 2.They depress
neural functioning and reduce pain 3.The distort perceptions and
evoke sensations without sensory input 4.They excite neural
activity and arouse body function 5.They relax the body, lead to
disinhibition and produce euphoria Table