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HOMEOSTASIS IN
HUMAN
By Mrs Siti Marziah bt Mohd Dani, Biology Teacher MRSMKubang Pasu
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HUMAN 3.4 Synthesizing the concept of
homeostasis in humansA student is able to :
1) explain the necessity to maintain an optimalphysical and chemical condition in the internal
environment2) state the meaning of homeostasis3) design an experiment to study the effect of
different quantities of water intake on urine
output4) relate changes in blood osmotic pressure to
urine output5) describe the formation of urine
6) Relate the formation of urine to excretion
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The Necessity To Maintain An Optimal Physical And
Chemical Condition In The Internal Environment (LO)
Recall!!1. Internal environment
2. The physical conditions of internal environment
3. The chemical conditions of internal environment.4. Homeostasis
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The importance to have homeostasis
1. To ensure the physiological and metabolic processes inthe body can proceed in optimum rates
2. To ensure the growth and development processes occurnormally
3. To allow the organism to adjust to the changes in the
external environment
4. To make the organism less depending to the externalenvironment to survive
The Necessity To Maintain An Optimal Physical And
Chemical Condition In The Internal Environment (LO)
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State The Meaning Of Homeostasis (LO)
Homeostasis is defined as a process tomaintain a constant internal environment
that involved the regulation of the physicaland chemical factors /
Homeostasis didefinisikan sebagai suatu
proses pengekalan persekitaran dalamanyang stabil dengan melibatkan
pengawalaturan faktor fizikal dan kimia.
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1. What is internal environment ?Apakah itu persekitaran dalaman?
A. Environment where blood flow /persekitaran di mana darahmengalir
B. Environment where gaseos exchange occur /persekitaran di manapertukaran gas berlaku
C. Environment where the cells live / persekitaran di mana sel-sel hidup
D. Environment where metabolic reactions take place /persekitaran di
mana tindak balas berlaku
Answer / Jawapan : C
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2.Which of the following are the physical factors
that need to be regulate ?Manakah antara berikutadalah faktor fizikal yang perlu dikawalatur?
A. Body temperature / suhu badan
B. Salt and sugar level in blood / tahap garam dan guladalam darah
C. Partial pressure of oxygen / tekanan separa oksigen
D. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide / tekanan separa
karbon dioksida
Answer / Jawapan : A
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3. What make the internal environment inhuman body?Apakah yang membina
persekitaran dalaman dalam tubuh manusia?
A. Interstitial fluid and cells / cecair interstitial dan sel
B. Interstitial fluid and lymph / cecair interstitial danbendalir limfa
C. Blood and lymph / darah dan bendalir limfa
D. Interstitial fluid and blood / cecair interstitial dan darah
Answer / Jawapan : D
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Homeostasis in Human
Both the nervous system and the endocrine system
communicate and work together to maintain a stableinternal environment within the tolerable limits
If communication between both system is byhormones,
then the effectors are target organs/ If communication is by nerve impulses, then the effectors
are the muscles or glands
In most condition, homeostasis is achieved by using
negative feedback mechanism
In contrast of the negative feedback mechanism, there is
positive feedback mechanism
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WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM WITHPOSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM ?
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
-A corrective mechanism that returning the body system tonormal condition after undergo changes
-The changes can either involving :a physical or chemical factors in the system ( internalenvironment)
-excess / increase or deficiency / decrease in rates oramount or value-Examples will be discussed more in the following tutorial-an example is insulin which is secreted by islets of
Langerhans in pancreas to liver through blood vessels to
control blood glucose level
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NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK
MECHANISM
(controlling the
low blood
glucose levels)
NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK
MECHANISM
(controlling the
high blood glucose
levels)
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WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK MECHANISM WITH POSITIVE FEEDBACK
MECHANISM ?
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
-A mechanism that intensifies any changes that occur
-Tend to proceed in the same direction as the initial stimulus and noreversing back to return to normal condition
-Usually harmful and rare
Example : the release of hormone oxytoxin which
stimulate and intensifies uterine contraction during
labour
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Relate Changes In Blood Osmotic Pressure To
Urine Output
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Intro%20to%20water%20and%20ADH_009.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Intro%20to%20water%20and%20ADH_009.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Intro%20to%20water%20and%20ADH_009.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Intro%20to%20water%20and%20ADH_009.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Intro%20to%20water%20and%20ADH_009.pptx7/30/2019 3.4 Homeostasis OnwardNEW
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Water contentof the blood normal
Water content of
the blood HIGHWater content of
the blood LOW
Too much water drunk
Too much salt
or sweating
Brain
producesMore ADH
Urine output
LOW
Brain
produces
Less ADH
Urine output
HIGH
High volume of water
reabsorbed by kidney
Low volume of water
reabsorbed by kidney
(small volume of
Concentrated urine)
(large volume of
dilute urine)
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The kidney
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5 Functions of the kidneys
1. kidneys help to regulate the balance ofwater and salt in the body (Primary function)
2. Regulating blood osmotic presssure, bloodionic level, blood pressure and blood pH
3. Control the blood volume
4. Excrete waste products from metabolicreaction such as urea and creatinine (from
breakdown of amino acids) and uric acid(from breakdown of nucleic acids)
5. Excrete foreign substances from diet such as
drugs and toxins
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Excretion by the Kidney
Urea
-nitrogenous waste
-made by liver-excess amino acids in blood
-toxic
Why must nitrogenous waste be excreted?
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1 Filtration by the Kidney
Renal
artery
Ureter
Renal
vein
Supplied with blood
from renal arteryThe renal artery
divides into smaller
vessels that
eventually deliver
blood to the afferent
arteriol
Inside it splits into
many fine capillaries
(tangle capillary
network called
glomerulus)
Each capillary
supplies blood to
hundreds of
thousands of tiny
filtration units calledne hrons
Lets have a
look at a
nephron!!!
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Kidney structure and Nephron
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1. What is the name of the outer layer of kidney?
Apakah nama lapisan luar buah pinggang?
A. Medulla / medula
B. Cortex / korteks
C. Pelvis / pelvis
D. Nephrone / nefron Answer / Jawapan : B
2. Afferent arteriole will divide to form .
Arteriol aferen akan membahagi membentuk
A. Efferent capillaries / kapilari eferen
B. Afferent capillaries / kapilari aferen
C. Peritubular capillaries / kapilari peritubular
D. Glomerulus / glomerulus
Answer / Jawapan : D
Test your brain!!
h (f ti l it f kid )
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Nephron (functional unit of kidney)
Consists of 3 major part:1)Glomerulus
2)Bowman s capsule
3)A long, narrow tube called renal tubules
-The proximal convoluted tubule
-The loop of Henle-The distal convoluted tubule
The distal convoluted tubules of several tubules of
several nefrons join to a common collecting duct
three basic processes:1.Ultrafiltration,
2.reabsorption,
3. secretion.
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St t f h
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Structure of nephron
Label
Prepared by Mahadiah Muda. GC BIO SESERI
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Glomerulus
The glomerulus is the main filter of the nephronand is located within the Bowman's capsule.
The glomerulus resembles a twisted mass of tiny
tubes through which the blood passes. The glomerulus is semi permeable, allowing
water and soluble wastes to pass through into acapsular space as glomerular filtrate
The filtered blood passes out of the glomerulusinto the efferent arteriole.
Each efferent arteriole divides to form a networkof capillaries around the kidney tubules.
B ' l
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Bowman's capsule.
Bowmans capsule is made up of 2 layers ofcells and the space between the two layers ofcells is called capsular space
The cells that make up the inner wall ofBowmans capsule is called podocytes
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1. Ultrafiltration
Occurs at glomerulus.
High hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus
causes many constituent of the blood to befiltered out . It is because
-The blood is from the first branch of aorta
-The afferent arteriole has a larger diameter compared to
efferent arteriole
From glomerulus into the Bowmans capsule
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1. Glomerulus brings a largesurface area of blood capillariesin close contact with Bowmanscapsule
2. Liquid filtered from blood underhigh pressure (ultrafiltration)
3. Glomerular filtrate produced
containing:
-water
-glucose
-salts
-urea
(Protein molecules and red blood
cells do not pass into tubule as
they are TOO BIG!!!!)
Blood from
renal artery
enters wide
capillary
Blood travel
through
narrow
capillary
towards ren
veinGlomerular
filtrate
UitraFiltration
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Think and recall!!!
Which feature of the glomerulus helps theprocess of filtration?
Which 4 components of filtered blood appearin the glomerular filtrate?
Why do red blood cells and protein moleculesnot appear in the glomerular filtrate?
b i !!
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1. Composition of glomerular filtrate are moresimilar to
Komposisi hasil turasan glomerular adalah lebihmenyamai.
A. Blood plasma /plasma darah
B. Lymph / Bendalir limfa
C.Interstitial fluid / Cecair interstitial
D. Mucus / mukus
Answer / Jawapan : C
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t b i !!
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2. Which of the following substances present in the glomerular filtrate?
Antara bahan-bahan yang berikut yang manakah hadir dalam hasilturasab glomerular?
I. Hormones / hormon-hormon
II. Salt /garam
III. Fibrinogen /fibrinogen
IV. Red blood cell / sel darah merah
A. I and II / I dan II
B. I and III / I dan III
C. I, II and III / I, II dan III
D. I, II, III and IV / I, II, III dan IV
Answer / Jawapan : A
Hormones is small molecules wheres fibrinogen is one example ofplasma protein / Hormon adalah molekul yang kecil manakala fibrinogen
adalah contoh protein plasma
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Key Words!!
Nephron: structure in the kidney that acts asa microscopic filtration unit
Glomerulus: dense mass of very fine
blood capillaries at thenephron that act as a filter
Bowmans capusle: cup-shaped part of thenephron that holds aglomerulus and collects the
products of filtration from it
Glomerular filtrate: liquid removed from the blood byfiltration in the kidney
2 Reabsorption from renal tubule
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2 Reabsorption from renal tubule
to capillary network Over 99% of the filtrate will be reabsorbed into blood system
through the network of capillaries surrounding the renal tubuleto maintain the balance of water in human body
If nothing more happened in the nephron then all the usefulstuff would be lost in the urine!
Therefore, glucose, water and some salts need to bereabsorbed!
There are substances that are not reabsorb such as wasteproducts like creatinine, toxins, drugs and also water or anysolutes present in the body in excess
REABSORPTION IS A PROCESS WHERE
USEFUL SUBSTANCES IN FILTRATE
DIFFUSE ACROSS THE WALLS OF RENAL
TUBULE BACK INTO THE CAPILLARY
NETWOK.
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2
Reabsorption
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2
Reabsorption
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2
Reabsorption
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Glucosereabsorbed
Variable amounts of water
and salts reabsorbed and
filtrate gradually turning intourine
More water
reabsorbed
Final urine
containing:
-excess water
-unneeded salts
-waste urea
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Think.
Which three components of the glomerularfiltrate are reabsorbed?
Why is it important for these to bereabsorbed?
Which substances are present in the finalurine?
T t b i !!
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1. What is rebsorption ?Apakah yang dimaksudkan denganpenyerapan semula?
A. A process where substances from the filtrate are reabsorbed backinto capillaries network /proses di mana bahan-bahan dalam hasilturasan diserap semula ke dalam jalinan kapilari
B. A process where waste substances from blood are secreted out intothe filtrate /process di mana bahan buangan dalam darahdirembeskan keluar ke dalam hasil turasan
C. A process where waste substances from the filtrate are reabsorbedback into capillaries network /proses di mana bahan-bahan buangandalam hasil turasan diserap semula ke dalam jalinan kapilari
D. A process where substances from blood are filtrated out into thecapsular space /process di mana bahan-bahan dalam darah dituraskeluar ke dalam ruang kapsular
Answer / Jawapan : A
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T t b i !!
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2.Which of the following are the sites for reabsorption ?
Antara berikut yang manakah adalah tempat berlakunyapenyerapan semula?
I. Bowmans capsule / kapsul Bowman
II. Proximal convoluted tubule / tubul berlingkar proksimal
III. Loop of Henle / liku HenleIV. Pelvis renal / renal pelvis
A. I and II / I dan II
B. II and III / I dan III
C. III and IV/ III dan IV
D. I and IV / I dan IV
Answer / Jawapan : B
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3. Which of the following substances are reabsorb intonetwork of capillaries?
Antara bahan-bahan berikut yang manakah diserapsemula ke dalam jalinan kapilari ?
I. Urea / urea
II. Creatinine / kreatininIII. Water / air
IV. Potassium ions / ion potasium
A. I and II / I dan II
B. II and III / I dan III
C. III and IV/ III dan IV
D. I and IV / I dan IV
Answer / Jawapan : C
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4. Which of the match between substances and its methodof transport below is true ?
Manakah pasangan yang benar antara bahan dengan carapengangkutannya?
A. Water Osmosis /Air - Osmosis
B. Amino acids Simple diffusion /Asid amino - Peresapanringkas
C. Glucose Osmosis / Glukosa - Osmosis
D. Sodium ions Facilitated diffusion / Ion sodium
Peresapan berbantu Answer / Jawapan : A
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5. What will happen if glucose is not reabsorb?Apakah yang akan berlaku sekiranya glukosa tidak diserapsemula?
A. Use by the kidney / digunakan oleh buah pinggang
B. Store in the renal tubules / disimpan di dalam tubul-tubulrenal
C. Blood glucose level decrease / tahap glukosa dalamdarah menurun
D. Eliminate through urine / disingkirkan melalui airkencing
Answer / Jawapan : D
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6. Name the condition where glucose remains in the
urine of a diabetes patient? Namakan keadaan di mana glukosa kekal di dalam
air kencing pesakit kencing manis?
A. Hypoglycemia / hipoglisemiaB. Hyperglycemia / hiperglisemia
C. Glycosuria /glikosuria
D. Diabetes insipidus / diabetes insipidus Answer / Jawapan : C
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7. Which of the following substances are still reabsorbed atthe Loop of Henle ?
Antara berikut yang manakah bahan yang masih diserapsemula di Liku Henle?
I. Urea / urea
II. Water / airIII. Sodium ion / ion sodium
IV. Glucose /glukosa
A. I and II / I dan II
B. II and III / I dan III
C. III and IV/ III dan IV
D. I and IV / I dan IV
Answer / Jawapan : B
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3.The Formation of Urine Secretion
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3.The Formation of Urine
Secretion
REABSORPTION IS A PROCESS WHERE USEFULSUBSTANCES IN FILTRATE DIFFUSE ACROSS THEWALLS OF RENAL TUBULE BACK INTO THECAPILLARY NETWOK.
Whereas
SECRETION IS A PROCESS WHERE WASTE ANDEXCESS SUBSTANCES THAT WERE NOT INITIALLYFILTERED DURING ULTRAFILTRATION ARE
SECRETED INTO THE RENAL TUBULE FROMCAPILLARY NETWORK
3.The Formation of Urine Secretion
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Initially, only 20% of plasma is filtered into
the renal tubule during ultrafiltration
Hence, there still waste and excess
substances present in the blood /
That is why, we need secretion to secreted
these molecules into renal tubule
Secretion also takes place along renal tubulebut most active at the distal convoluted
tubule
3.The Formation of Urine
Secretion
3.The Formation of Urine Secretion
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Role of secretion :1. Eliminate and increase the rate of waste
removal from the body /2. Regulate blood levels of certain ions /
3. Regulate chemical constituency of blood
3.The Formation of Urine
Secretion
3.The Formation of Urine
Secretion
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Secretion like reabsorption involve both passive and activetransport
Examples of substances that are secreted :
1. Hydrogen ions (H+)
2. Potassium ions (K+)
3. Ammonia (NH3)4. Urea
5. Creatinine
6. Toxins
7. Certain drugs
3.The Formation of Urine
Secretion
Urinary system
6) Relate the formation of urine to
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Urinary system6) Relate the formation of urine toexcretion (LO) 1. From the
collecting duct,
Urine ischanneled to the
pelvis and to the
ureters
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1.Which of the following is the true pathway for excretion ofurine?
Manakah antara beikut merupakan laluan yang betul untukpenyingkiran air kencing ?
A. Urethra-Ureter-Pelvis renal-Urinary bladder / Uretra-
Ureter-Renal pelvis-Pundi kencingB. Pelvis renal-Ureter-Urethra-Urinary bladder / Renal
pelvis-Ureter-Uretra-Pundi kencing
C. Pelvis renal-Ureter-Urinary bladder-Urethra / Renal
pelvis-Ureter-Pundi kencing-UretraD. Urinary bladder-Ureter-Pelvis renal-Urethra / Pundi
kencing-Ureter-Renal pelvis-Uretra
Answer / Jawapan : C
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3.4 Synthesizing the concept of
homeostasis in humansA student is able to :
1. describe briefly the mechanism of
osmoregulation
2. predict the consequences of impaired kidney
function
1. OSMOREGULATION
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1. OSMOREGULATION
1. OSMOREGULATION
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Osmoregulation is achieved by1. Maintaining the blood volume
2. Maintaining the blood osmotic pressure /
3. Regulating the volume of urine production /
Osmoregulation will involve the negative feedbackmechanism
Is achieve by regulating the salts and water balance in
the body = blood osmotic pressure
The hormone that involved in osmoregulation is
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone hormone.
1. OSMOREGULATION
1. OSMOREGULATION
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1. OSMOREGULATION
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)-increases the permeability of the walls of RENALTUBULES towards the reabsorption of water toblood capillary.
ALDOSTERONE HORMONE
-Increase the permeability of the walls of renaltubule towards the reabsorption of salts to the
blood capillary
1. OSMOREGULATION
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OS O GU O
1. OSMOREGULATION
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How does it work?
http://h/marziah/biology/biology-form%205/coordinationnew/CHAPTER%2012-COORDINATION%20AND%20RESPONSE/OSMOREGULATION%20OF%20THE%20KIDNEY.swfhttp://h/marziah/biology/biology-form%205/coordinationnew/CHAPTER%2012-COORDINATION%20AND%20RESPONSE/OSMOREGULATION%20OF%20THE%20KIDNEY.swf7/30/2019 3.4 Homeostasis OnwardNEW
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1. What is osmotic blood pressure ?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan tekanan osmotic darah ?
A. Pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of wateracross a semipermeable membrane / tekanan yang perlu adalah pada sesuatucecair untuk mencegah pengaliran air yang melampau merentasi membran separatelap
B. Pressure that must be applied to a solution to allow the inward flow of wateracross a semipermeable membrane / tekanan yang perlu adalah pada sesuatucecair untuk membenarkan pengaliran air yang melampau merentasi membransepara telap
C. Pressure that must be applied to maintain the content of water in blood /
tekanan yang perlu untuk mengekalkan kandungan air dalam darahD. Pressure that must be applied to make sure the osmosis process for water
molecule in blood occur normally / tekanan yang perlu untuk memastikan prosesosmosis molekul air dalam darah berlaku secara normal
Answer / Jawapan : A
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure7/30/2019 3.4 Homeostasis OnwardNEW
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2. Which of the following can increase the osmotic bloodpressure ?
Antara berikut yang manakah akan meningkatkan tekananosmotik darah?
I. sweating / berpeluh
II. haemorrhage /perdarahanIII. drinking plenty of water / minum air dengan kuantiti yang
banyak
IV. eating / makan
A. I and II / I dan IIB. II and III / I dan III
C. III and IV/ III dan IV
D. I and IV / I dan IV
Answer Jawa an : A
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3. Which receptor detects changes in blood
osmotic pressure? Reseptor yang manakah mengesan tekanan
osmotik darah?
A. Chemoreceptor / kimoreseptor
B. Photoreceptor /fotoreseptor
C. Baroreceptor / baroreseptor
D. Osmoreceptor / osmoreseptor
Answer / Jawapan : D
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4. Which of the following statement is true regarding the correctivemechanism to decrease the osmotic pressure to normal value ?
Manakah antara pernyataan berikut adalah benar berkenaan mekanisma
pembetulan bagi menurunkan tekanan osmotik darah ke tahap yang
normal?
A. Pituitary gland will be stimulated to secrete aldostrone / Kelenjar
pituitary akan dirangsang bagi merembeskan hormon aldostron
B. Pituitary gland will be stimulated to secrete ADH / Kelenjar pituitary akan
dirangsang bagi merembeskan hormon ADH
C. Urine formed in large volume and more concentrated /Air kencing yang
terbentuk dalam isipadu yang besar dan lebih pekat
D. Urine formed in large volume and less concentrated /Air kencing yang
terbentuk dalam isipadu yang besar dan kurang pekat
Answer / Jawapan : B
Test your brain!!
Test your brain!!
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5. Which of the following does not involve in the
corrective mechanism of osmoregulation?
Manakah antara beikut tidak terlibat dalammekanisma pembetulan dalam
pengosmokawalaturan?A. Adrenal gland / kelenjar adrenal
B. Pituitary gland / kelenjar pituitari
C. Osmoreceptor / osmoreceptorD. Urinary bladder / Pundi kencing
Answer / Jawapan : D
Test your brain!!
THE CONSEQUENCES OF
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IMPAIRED KIDNEY FUNCTION
Kidneys can become damaged due injury ordiseases
Examples of diseases that can damage the kidneysare diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure.
Both diseases damage the glomerular capillaries.
A person can survive with one kidney if the otherone is damaged but if both kidney failed to
function, blood osmotic pressure and blood volumecannot be maintained and the will be excessivewaste products present in human body that can be
dangerous to health. THE CONSEQUENCES OF
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Kidneys failure can be treated :
1. Kidney transplant
2. Haemodialysis
IMPAIRED KIDNEY FUNCTION
1. HAEMODIALYSIS
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1. HAEMODIALYSIS
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Haemodialysis is a process of filtering bloodfrom the patients artery to remove metabolicwaste using artificial means such as a
machine which contains a dialyser (artificialkidney)
The dialyser has two spaces separated by a
semi-permeable membrane Blood presents and passes on one side of the
membrane and the sterile dialysis solution(dialysis fluid) presents and passes on the
other side 1. HAEMODIALYSIS
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The concentration of the dialysis fluid issimilar to the blood plasma. In other words ,itis isotonic to the blood plasma
The concentration gradient between theblood and the dialysis solution is created sothat the waste molecules or metabolic waste
from the blood can diffuse through the semi-permeable membrane into the dialysissolution
1. HAEMODIALYSIS
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The dialysis fluid isconstantly flowingand changed
regularly to removewaste substances andto maintain the
concentrationgradient between thepatients blood andthe dialysis fluid
1. STEPS OF HAEMODIALYSIS
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1. During haemodialysis/ semasa hemodialisis
2.Blood from the radial artery in patients arm ispumped into dialysis machine to be filtered/darah dari arteri radial dari tangan pesakit akandipam ke dalam mesin dialysis untuk ditapis
1. STEPS OF HAEMODIALYSIS
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3. In the machine, any waste substances that hashigher concentration than the normal level or anywaste product that are not present in the dialysis
fluid will diffuse out of the blood into the dialysissolution/ di dalam mesin tersebut, sebarangbahan yang hadir di dalam darah dan melepasi
tahap normal atau bahan buangan yang tidakada di dalam bendalir dialisis akan meresapkeluar dari darah ke dalam bendalir dialisis.
1. STEPS OF HAEMODIALYSIS
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Usually a patient need to undergo atreatment of dialysis for about 4-6 hours
and twice er week.
Precaution on the procedure/ langkah-langkah
keselamatan yang diambil sepanjang prosedur:-Heparin is added into the blood to preventcotting / heparin ditambah ke dalam daarh
untuk mengelakkan pembekuan darah-The dialysis fluid is maintained at bodytemperature (370C)/ bendalir dialisis dikekalkan
pada suhu badan (370
C)
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Why the dialysis fluid need to flow andchange continuously ?
Mengapa bendalir dialisis perlu mengalir danditukar secara berterusan?
To balance the osmotic pressure of blood /untuk menyeimbangkan tekanan osmotik
darah To remove the waste substances / untuk
menyingkirkan bahan buangan
To change the concentration gradient to a
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KIDNEY TRANSPLANT
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KIDNEY TRANSPLANT
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1. Involve an operation to transplant a healthy kidney
from a donor into a patient.2. Most likely to be successful if the kidney comes from
an identical twin (the donor)
3. If person does not have an identical twin, the nextbest donor is the one that have the same blood type(A/B/AB/O) and suitable.
4. There is a risk that the patient (recipient) reject thetransplanted organ
5. The patientis injected with medicine to conteractorgan rejection by the patients body
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