3.4 Homeostasis OnwardNEW

7/30/2019 3.4 Homeostasis OnwardNEW

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HOMEOSTASIS IN

HUMAN

By Mrs Siti Marziah bt Mohd Dani, Biology Teacher MRSMKubang Pasu


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HUMAN 3.4 Synthesizing the concept of

homeostasis in humansA student is able to :

1) explain the necessity to maintain an optimalphysical and chemical condition in the internal

environment2) state the meaning of homeostasis3) design an experiment to study the effect of

different quantities of water intake on urine

output4) relate changes in blood osmotic pressure to

urine output5) describe the formation of urine

6) Relate the formation of urine to excretion


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The Necessity To Maintain An Optimal Physical And

Chemical Condition In The Internal Environment (LO)

Recall!!1. Internal environment

2. The physical conditions of internal environment

3. The chemical conditions of internal environment.4. Homeostasis


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The importance to have homeostasis

1. To ensure the physiological and metabolic processes inthe body can proceed in optimum rates

2. To ensure the growth and development processes occurnormally

3. To allow the organism to adjust to the changes in the

external environment

4. To make the organism less depending to the externalenvironment to survive

The Necessity To Maintain An Optimal Physical And

Chemical Condition In The Internal Environment (LO)


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State The Meaning Of Homeostasis (LO)

Homeostasis is defined as a process tomaintain a constant internal environment

that involved the regulation of the physicaland chemical factors /

Homeostasis didefinisikan sebagai suatu

proses pengekalan persekitaran dalamanyang stabil dengan melibatkan

pengawalaturan faktor fizikal dan kimia.


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1. What is internal environment ?Apakah itu persekitaran dalaman?

A. Environment where blood flow /persekitaran di mana darahmengalir

B. Environment where gaseos exchange occur /persekitaran di manapertukaran gas berlaku

C. Environment where the cells live / persekitaran di mana sel-sel hidup

D. Environment where metabolic reactions take place /persekitaran di

mana tindak balas berlaku

Answer / Jawapan : C

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2.Which of the following are the physical factors

that need to be regulate ?Manakah antara berikutadalah faktor fizikal yang perlu dikawalatur?

A. Body temperature / suhu badan

B. Salt and sugar level in blood / tahap garam dan guladalam darah

C. Partial pressure of oxygen / tekanan separa oksigen

D. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide / tekanan separa

karbon dioksida

Answer / Jawapan : A

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3. What make the internal environment inhuman body?Apakah yang membina

persekitaran dalaman dalam tubuh manusia?

A. Interstitial fluid and cells / cecair interstitial dan sel

B. Interstitial fluid and lymph / cecair interstitial danbendalir limfa

C. Blood and lymph / darah dan bendalir limfa

D. Interstitial fluid and blood / cecair interstitial dan darah

Answer / Jawapan : D

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Homeostasis in Human

Both the nervous system and the endocrine system

communicate and work together to maintain a stableinternal environment within the tolerable limits

If communication between both system is byhormones,

then the effectors are target organs/ If communication is by nerve impulses, then the effectors

are the muscles or glands

In most condition, homeostasis is achieved by using

negative feedback mechanism

In contrast of the negative feedback mechanism, there is

positive feedback mechanism


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WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM WITHPOSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM ?

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

-A corrective mechanism that returning the body system tonormal condition after undergo changes

-The changes can either involving :a physical or chemical factors in the system ( internalenvironment)

-excess / increase or deficiency / decrease in rates oramount or value-Examples will be discussed more in the following tutorial-an example is insulin which is secreted by islets of

Langerhans in pancreas to liver through blood vessels to

control blood glucose level


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NEGATIVE

FEEDBACK

MECHANISM

(controlling the

low blood

glucose levels)

NEGATIVE

FEEDBACK

MECHANISM

(controlling the

high blood glucose

levels)


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WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NEGATIVE

FEEDBACK MECHANISM WITH POSITIVE FEEDBACK

MECHANISM ?

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

-A mechanism that intensifies any changes that occur

-Tend to proceed in the same direction as the initial stimulus and noreversing back to return to normal condition

-Usually harmful and rare

Example : the release of hormone oxytoxin which

stimulate and intensifies uterine contraction during

labour
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Intro%20to%20water%20and%20ADH_009.pptx


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Relate Changes In Blood Osmotic Pressure To

Urine Output
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Intro%20to%20water%20and%20ADH_009.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Intro%20to%20water%20and%20ADH_009.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Intro%20to%20water%20and%20ADH_009.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Intro%20to%20water%20and%20ADH_009.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/Intro%20to%20water%20and%20ADH_009.pptx


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Water contentof the blood normal

Water content of

the blood HIGHWater content of

the blood LOW

Too much water drunk

Too much salt

or sweating

Brain

producesMore ADH

Urine output

LOW

Brain

produces

Less ADH

Urine output

HIGH

High volume of water

reabsorbed by kidney

Low volume of water

reabsorbed by kidney

(small volume of

Concentrated urine)

(large volume of

dilute urine)


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The kidney


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5 Functions of the kidneys

1. kidneys help to regulate the balance ofwater and salt in the body (Primary function)

2. Regulating blood osmotic presssure, bloodionic level, blood pressure and blood pH

3. Control the blood volume

4. Excrete waste products from metabolicreaction such as urea and creatinine (from

breakdown of amino acids) and uric acid(from breakdown of nucleic acids)

5. Excrete foreign substances from diet such as

drugs and toxins


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Excretion by the Kidney

Urea

-nitrogenous waste

-made by liver-excess amino acids in blood

-toxic

Why must nitrogenous waste be excreted?


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1 Filtration by the Kidney

Renal

artery

Ureter

Renal

vein

Supplied with blood

from renal arteryThe renal artery

divides into smaller

vessels that

eventually deliver

blood to the afferent

arteriol

Inside it splits into

many fine capillaries

(tangle capillary

network called

glomerulus)

Each capillary

supplies blood to

hundreds of

thousands of tiny

filtration units calledne hrons

Lets have a

look at a

nephron!!!


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Kidney structure and Nephron


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1. What is the name of the outer layer of kidney?

Apakah nama lapisan luar buah pinggang?

A. Medulla / medula

B. Cortex / korteks

C. Pelvis / pelvis

D. Nephrone / nefron Answer / Jawapan : B

2. Afferent arteriole will divide to form .

Arteriol aferen akan membahagi membentuk

A. Efferent capillaries / kapilari eferen

B. Afferent capillaries / kapilari aferen

C. Peritubular capillaries / kapilari peritubular

D. Glomerulus / glomerulus


Test your brain!!

h (f ti l it f kid )


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Nephron (functional unit of kidney)

Consists of 3 major part:1)Glomerulus

2)Bowman s capsule

3)A long, narrow tube called renal tubules

-The proximal convoluted tubule

-The loop of Henle-The distal convoluted tubule

The distal convoluted tubules of several tubules of

several nefrons join to a common collecting duct

three basic processes:1.Ultrafiltration,

2.reabsorption,

3. secretion.


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St t f h


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Structure of nephron

Label

Prepared by Mahadiah Muda. GC BIO SESERI


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Glomerulus

The glomerulus is the main filter of the nephronand is located within the Bowman's capsule.

The glomerulus resembles a twisted mass of tiny

tubes through which the blood passes. The glomerulus is semi permeable, allowing

water and soluble wastes to pass through into acapsular space as glomerular filtrate

The filtered blood passes out of the glomerulusinto the efferent arteriole.

Each efferent arteriole divides to form a networkof capillaries around the kidney tubules.

B ' l
http://coe.fgcu.edu/faculty/greenep/kidney/nephron.htmlhttp://coe.fgcu.edu/faculty/greenep/kidney/nephron.html


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Bowman's capsule.

Bowmans capsule is made up of 2 layers ofcells and the space between the two layers ofcells is called capsular space

The cells that make up the inner wall ofBowmans capsule is called podocytes


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1. Ultrafiltration

Occurs at glomerulus.

High hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus

causes many constituent of the blood to befiltered out . It is because

-The blood is from the first branch of aorta

-The afferent arteriole has a larger diameter compared to

efferent arteriole

From glomerulus into the Bowmans capsule


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1. Glomerulus brings a largesurface area of blood capillariesin close contact with Bowmanscapsule

2. Liquid filtered from blood underhigh pressure (ultrafiltration)

3. Glomerular filtrate produced

containing:

-water

-glucose

-salts

-urea

(Protein molecules and red blood

cells do not pass into tubule as

they are TOO BIG!!!!)

Blood from

renal artery

enters wide

capillary

Blood travel

through

narrow

capillary

towards ren

veinGlomerular

filtrate

UitraFiltration


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Think and recall!!!

Which feature of the glomerulus helps theprocess of filtration?

Which 4 components of filtered blood appearin the glomerular filtrate?

Why do red blood cells and protein moleculesnot appear in the glomerular filtrate?

b i !!


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1. Composition of glomerular filtrate are moresimilar to

Komposisi hasil turasan glomerular adalah lebihmenyamai.

A. Blood plasma /plasma darah

B. Lymph / Bendalir limfa

C.Interstitial fluid / Cecair interstitial

D. Mucus / mukus


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t b i !!


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2. Which of the following substances present in the glomerular filtrate?

Antara bahan-bahan yang berikut yang manakah hadir dalam hasilturasab glomerular?

I. Hormones / hormon-hormon

II. Salt /garam

III. Fibrinogen /fibrinogen

IV. Red blood cell / sel darah merah

A. I and II / I dan II

B. I and III / I dan III

C. I, II and III / I, II dan III

D. I, II, III and IV / I, II, III dan IV


Hormones is small molecules wheres fibrinogen is one example ofplasma protein / Hormon adalah molekul yang kecil manakala fibrinogen

adalah contoh protein plasma

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Key Words!!

Nephron: structure in the kidney that acts asa microscopic filtration unit

Glomerulus: dense mass of very fine

blood capillaries at thenephron that act as a filter

Bowmans capusle: cup-shaped part of thenephron that holds aglomerulus and collects the

products of filtration from it

Glomerular filtrate: liquid removed from the blood byfiltration in the kidney

2 Reabsorption from renal tubule


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2 Reabsorption from renal tubule

to capillary network Over 99% of the filtrate will be reabsorbed into blood system

through the network of capillaries surrounding the renal tubuleto maintain the balance of water in human body

If nothing more happened in the nephron then all the usefulstuff would be lost in the urine!

Therefore, glucose, water and some salts need to bereabsorbed!

There are substances that are not reabsorb such as wasteproducts like creatinine, toxins, drugs and also water or anysolutes present in the body in excess

REABSORPTION IS A PROCESS WHERE

USEFUL SUBSTANCES IN FILTRATE

DIFFUSE ACROSS THE WALLS OF RENAL

TUBULE BACK INTO THE CAPILLARY

NETWOK.


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2

Reabsorption


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2

Reabsorption


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2

Reabsorption


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Glucosereabsorbed

Variable amounts of water

and salts reabsorbed and

filtrate gradually turning intourine

More water

reabsorbed

Final urine

containing:

-excess water

-unneeded salts

-waste urea


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Think.

Which three components of the glomerularfiltrate are reabsorbed?

Why is it important for these to bereabsorbed?

Which substances are present in the finalurine?

T t b i !!


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1. What is rebsorption ?Apakah yang dimaksudkan denganpenyerapan semula?

A. A process where substances from the filtrate are reabsorbed backinto capillaries network /proses di mana bahan-bahan dalam hasilturasan diserap semula ke dalam jalinan kapilari

B. A process where waste substances from blood are secreted out intothe filtrate /process di mana bahan buangan dalam darahdirembeskan keluar ke dalam hasil turasan

C. A process where waste substances from the filtrate are reabsorbedback into capillaries network /proses di mana bahan-bahan buangandalam hasil turasan diserap semula ke dalam jalinan kapilari

D. A process where substances from blood are filtrated out into thecapsular space /process di mana bahan-bahan dalam darah dituraskeluar ke dalam ruang kapsular


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T t b i !!


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2.Which of the following are the sites for reabsorption ?

Antara berikut yang manakah adalah tempat berlakunyapenyerapan semula?

I. Bowmans capsule / kapsul Bowman

II. Proximal convoluted tubule / tubul berlingkar proksimal

III. Loop of Henle / liku HenleIV. Pelvis renal / renal pelvis


B. II and III / I dan III

C. III and IV/ III dan IV

D. I and IV / I dan IV

Answer / Jawapan : B

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3. Which of the following substances are reabsorb intonetwork of capillaries?

Antara bahan-bahan berikut yang manakah diserapsemula ke dalam jalinan kapilari ?

I. Urea / urea

II. Creatinine / kreatininIII. Water / air

IV. Potassium ions / ion potasium






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4. Which of the match between substances and its methodof transport below is true ?

Manakah pasangan yang benar antara bahan dengan carapengangkutannya?

A. Water Osmosis /Air - Osmosis

B. Amino acids Simple diffusion /Asid amino - Peresapanringkas

C. Glucose Osmosis / Glukosa - Osmosis

D. Sodium ions Facilitated diffusion / Ion sodium

Peresapan berbantu Answer / Jawapan : A

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5. What will happen if glucose is not reabsorb?Apakah yang akan berlaku sekiranya glukosa tidak diserapsemula?

A. Use by the kidney / digunakan oleh buah pinggang

B. Store in the renal tubules / disimpan di dalam tubul-tubulrenal

C. Blood glucose level decrease / tahap glukosa dalamdarah menurun

D. Eliminate through urine / disingkirkan melalui airkencing


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6. Name the condition where glucose remains in the

urine of a diabetes patient? Namakan keadaan di mana glukosa kekal di dalam

air kencing pesakit kencing manis?

A. Hypoglycemia / hipoglisemiaB. Hyperglycemia / hiperglisemia

C. Glycosuria /glikosuria

D. Diabetes insipidus / diabetes insipidus Answer / Jawapan : C

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7. Which of the following substances are still reabsorbed atthe Loop of Henle ?

Antara berikut yang manakah bahan yang masih diserapsemula di Liku Henle?

I. Urea / urea

II. Water / airIII. Sodium ion / ion sodium

IV. Glucose /glukosa






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3.The Formation of Urine Secretion


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3.The Formation of Urine

Secretion

REABSORPTION IS A PROCESS WHERE USEFULSUBSTANCES IN FILTRATE DIFFUSE ACROSS THEWALLS OF RENAL TUBULE BACK INTO THECAPILLARY NETWOK.

Whereas

SECRETION IS A PROCESS WHERE WASTE ANDEXCESS SUBSTANCES THAT WERE NOT INITIALLYFILTERED DURING ULTRAFILTRATION ARE

SECRETED INTO THE RENAL TUBULE FROMCAPILLARY NETWORK



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Initially, only 20% of plasma is filtered into

the renal tubule during ultrafiltration

Hence, there still waste and excess

substances present in the blood /

That is why, we need secretion to secreted

these molecules into renal tubule

Secretion also takes place along renal tubulebut most active at the distal convoluted

tubule


Secretion



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Role of secretion :1. Eliminate and increase the rate of waste

removal from the body /2. Regulate blood levels of certain ions /

3. Regulate chemical constituency of blood


Secretion


Secretion


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Secretion like reabsorption involve both passive and activetransport

Examples of substances that are secreted :

1. Hydrogen ions (H+)

2. Potassium ions (K+)

3. Ammonia (NH3)4. Urea

5. Creatinine

6. Toxins

7. Certain drugs


Secretion

Urinary system

6) Relate the formation of urine to


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Urinary system6) Relate the formation of urine toexcretion (LO) 1. From the

collecting duct,

Urine ischanneled to the

pelvis and to the

ureters

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1.Which of the following is the true pathway for excretion ofurine?

Manakah antara beikut merupakan laluan yang betul untukpenyingkiran air kencing ?

A. Urethra-Ureter-Pelvis renal-Urinary bladder / Uretra-

Ureter-Renal pelvis-Pundi kencingB. Pelvis renal-Ureter-Urethra-Urinary bladder / Renal

pelvis-Ureter-Uretra-Pundi kencing

C. Pelvis renal-Ureter-Urinary bladder-Urethra / Renal

pelvis-Ureter-Pundi kencing-UretraD. Urinary bladder-Ureter-Pelvis renal-Urethra / Pundi

kencing-Ureter-Renal pelvis-Uretra


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3.4 Synthesizing the concept of

homeostasis in humansA student is able to :

1. describe briefly the mechanism of

osmoregulation

2. predict the consequences of impaired kidney

function

1. OSMOREGULATION


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1. OSMOREGULATION

1. OSMOREGULATION


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Osmoregulation is achieved by1. Maintaining the blood volume

2. Maintaining the blood osmotic pressure /

3. Regulating the volume of urine production /

Osmoregulation will involve the negative feedbackmechanism

Is achieve by regulating the salts and water balance in

the body = blood osmotic pressure

The hormone that involved in osmoregulation is

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone hormone.

1. OSMOREGULATION

1. OSMOREGULATION


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1. OSMOREGULATION

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)-increases the permeability of the walls of RENALTUBULES towards the reabsorption of water toblood capillary.

ALDOSTERONE HORMONE

-Increase the permeability of the walls of renaltubule towards the reabsorption of salts to the

blood capillary

1. OSMOREGULATION


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OS O GU O

1. OSMOREGULATION


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How does it work?
http://h/marziah/biology/biology-form%205/coordinationnew/CHAPTER%2012-COORDINATION%20AND%20RESPONSE/OSMOREGULATION%20OF%20THE%20KIDNEY.swfhttp://h/marziah/biology/biology-form%205/coordinationnew/CHAPTER%2012-COORDINATION%20AND%20RESPONSE/OSMOREGULATION%20OF%20THE%20KIDNEY.swf


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1. What is osmotic blood pressure ?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan tekanan osmotic darah ?

A. Pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of wateracross a semipermeable membrane / tekanan yang perlu adalah pada sesuatucecair untuk mencegah pengaliran air yang melampau merentasi membran separatelap

B. Pressure that must be applied to a solution to allow the inward flow of wateracross a semipermeable membrane / tekanan yang perlu adalah pada sesuatucecair untuk membenarkan pengaliran air yang melampau merentasi membransepara telap

C. Pressure that must be applied to maintain the content of water in blood /

tekanan yang perlu untuk mengekalkan kandungan air dalam darahD. Pressure that must be applied to make sure the osmosis process for water

molecule in blood occur normally / tekanan yang perlu untuk memastikan prosesosmosis molekul air dalam darah berlaku secara normal


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipermeable_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure


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2. Which of the following can increase the osmotic bloodpressure ?

Antara berikut yang manakah akan meningkatkan tekananosmotik darah?

I. sweating / berpeluh

II. haemorrhage /perdarahanIII. drinking plenty of water / minum air dengan kuantiti yang

banyak

IV. eating / makan

A. I and II / I dan IIB. II and III / I dan III



Answer Jawa an : A

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3. Which receptor detects changes in blood

osmotic pressure? Reseptor yang manakah mengesan tekanan

osmotik darah?

A. Chemoreceptor / kimoreseptor

B. Photoreceptor /fotoreseptor

C. Baroreceptor / baroreseptor

D. Osmoreceptor / osmoreseptor


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4. Which of the following statement is true regarding the correctivemechanism to decrease the osmotic pressure to normal value ?

Manakah antara pernyataan berikut adalah benar berkenaan mekanisma

pembetulan bagi menurunkan tekanan osmotik darah ke tahap yang

normal?

A. Pituitary gland will be stimulated to secrete aldostrone / Kelenjar

pituitary akan dirangsang bagi merembeskan hormon aldostron

B. Pituitary gland will be stimulated to secrete ADH / Kelenjar pituitary akan

dirangsang bagi merembeskan hormon ADH

C. Urine formed in large volume and more concentrated /Air kencing yang

terbentuk dalam isipadu yang besar dan lebih pekat

D. Urine formed in large volume and less concentrated /Air kencing yang

terbentuk dalam isipadu yang besar dan kurang pekat


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5. Which of the following does not involve in the

corrective mechanism of osmoregulation?

Manakah antara beikut tidak terlibat dalammekanisma pembetulan dalam

pengosmokawalaturan?A. Adrenal gland / kelenjar adrenal

B. Pituitary gland / kelenjar pituitari

C. Osmoreceptor / osmoreceptorD. Urinary bladder / Pundi kencing


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THE CONSEQUENCES OF


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IMPAIRED KIDNEY FUNCTION

Kidneys can become damaged due injury ordiseases

Examples of diseases that can damage the kidneysare diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure.

Both diseases damage the glomerular capillaries.

A person can survive with one kidney if the otherone is damaged but if both kidney failed to

function, blood osmotic pressure and blood volumecannot be maintained and the will be excessivewaste products present in human body that can be

dangerous to health. THE CONSEQUENCES OF


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Kidneys failure can be treated :

1. Kidney transplant

2. Haemodialysis

IMPAIRED KIDNEY FUNCTION

1. HAEMODIALYSIS


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1. HAEMODIALYSIS


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Haemodialysis is a process of filtering bloodfrom the patients artery to remove metabolicwaste using artificial means such as a

machine which contains a dialyser (artificialkidney)

The dialyser has two spaces separated by a

semi-permeable membrane Blood presents and passes on one side of the

membrane and the sterile dialysis solution(dialysis fluid) presents and passes on the

other side 1. HAEMODIALYSIS


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The concentration of the dialysis fluid issimilar to the blood plasma. In other words ,itis isotonic to the blood plasma

The concentration gradient between theblood and the dialysis solution is created sothat the waste molecules or metabolic waste

from the blood can diffuse through the semi-permeable membrane into the dialysissolution

1. HAEMODIALYSIS


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The dialysis fluid isconstantly flowingand changed

regularly to removewaste substances andto maintain the

concentrationgradient between thepatients blood andthe dialysis fluid

1. STEPS OF HAEMODIALYSIS


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1. During haemodialysis/ semasa hemodialisis

2.Blood from the radial artery in patients arm ispumped into dialysis machine to be filtered/darah dari arteri radial dari tangan pesakit akandipam ke dalam mesin dialysis untuk ditapis



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3. In the machine, any waste substances that hashigher concentration than the normal level or anywaste product that are not present in the dialysis

fluid will diffuse out of the blood into the dialysissolution/ di dalam mesin tersebut, sebarangbahan yang hadir di dalam darah dan melepasi

tahap normal atau bahan buangan yang tidakada di dalam bendalir dialisis akan meresapkeluar dari darah ke dalam bendalir dialisis.



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Usually a patient need to undergo atreatment of dialysis for about 4-6 hours

and twice er week.

Precaution on the procedure/ langkah-langkah

keselamatan yang diambil sepanjang prosedur:-Heparin is added into the blood to preventcotting / heparin ditambah ke dalam daarh

untuk mengelakkan pembekuan darah-The dialysis fluid is maintained at bodytemperature (370C)/ bendalir dialisis dikekalkan

pada suhu badan (370

C)


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Why the dialysis fluid need to flow andchange continuously ?

Mengapa bendalir dialisis perlu mengalir danditukar secara berterusan?

To balance the osmotic pressure of blood /untuk menyeimbangkan tekanan osmotik

darah To remove the waste substances / untuk

menyingkirkan bahan buangan

To change the concentration gradient to a


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KIDNEY TRANSPLANT


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KIDNEY TRANSPLANT


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1. Involve an operation to transplant a healthy kidney

from a donor into a patient.2. Most likely to be successful if the kidney comes from

an identical twin (the donor)

3. If person does not have an identical twin, the nextbest donor is the one that have the same blood type(A/B/AB/O) and suitable.

4. There is a risk that the patient (recipient) reject thetransplanted organ

5. The patientis injected with medicine to conteractorgan rejection by the patients body

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