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From the Chie Technology Ocer
The Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program is the sole
discretionary research and development (R&D) investment program at Sandia.
LDRD provides the opportunity or our technical sta to contribute to our
Nations uture, to our collective ability to address and nd solutions to a range
o daunting scientic and technological challenges. The results o their work willshape the course o science and technology in the remainder o the twenty-rst
century and beyond.
In this brochure, we are showcasing some o the exciting, leading-edge LDRD
research underway, here at Sandia. This is an opportunity to read about the
breadth o outstanding work underway within the program, specically, 37
projects that were ongoing in 2010. Featured are research highlights o the
recipients o LDRD Awards or Excellence. These are awards given to a small
number o our PIs to acknowledge some o the outstanding work in the program
and the impact it is having on mission execution.
J. Stephen Rottler
CTO and Vice President
Science, Technology, and Engineering
Research Foundations
505-844-3882
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About LDRD
Maintaining Sandias world-class
science, technology, and engineer-
ing capabilities and anticipating
their evolution in response to uture
challenges are absolutely essentialto the Laboratories ability to address
national security needs. Authorized
by Congress in 1992, the Laboratory
Directed Research and Development
(LDRD) Program reects precisely that
congressional intent to encourage
and sustain preeminent science and
technology by investing in high-risk,
potentially high-payo research and
development. The program is designed
to proactively anticipate the breadthand depth o research and technological
development that oncoming challenges
will require.
LDRD projects seek innovative technical
solutions to our nations most-signif-
cant challenges, oten in collaboration
with corporate and academic partners.
LDRD allows Sandia to recruit and retain
outstanding scientifc and engineering
talent in service to the Laboratoriesfve primary strategic business areas:
nuclear weapons; energy resources and
nonprolieration; deense systems and
assessments; homeland security and
deense; and science, technology, and
engineering oundations.
For further information, contact:
Henry R. Westrich
LDRD Program Manager
505-844-9092
CONTENTS
Cover Image:
WriterVin LoPrestiSandia Stafng Alliance, LLC
Graphic DesignChris BrigmanSandia National Laboratories
Nanoscience 7
Computation and Simulation 10
Materials Science &
Microsystem Engineering 14
Homeland Security Applications 21
Life and Cognitive Sciences 25
Drawing o single wall carbon nanotube showing dye
molecules noncovalently bound to the nanotube wall;
cis-trans isomerization o the dye upon light absorptio
accounts or changes in voltage and current ow in th
nanostructure (or story, see page 5 o this publication
Here, the approximate conormational dirence in the
isomers is illustrated, with the cis isomer at center and
trans isomer at let.
2010 LDRD Award for Excellence
Winners:
5, 6, 9, 13, 14, 20, 24
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Drawing o single wall carbon nanotube showing
dye molecule noncovalently bound to the nanotube
wall; the cis-trans isomerization o the dye upon light
absorption accounts or changes in voltage and current
ow in this nanostructure (also see the ront cover o this
publication).
The transormation o light
(electromagnetic) energy intoelectrical or ionic currents is a key
step in several biological processes (vision,
photosynthesis) as well as the critical step
in photovoltaic technologies. Within this
eld o optoelectronics, single wall carbon
nanotubes (SWCs) oer several attractive
eatures because o their direct bandgaps
and also the possibility o ballistic electron
transport (electron motion with negligible
scattering eects). Unortunately, photo-
electric transormation in carbon nanotubeshas generally been limited to irradiation at
high intensity, such as in the case o laser
illumination o the nanotubes, whose range
o spectral response is limited. Tis project
sought to chemically modiy carbon nanotubes
in order to render them sensitive to lower
light intensity, as well as to seek to target the
response to specic regions o the optical
spectrum, and to characterize this behavior at a
undamental level.
Prior LDRD-unded research in this
area had indicated that a chromophore-
unctionalized nanotube could unction as a
light-switched electrical current conductor,
and this project leveraged that result by
illustrating that nanoscale color photo-
detection at low intensities was possible. Tis
was achieved by noncovalently modiying
nanotubes with dierent chromophores,
chemical variants o azobenzene. By
choosing dierent chromophores, the project
investigators obtained optical detection (a
voltage di erence across the nanotube) in
speciically targeted regions o the visible
spectrum. Evaluating the source o this
voltage indicated that the optical switching
resulted rom the cis-trans isomerization
o the chromophores, with a relatively
small change in the electrostatic potential
between the two isomers ampliied into
a larger voltage shit. his result veriied
that chromophore-modiied SWCs can
transduce the photoabsorption-induced
chromophore isomerization into electrical
signals at low light intensity, and with
color (wavelength) selectivity within the
visible spectrum. Ongoing work has utilized
these indings to abricate chromophore-nanotube p-n junct ion photovoltaic devices,
utilizing modeling to enable discovery o
chromophores in the upper visible and near-
inrared spectral regions.
Energy Conversion using Chromophore-functionalized
Carbon Nanotubes Andrew Vance
LDRDAward
forExcellence
Dye
molecule
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Micrograph o quantum wells at the edge o a
V-deect in indium gallium nitride
In an era o diminishing energy resources
and global climate change, solid-statelighting is a key technology. I LED electrical-
to-optical energy conversion eciency goals o
50% or greater could be achieved, worldwide
electricity consumption due to lighting
could be decreased by more than 50%, total
consumption o electricity by more than
10%. Yet, a undamental challenge involves
understanding the nanoscale science that
governs light generation and extraction rom
visible LED semiconductor materials and
developing nanoscale engineering conceptsto achieve the signicant increases in LED
optical eciency that are required to make
global SSL a commercial reality. In addition,
UV semiconductor lasers have key applications
in biological/chemical threat detection. Te
research outcomes produced in this project
have brought a breadth and depth o clarity to
the solid state lighting community, publicized
through not only scholarly publications but
also through partnership with Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and through theNational Institute or Nano Engineering
(NINE).
Tis team undertook a group o undamental
studies aimed at improving the eciency o
light emission rom indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) light-emitting pn-junctions, critical to
LEDs and semiconductor injection lasers. One
set o investigations aimed at understanding
actors limiting internal quantum eciency
(IQE), with an emphasis on nanoscale deects,and other research initiatives experimented
with nanoengineering approaches to increasing
light extraction. A major emphasis was the
study o LED eciency droop at high currents,
concluding the absence o a strong dependence
on threading dislocation density, and consistent
with a carrier leakage explanation. Other
investigations shed new light on the controversy
surrounding the relationship between v-deect
density and IQE. A urther study explained
the anomalous ideality actors o InGaN LEDs
as relating to internal polarization elds. Inparallel, several advanced light extraction
methods employed nanoscale engineering
o dielectric or metallic materials, especially
light-extraction eciency enhancement via
graded-reractive-index coatings. Signicant
enhancement o light emission rom InGaN
quantum wells via coupling to surace
plasmons in a nanopatterned metal coating was
also demonstrated.
Nanoengineering for Solid State Lighting
(and Other Applications) Mary CrawfordLDRDAward
forExcellence
20 m
V-defect sidewall
InGaN quantum wells
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Diagram o dynamics at a silicon-aluminum interace
with a disordered interacial region o aluminum,
treated as a crystalline region with grain size, .
Electron micrographs o a graphene-TiO2
composite
(top) that sel-assembles at a liquid-air interace
and shows photoresponsive characteristics whendeposited on an interdigitated electrode (bottom).
Nanoscience
Nanosc
ience 50 m
200 nm
20 m
The design o materials that respond to changing environmental
conditions with altered physical and/or chemical properties is
a leading-edge materials area that will impact undamental
scientic as well as several Sandia mission areas, particularly
where nanocomposites are utilized, including energy security
and weapons. For example, polymeric materials in gasket seals
would adapt to diering temperatures and humidity such that
they maintain an optimal degree o unctionality regardless o
climate variations.
As a undamental incursion into this nascent eld, this project
includes collaborations with numerous academic partners,
allowing diverse experimental and modeling exploration
o various nanoparticle-polymer composites, including,
or example, metals and electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone,
graphene-titania whose sel-assembling lms are
photoresponsive and alkylsilane-coated silica nanoparticles
with organic molecules such as squalene (model elastomer).
Industrial collaborators, such as Goodyear, Exxon/Mobil, and
Intel are potential customers or project outcomes.
Large heat uxes generated during the operation o
nanoelectronics systems have become a signicant limiting
actor because inadequate heat dissipation increases operating
temperature, thus degrading perormance and shortening device
lietime. With ongoing decreases in size o such systems, thermalmanagement issues increasingly arise at interaces between
dierent materials, where energy carrier scattering is prominent.
This problem is even more pronounced in high-powered systems
such as modern weapons, sensors, signal processors, and
energy-conversion systems.
This project has examined these phenomena at a undamental-
physics level, both through modeling and experiment, using
the techniques o time-domain thermoreectance (TDTR)
and measurements o interacial phonon scattering. Results
indicate that in electric-eld-directed convective assembly o
titanium dioxide nanoparticle lms, thermal conductivity is
very low, is tunable, and can be explained by phonon scattering
at nanoparticle boundaries. Given that phononic crystals can
control phonon dispersion, utilizing such crystals to control
thermal transport in nanosystems provides a means o reducing
thermal conductivity.
Responsive Nanocomposites
Tim Boyle
Interacial Electron
and Phonon ScatteringProcesses in High-poweredNanoscale Applications
Patrick Hopkins
DisorderedAL region
Aluminum Silicon
(1)
(2)
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A single layer o hexagonally bonded carbon atoms, graphenes
high-perormance electronic properties, its physical strength,
potential or band gap manipulation and other properties
make it a promising candidate as a novel semiconductor in
nanoelectronics. However, techniques must be developed to
reproducibly deposit and/or synthesize high-quality graphene
onto waer-scale areas. Given the paucity o undamental
knowledge about graphene ormation and deects that may
arise, the genesis o such large-area graphene sheets is a
daunting proposition.
This project is pursuing multiple approaches to synthesize
reduced-deect graphene sheets and transerring them to other
suraces, the goal to produce graphene with ever-higher carrier
mobility, predicted to be as high as ~200,000 cm 2/Vsec because
o quantum electrodynamic eects. The project has ormed
graphene by thermal decomposition o silicon carbide, and
nucleated the vapor on dierent metals. In addition, the team
Creating dened nanoscale patterns is undamental to the
microelectronics industrymicrochips and inormation storage
devicesas well as exhibiting potential applications in other areas
such as nanouidics. Standard approaches to patterning involve
lithography, with shorter wavelengths o irradiation utilized or
nanopatterning, techniques that are expensive, time-consuming,
and limited in the scope o potential patternable materials.
This project is developing an inexpensive approach toward
creating directionally aligned nanoscale patterns on a
variety o suraces, utilizing micron-scale directed assembly
to drive nanoscale sel-assembly. Micron-sized eatures are
lithographically dened (by sot lithography or standard UV
lithography, and a mixed polymer monolayer is synthesized
within these dened eatures. Nanoscale phase separation o
the mixed polymer layer within the eature can yield a variety o
has been successul in transerring graphene to glass substrates
and characterizing properties using low energy electron
microscopy (LEEM), Raman spectroscopy, and measurements
o electronic transport, during which the integer quantum Hall
eect has been observed.
nanopatterned suraces as initiators upon which to grow urther
polymers, depending upon the specic parameters o phase
separation, with eatures tens o nanometers in scale.
Enabling GrapheneNanoelectronics
Stephen Howell
Nanolithography by
Combined Sel-Assemblyand Directed-Assembly
Dale Huber
Graphene molecular structure (let) and micrograph
o layered graphene sheets grown on silicon
carbide (right).
Measurements o extent o polymer growth rom
a surace nanopatterned by phase separation o a
mixed polymer growth initiator.
50 nm50 nm
Nanoscience
Nanoscience
14 m
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The ability to accurately model atomic
and molecular systems is key to
predicting and designing materials or
particular applications without conducting
laborious experimental protocols. For
example, the Sandia solar-thermal tower
employs a molten salt to store thermal
energy rom sunlight, later releasing it to
drive a mechanical engine that turns an
electrical generator, thus converting sunlightto electricity. he salt can be heated to 600
C, but at the top o the tower, temperatures
at or above 1000 C are reached;
problematically the salt decomposes,
losing its chemical structure above 600 C.
Additionally, the salt remains liquid able
to low through the systems pipes only
above 100 C, and it must be heated to the
boiling point o water at night. What i a salt
could be ound that remained l iquid at room
temperature and absorbed the maximumamount o available solar thermal energy
without decomposing? A daunting task to an
experimentalist, it becomes more tractable
with computational modeling, predicting
desired properties directly rom structural,
bonding and quantum considerations.
Bridging statistical mechanics,
density unctional theory (DF), and
Computational Schemes for Predictive Modeling
and Engineering of Materials Anatole Von Lilienfeld
computer science, this young a nd highly
interdisciplinary ield o atomistic
computational material s design has, in
this project, been used to investigate
several important Sandia energy-security
areas. In addition to the heat-transer
luids just described, nanocluster metal
catalysts were studied or eicient
conversion o ca rbon dioxide, methane,
or oxygen or sustainable energyapplications, and quantitative structure-
property relationships were developed or
rapid but accurate predictions o cha rge
transport properties in photovoltaic
applications. At a more-undamental level,
high-dimensional property gradients in
compound space were derived within
density unctional theory (DF), and
implemented and tested numerical ly.
Interatomic three-body van der Waals
orces, typically neglec ted, were shownto be substantial in real materials. Also
examined were intrinsic deects in GaAs,
and long range interactions in nanoscale
sciences. his research urthered the
accuracy o computational materials
modeling, a key step orward toward
routinely engineering improved materials
prior to attempting experimental
realization.
LDRDAward
forExcellence
Laboratory Directed Research and Development 2010 Highlights
Purine-pyrimidine
base-pairing in DNA,
or which project
results suggest a new
understanding o what
is sometimes described
as the intrinsic
mutation rate.
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A measurement o channel activity rom which
numerous vectors extracted rom a key-generation
window provide adequate binary data or use as
private cryptography keys.
Private-key cryptographyalgorithms by which data
is encrypted beore transmission, then decrypted at its
destinationemploys a class o algorithms that use an
identical key or both encryption and decryption. Because this
key must be private and at the same time, distributed among
communicating nodes, a secure key-distribution inrastructure
is required. Such an inrastructure is ineasible in certain
scenarios, and in these cases, alternative methods or managing
keying variables have been proposed, one o which utilizes the
communications channel itsel to generate a keying variable; this
eliminates eavesdropping, because third-parties do not share
that same communication channel.
This project developed a system or generating data or
cryptography rom the characteristics o the transmission
channel, data that remains private to transmitter and receiver o
the encrypted inormation. The research has established a test
bed or cryptography that could enable secure communications
in ad hoc scenarios such as a battleeld or in the deployment
o scattered sensors) where a key-management system is
otherwise unavailable.
The Generation o Cryptographic Keysthrough Impulse Response Estimation
Michael Forman
Airborne ground-imaging radars suer rom a velocity
blindness. Because o the dierent processing intervals utilized
or ground moving target indication (GMTI) as compared with
stationary synthetic aperture radar (SAR), there are velocity
regions where vehicles cannot be imaged and detected.
Obviously, these blind spots create problematic security gaps.
For example, ollowing individual vehicles over typical velocity
changes experienced while maneuvering in trafc is extremely
Velocity Independent ContinuousTracking Radar
David Harmony
Three rames tracking vehicle movement along a road (let o each rame). Vehicle (arrow) is stopped, but
nonetheless imaged in the middle rame.
difcult. When a vehicle slows or stops, tracking becomes
virtually impossible or present systems.
This projects goal was to develop algorithms creating an
integrated model that combines videoSAR and GMTI signal
processing rom a single data stream to eliminate such velocity
gaps and then implement the algorithms into real-time radar
sotware to evaluate their perormance. The desired outcome
is a new radar mode similar to optical ull motion video, but
with the capability o night and day all-weather vehicle tracking
independent o target velocity.
Computationand
Simulation
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MEGATUX: An Internet Emulation System to EnablePredictive Simulation o Nation-scale Internet Behavior
Ronald Minnich
Geographic map o the network activity o the
Sandbot malware developed or this project.
Our adversaries are networks, is a key theme articulated by this
project, underlining the act that there are countless networkso people and computers with goals adversarial to the interests
o the U.S. The problem or intelligence analysts is that these
networks oten reveal themselves only through a coalescence o
parts, oten temporally and geographically dispersed.
This project posits that network characterization requires
methods or identiying hidden properties/relationships and
or analyzing network structure; or example, it has revealed
that the dynamics o relevant social networks are more
important than their intrinsic parameters. Analysts need to
be able to predict the evolution o a networks properties. Toensure usability, algorithms are assembled into careully tested
prototypes; three have been developed over the projects
course. A human actors team has worked closely with actual
The open network structure o the internet can leave critical
computers particularly those o U. S. Government agencies
open to attack by malware such as botnets. These bits o
malicious sotware inect computers on a network, subsequently
allowing the originator o the bot to gain control o a nexus o
personal computers or a variety o malicious purposes rom
email spamming to identity thet.
While orensics to detect such malicious activity has been
successul in prosecuting some perpetrators, there may bemore-efcient ways to detect and thwart or mitigate such
activity to reduce its impact. This project is constructing an
emulation platorm that will allow modeling, analysis, and
prediction o the behavior o nation-scale networks o one
to ten million machines, which will be sel-organizing, as is
the Internet. This system will allow introduction o malware,
intelligence analysts eliciting their responses to toolkits-in-
development, ensuring that renements reect real-world
applicability. The project has been able to represent andvisualize in graphs the uncertainty in network analysis, such as
in the small percentage o blogs that can act as early warning
sensors.
Network Discovery,Characterization, andPrediction
Philip Kegelmeyer
Data plot indicating that an increase in the entropy o
certain blogs can be a actor preceding increases in online
conversations about violence.
permitting the modeling o attacks that have succeeded against
U. S. Government organizations, thereby devising detection and
mitigation strategies. A malware prototype known as Sandbot
has been developed to acilitate this study.
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Model o turbulent ow within contactor
extraction device.
With the increased likelihood that nuclear energy will actor into
the equation or energy production with a low-carbon ootprint,models o nuclear reprocessing plants are needed to support
nuclear materials accountancy, nonprolieration, plant design,
and plant scale-up.
This project is developing predictive capabilities targeting the
design and monitoring o a next-generation nuclear uel cycle
to enable economical large-scale reprocessing with accurate
material balances. In addition to plutonium/uranium extraction
and separation models which are being developed at several
process scales, rom single solution droplet to the contactor
device in which extractions occur plant ow sheets will becreated. A novel, scalable network model will thus allow coupling
o massively parallel contactor models to simple models or other
plant unit operations. This will be key to support nonprolieration
Multiscale Models o Nuclear Waste Reprocessing:From the Mesoscale to the Plant-Scale
Rekha Rao
activities, including material accountancy, plant design,and diversion scenarios. Models will be validated through
experiments at Sandia and in collaboration with Oak Ridge
National Laboratory.
Scenario rom one o the evaluated training modules.
Adaptive sel-paced and customized anytime-anywhere
training in intercultural human interaction is one o the top
ve priority U.S. Army Future Force warghter outcomes.
Consequently, the military extensively utilizes deployed game-
based training around the world. However, military leaders
have questioned the metrics that should be used in assessing
eectiveness, as well as inquiring whether training can possibly
be tailored to the individual warghter.
This project has been applying Sandias automated knowledge-
capture techniques in an integrated ashion, in order to assess
their utility in quantitatively measuring learner expertise
and experiential training, the research indicating that these
techniques can eectively replace human coders o perormance.
Given the vast amount o training data, such capability would
signicantly increase data assessment capabilities, and would
pave the way or the capabilities o dynamically tailoring training
content and eedback to the individual learner.
Real-time IndividualizedTraining Vectors orExperiential Learning
Elaine Raybourn
Computationand
Simulation
Com
putationandSimulation
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Fatigue and wear degradation in engineered
metallic structures are pervasive
problems, constituting serious drains
on the U. S. economy. Tey are, additionally,
concerns or Sandia-designed components
in areas as diverse as nuclear weapons
components and satellites. Prior work at Sandia
has suggested that some nanocrystalline metals
can be more resistant to atigue and wear
than conventional alloys, and that perturbing
dislocation-length scales is a ruitul approach.
For example, research preceding this project
suggested that atigue can possibly be impeded
when dislocation-mediated deormation
becomes energetically less avorable than
other secondary deormation mechanisms.
For example, persistent slip bands (PSBs),
the atomic-scale precursor to atigue-crack
initiation, may possibly be suppressed
by incorporating stable arrangements o
dislocation-pinning obstacles at less than the
required PSB length-scale.
Tis project has examined these phenomenathrough experiment and modelingocusing
on nanocrystalline alloy composition and
dislocation-locking mechanisms that can
reduce atigue and ailure and pursuing
a path orward to reproducibly engineer
improved damage-resistant structures. Te
project abricated a nanocrystalline nickel
alloy that exhibited a remarkable atigue lie,
surviving more than 2.5-million cycles at an
enormous peak stress o 1.2 gigapascals. In
all nanocrystalline alloys abricated, crackinitiation was preceded by a phenomenon o
mechanically induced abnormal grain growth.
Anomalous Suppression of Fatigue and
Wear Through Stable Nanodomains Brad Boyce
Micrograph o cracks initiated in unstable atigue-
coarsened grains in a nanocrystalline nickel-
manganese alloy.
LDRDAward
forExcellence
Te low-riction behavior o nanocrystalline
alloys and its concomitant improved wear
behavior has been linked to the ormation
o a tribological bilayer, one component
composed o ultrananocrystalline grains
(< 5 nm). Modeling was used to explore
potential metallurgical scenarios to prevent
the abnormal grain growth, and to develop
strategies or simulating dislocation-mediated
damage processes in granular metals.
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Compact, low power, and high-
perormance microwave oscillators are
nearly ubiquitous in microelectronics
in RADAR, global positioning systems (GPS),
and various other communications devices.
However, their use in systems requiring
high-precision clocking and/or ne phase
resolution tends to be limited by phase noise.
An optoelectronic chip that could improve
this situation by reaching the limits o phase
noise and improve or remove other inherent
noise sources would represent a signicant step
orward in this arena.
Tis project, a close collaboration with the
Massachusetts Institute o echnology (MI),
has addressed this issue through a undamental
investigation into the limits o precision
timing, with MI perorming benchtop
experiments and Sandia ocusing on developing
an integrated chip-level solution that draws
on the capabilities o Sandias Microsystems
and Engineering Sciences Applications
acility (MESA) and the Center or IntegratedNanotechnologies (CIN). In developing a
process compatible with the Microelectronics
Development Laboratory (MDL) that would
integrate low-loss silicon waveguides and phase
modulators with germanium detectors, the
Sandia/MI team has established a baseline
process fow or integration o low-loss
waveguides and ber-to-chip coupling with
silicon microphotonic modulators, and has
demonstrated a phase noise o 130 dB, 10
Hz rom the carrier, leading to 6.8 s relativetiming stability over 10 hours between a pair o
10 GHz microwave oscillators. Tis represents
a new record in relative timing stability, better
than any result rom the National Institute o
Standards and echnology (NIS). Te goal
LDRDAward
forExcellence
Image o the device
engineered in this project.
Integrated Optical Phase Locked Loop (IO-PLL) for Attosecond
Timing in Microwave Oscillators Anthony Lentine
is to ultimately create a chip-scale
device to achieve sub-emtosecond
timing resolution, an accomplishment
that would represent a substantial
inroad into that regime o
phase-locking.
Michael Watts was the original
PI on this project
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Schematic o the cryogenic system designed in
this project.
New, higher-ux source or 85Rb constructed to
generate larger signals.
There are no well-developed techniques or the cooling o
molecules rom room temperature to microKelvin (less than
1 K) temperature. Such capability would open several areas o
scientic discovery including Bose-Einstein condensation o
molecules, molecular intererometery, low-energy scattering,
and ultrahigh-resolution spectroscopy
This project is pursuing a variation o kinematic cooling to employ
a collision to greatly slow the thermal motion o a molecule (0 K
representing the absence o thermal motion), much as a cue ball
in billiards can come to a complete stop when hitting another
ball, by entirely transerring its momentum. By analogy, this
project is attempting to collide a molecule with an ultracold
(microKelvin) atom o the same mass. There is a nite probability
that the collision will result in the transer o nearly all o the
momentum o the molecule to the ultracold atom, thereby
lowering the temperature o the molecule near to 0 K. Initial
experiments are employing two isotopes o rubidium, 85Rb, and87Rb, as a test case.
Understanding the properties o dense helium has been
problematic at very high pressures because o the difculty o
condensing liquid helium samples at very low temperatures
on devices such as gas guns, magnetic compression devices,
and lasers. This experimental need addresses undamental
physics issues and is also a key to understanding the structure,properties, origin, and evolution o giant planetary interiors.
To solve this experimental dilemma, this project designed and
engineered a cryogenic system to condense superuid liquid
helium samples in an appropriate geometry or high-precision
equation-o-state (EOS) measurements on the Z accelerator,
which possesses the capability to generate the ultrahigh
pressures required. The device, based on an evaporation
rerigerator, should be expendable, and thereore o reasonable
cost and complexity, as well as continuously operating and sel-
regulating. With these eatures and requirements accomplished
a new cryogenic capacity on Z will enable very accurate EOS
measurements on materials relevant to the weapons program
and enhance the experimental capabilities available to
theoretical physicists and astrophysicists.
Micro-Kelvin MoleculeProduction
David Chandler
Shock Compression
o Liquid He and He-HMixtures
David Hanson
MaterialsScience&
MicrosystemE
ngineering
MaterialsScience&
MicrosystemE
ngineerin
g
Pumpingline
LHe linein
Evaporato
LHe sample
Current pane
He cooling co
He gas
line
Innershield5 K
Outer
shield10 K
LHecoolingline LHe sample holder 1.5 K
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MaterialsScien
ce&
MicrosystemE
ngineering
MaterialsScience&
MicrosystemE
ngineering
Reviving ast neutron reactor technology is a key element in
creating a viable nuclear energy uture. Producing materials
tolerant to extensive high-energy irradiation is a requirement
or any advanced reactor, but there are no currently operative
ast neutron reactors in the U.S.
To address this issue, this project is employing high-energy
(MeV) ion irradiation combined with a suite o novel, microscale
techniques to characterize the thermomechanical behavior
o advanced cladding materials as a unction o composition,
stress, temperature, and irradiation damage level. For example,
the project has developed micropillar compression capabilities
or micrometer-sized irradiated volumes. Various other types
o experimental-based simulations are also being perormed.
Ultimately, the aim is to clariy the undamental science behind
irradiation damage and mechanical behavior in metallic alloys
that will be vital to nuclear uels modeling eorts and to provide
a rapid screening capability or identiying promising new alloys
or this extreme enviroment.
An Ion Beam Platorm orScreening Materials orNuclear Reactors
Khalid Hattar
A Fundamentally New Approach to Air CooledHeat Exchangers
Jerey Koplow
Electron micrograph o a sel ion irradiated Cu
micropillar produced by ocused ion beam milling
B.L. Boyce).
Air-cooled heat-exchanger technology has remained virtually
unchanged or several decades and its inefciency, noisiness, and
propensity to become ouled through dust accretion are limiting
actors in technologies such as computer central processing
unit (CPU) coolers and environmental cooling systems. In the
latter case, such coolers represent an energy inefciency that is
critical, considering todays concern about energy availability and
climate change.
This project has designed a novel high-efciency heat exchanger
that is intrinsically immune to ouling by dust because o its high
velocity o rotation. The device is based on an air-bearing upon
which an impeller rotates. Heat is transerred across a narrow
air gap rom a stationary heat spreader to the rotating structure,
a hybrid o a nned heat sink and an impeller. This places the
heat sink boundary layer in a several-thousand-rpm accelerating
rame o reerence, reducing the thickness o the boundary
layer and providing greatly enhanced heat transer. The devices
direct drive generates relative motion between the nned heat
sink and surrounding air. This provides a drastic improvement in
efciency and reduces an noise.
1 m
Heat-sink impeller
Brushless motor
Air gap
Base plate
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MaterialsScience&
MicrosystemEngineering
MaterialsScience&
MicrosystemE
ngineering
Photo o the CR5 reactor and ancillary structures
designed and engineered in this project.
Photo o prototype device.
Amid concern about bioterrorism threats to national security
rom known biothreat agents, there is another imperative
to detect unknown biological threats, that is, pathogenic
microorganisms not previously encountered and possibly
genetically engineered to avoid detection. The technique o
ultrahigh-throughput DNA sequencing (UHTS) is capable o
characterizing such unknown organisms at the genetic (DNA
sequence) level, but only i a suitable sample o the pathogenic
organisms DNA is available. This is usually problematic because
the nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) o the pathogen exists against
a background o the ar greater quantity o the inected
individuals DNA.
The RapTOR project is designing an automated microuidics
platorm that will selectively suppress and subtract the ar
more numerous human DNA sequences, while ampliying
Domestically produced carbon-neutral transportation uel:
meeting this challenge would be a huge advance toward
mitigating global climate change and ensuring energy availability.
A direct solution is to recycle the carbon dioxide that results
rom burning gas, oil, and other ossil uels by converting it
back into hydrocarbons like ethanol, gasoline, and diesel. This is
thermodynamically costly, requiring an uphill push rom some
other source o energy.
In this project, solar thermal energy is being applied to supply that
uphill push. Concentrated sunlight provides thermal energy to heat
redox active metal oxides to high temperatures where they give
up oxygen. The resulting reduced metal oxide is then capable o
converting chemically stable and unreactive carbon dioxide (CO2) to
carbon monoxide (CO). This step regenerates the starting oxide and
provides the CO or uel-producing syngas chemistry. Monoliths
o the active metal oxides have been developed or the unique
pathogen sequences. Normalization is a hybridization-based
process resulting in the preerential destruction o numerically
abundant sequences thus increasing the relative abundance
o rare sequences. It employs hydroxyapatite capillary-basedchromatography, thereby increasing the ratio o pathogen
sequences to host sequences such that UHTS can accomplish
identication o a threat organism.
CR5 reactor in which the reaction occurs, a device designed and
abricated as part o this project.
RapTOR: Rapid ThreatOrganism Recognition
Todd Lane
Reimagining LiquidTransportation Fuels:Sunshine to Petrol
James E. MillerAperture intoreactor where CO
2
is reduced to CO
Injectors
O2
outlets
Vacuum pumps
Pressurecontrolvalves
Condensatetraps
Reactor
Condensers (2)
Steam generator
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Foams have a broad variety o applications connected to Sandias
national security missions, including weapons, explosion
suppression, and encapsulation o electronics. Production
o suitable oams requires a undamental understanding
o interacial rheology (ow properties), particularly at the
microscale level.
This project studied ow and stability in viscous liquids, with
particular emphasis on oams, developing it own Surace
Dilatational Rheometer and modeling capability, while also
employing commercial instrumentation, in order to develop a
comprehensive ability to predict properties o oams and other
visco-elastic uids. One conclusion o the study is that several
complementary measurements using dierent instruments are
oten required to adequately characterize suractant systems.
This project has resulted in the genesis o an interacial rheologylaboratory at Sandia, including characterization tools with
a wide range o sensitivity in surace orces. Such improved
understanding o interacial stability will allow better oams to
be produced or a wide range o applications.
Surace Rheology andInterace Stability
Lisa Mondy
Time sequence o oam generation and subsequent de-oaming.
Micrograph o microresonator with matching
inductors developed in this project.
X-band device applications include various civilian and military
tracking and imaging radars in addition to weather monitoring.
However, an important subset o such tagging tracking and
locating (TTL) devices is limited by the lack o analog signal
processing elements at X-band, thereore constraining size
and power consumption. This project is developing a low-loss,
miniature analog signal processing element at X-band, enabling
signicant reductions in TTL device size and power.
This projects overall goal is to improve the ability to tag andtrack adversaries over a broad geographical area, with precision,
and with a tag that is physically and electronically very difcult
to detect (eatureless). This portion o the overall project
ocused on technical advances in microelectromechnical
systems (MEMS) acoustic microresonator delay elements. It has
developed a novel architecture based on a microresonator withintegrated inductors that reduces insertion loss and increases
achievable bandwidth.
Featureless Tagging Tacking and Locating:Micromechanical Resonators
Richard Ormesher
Time=0 1.2 s 6.6 s Time defoaming=7.2 s 25.9 s 44.9 s
100 m
Gold inductor Microreasonator
MaterialsScience&
MicrosystemE
ngineering
MaterialsScie
nce&
MicrosystemEngineering
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Colorized scanning electron micrographs o newly
abricated three-dimensional metamaterials in the
so-called split-ring resonator confguration.
Articially structured materials not ound in nature,
metamaterials represent a new rontier in materials science
materials designed and created, through micro- and
nanoabrication, with particular perormance purposes in
mind. Combining modeling, experimentation and abrication,
this project is placing particular emphasis on materials that are
nanostructured to respond to specic electromagnetic (EM)requencies, providing the ability to manipulate the ow o EM
energy in ways not achievable with naturally occurring materials.
The project is specically seeking to manipulate long-
wavelength inrared (LWIR) in a low-loss ashion. Although
metal metamaterials have been constructed with resonances
to radio waves and microwaves, designers and engineers have
been unsuccessul in the higher-requency inrared and visible
regions o the EM spectrum because metals show high losses
at these requencies. A novel nanoabrication technique has
been developed, known as membrane projection lithography,
one capable o producing 3-D resonator metamaterials with
dimensions 100-times smaller than prior abrication methods.
Metamaterial Science and TechnologyMichael Sinclair
MaterialsScience&
MicrosystemE
ngineering
Design o novel system solutions or nuclear weapons
components must meet numerous requirements deriving rom
actors such as harsh environments, smaller component volumes
with reduced power budgets, and increased security. These
constraints demand novel architecture solutions compatible with
existing abrication technologies that are also recongurable as
novel surety solutions emerge. Three-dimensional integration
o electronic elements is a desirable solution, enabling
combinations o separate analog, digital, and other technology
unctions in a single low-volume package, which can also
signicantly improve system security.
Utilizing high-delity modeling to guide design and processing
requirements, this project has devised a low-temperature three-
dimensional waer and chip-stacking capability to provide 3D
integrated solutions. In addition to reducing volume and power
requirements or electronic subsystems, this approach leverages
optimized independently developed application specic
integrated circuitry while reducing pin count. It also enables
multiply redundant subsystems, thus acilitating an adaptive
design or meeting security and reliability requirements.
Success with bonding dissimilar materials at low temperatures
will also benet other national security applications.
3D Integration Technologyor Highly Secure, MixedSignal, ReconfgurableSystems
Subhash Shinde
MaterialsScience&
MicrosystemE
ngineering
Let: Electron micrographs o ront-end-o-line through-
Si-Vias (FEOL-TSVs) created at Sandias Microab rication
acility. Right: High-fdelity modeling o abrication-
induced von Mises stress distribution in a vertical and
horizontal interconnect (2 million mesh) elements).
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Basic design o the active coded aperture imager.
The ability to detect special nuclear
material (SNM) over large distances is
an important component o homelandsecurity, conerring the ability or early
detection o potential nuclear terrorism, as
well as aiding verication initiatives. Te only
reliable means or perorming such long-
distance detection is through the imaging o
the ast neutrons emitted by SNM, neutrons
that are energetic enough to penetrate
shielding and to travel over long distances
without scatteringand whose environmental
background is very low.
Previous methods have relied on imaging
low-energy neutrons with passive coded
apertures, but they cannot adequately
modulate ast neutrons. Meanwhile, double-
scatter imaging, used to detect ast neutrons
has limited detection eciency. Hence this
project combines both double-scatter and
coded-aperture methods, that is, active coded-
aperture imaging. Te mask must be active
to increase the opacity to energetic neutrons.
One design consists o a mask plane and a
position-sensitive detection plane. A source
o ast neutrons within the ield o view
projects a unique pattern through the mask
onto the image detection plane, allowing orthe calculation o the source position. he
second design consists o a single central
detector surrounded by a rotating coded
mask, which results in a better signal-to-
noise ratio and eiciency o detection.
A set o Monte Carlo simulation tools has
also been developed so that experimental
results can be assessed against simulations.
o illustrate the homeland security
potential o the technology, the project
team constructed a passive Coded Aperture
Neutron Imaging System (CANIS) or use in
a large stand-o aircrat screening scenario
demonstration. Placed in a 40 t . sea-land
container with a 252C neutron source (IAEA
signiicant quantity o weapons-grade
plutonium equivalent) positioned 60 meters
away, the detector achieved a 1 in 1000 alse
positive rate with 90% eiciency in only 15
minutes o dwell time, easily outperorming
any technology currently in use.
Coded Aperture Neutron Imaging
Peter Marleau
LDRDAward
forExcellence
Mask
plane
Image
plane
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Very small aerosol particulates are difcult to trap and
detect, particularly against the atmospheric background.
Examples o important particles include toxic soot aerosols
rom diesel combustion (typically in the 150 nm size range),trace quantities o uranium in aerosols (potentially indicative
o prolieration activities), and biological aerosols possibly
connected to bioterrorism
In order to utilize various techniques (e.g., laser-induced
breakdown spectroscopy, mass spectrometry) to diagnose
the composition and potential signiicance o such aerosols,
these very ine particulates must irst be segregated rom
background. This project has devised a method or such
segregation, using ultraviolet (UV) light to photoionize
particles, such that the resulting charged particles can
then be trapped in an electric ield or subsequent analysis.
Careul selection o the exact wavelength and intensity o
the UV light source has enabled separation o several types
o particulate aerosols.
Metabonomics or Detection o Nuclear MaterialsProcessing
Kathleen Alam
Illustration o the integrated approach that begins
with measuring a metabolic fngerprint rom a variety
o indigenous organisms to allow identifcation o
metabolites serving as signatures o exposure to
chemicals involved in nuclear materials processing.
HomelandSecurit
y
Applications
HomelandSecurity
Applications
Tracking nuclear materials production and
processing, particularly covert operations,
is a key national security concern, giventhat nuclear materials processing can be a
signature o nuclear weapons activities by
US adversaries. Covert trafcking can also
result in homeland security threats, most
notably allowing terrorists to assemble
devices such as dirty bombs.
Existing methods depend on isotope
analysis and do not necessarily detec t chronic low-level
exposure. In this project, indigenous organisms such as
plants, small mammals, and bacteria are utilized as livingsensors or the presence o chemicals used in nuclear
materials processing. Such metabolic ngerprinting (or
metabonomics) employs nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
spectroscopy to assess alterations in organismal metabolism
provoked by the environmental presence o nuclear materials
processing, or example the tributyl phosphate employed in
the processing o spent reactor uel rods to extract and puriy
uranium and plutonium or weaponization.
Drawings o basic design or a device that uses
ultraviolet (UV) light to ionize intake aerosol
particles, such that they can be separated in an
electric feld or subsequent analysis.
Electrode
Laser/lamp
H (UV)
Charged aerosol out
Neutral aerosol in
Biofilms
Measure Metabolic Fingerprint
Plants Animals
Birds
Novel Instrumentation orSelective Photo-Ionizationand Trapping o Fine Particles
Ray Bambha
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Prototype o the assay platorm.
Drawing o the elements o a nanohole-array sensor
(let) and electron micrograph o the array (right).
Rapid detection o priority pathogens, either during natural
outbreaks or released as an act o bioterrorism is a national
security priority, particularly rapid diagnosis at the point-o-
incidence to eectively enable a sufciently rapid response or
population protection. Currently, however, diagnosis o aectedpatients relies on accurate identication o the pathogenic
microorganism or its toxins, an oten time-consuming process.
This project team has engineered a compact, portable
efcient system or pathogen identication, one that relies
on membrane-based microuidic assays interaced modularly
with user-riendly electronics to permit eld-based diagnostics
by rst-responders. A one-square-inch microuidics chip that
snaps into place with electronics interconnects serves as a test
platorm. It can be used with any standard immunoassay assay
or pathogens or toxins (such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay [ELISA]), and it can provide either more-comprehensive
touch-screen readouts or biomedical scientists or simpler
readouts or rst-responders.
Extremely Thin Chemical Sensor Arrays UsingNanohole Arrays
Igal Brener
Deployable PathogenDiagnostic System
Anson Hatch
The challenge o designing and abricating concealable sensors
or chemical and biological threats is underscored by the act
that most existing approaches are difcult to miniaturize,requiring either large areas or signicant thicknesses. By
contrast, this project is developing extremely thin sensor arrays
that can be concealed or applications such as space control,
surveillance, intelligence, nonprolieration, and armed orces
security.
The phenomenon o extraordinary optical transmission allows
nanohole arrays in thin metallic suraces to couple incident
light to surace plasmons such that a disproportionate amount
o light is transmitted through subwavelength-sized arrays.
Such transmission is very sensitive to surace chemistry in thevicinity o the holes, meaning that changes in that chemistry can
be detected by spectral shits in transmission. For example, by
unctionalizing the metal surace with molecules designed to
specically bind chemical explosives, binding o such explosivesto the unctionalized surace can be readily detected through
such spectral shits with sensors small and thin enough to be
easily concealed.
Mask
Sensorarray
Filter
Detector
100 m
Touch screen LCD Disposable assay cartridge
Alignment stage
Lock-in amplifier
Multiplexed detection optical system
CPU board
Highvoltageboards
pumps/valves
y
Applications
o
ea
dSecu
ty
Applications
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Because bacterial spores are extremely difcult to kill
by comparison to ully metabolic bacterial cells, current
decontamination methods against spores o threat organismssuch as Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) require the use o highly
toxic and/or highly corrosive chemical solutions, such as chlorine
dioxide. These corrosive chemicals not only damage materials,
but also require complicated, expensive deployment systems.
This project has developed a ar less corrosive and less-expensive
method or killing bacterial spores in contaminated areas. A
novel nontoxic germination solution activates spores, causing
them to germinate into vegetative (ully metabolic) bacterial
cells. Subsequent to germination, these cells can be ar more
easily killed than their spores, with relatively nontoxic chemicalssuch as hydrogen peroxide, alcohols, quaternary ammonium
compounds, or other simple treatments such as ultraviolet light.
Many crucial Sandia-engineered electrical systems are
threatened by lightning strikes possibly breaching protective
metallic enclosures and insulation, thereby interrupting proper
unction. The design o shielding or saety-critical components
depends upon a better understanding o the processes by
which such lightning burnthrough occurs, ensuring that critical
electrical systems are protected rom ailure.
This project is seeking to develop a quantitative understanding
o the physics that limits voltage and current penetration in
lightning burnthrough. One component o this research employs
the Sandia lightning simulator, which permits the study o
the various phases o electrical discharge associated with a
lightning strike. High-speed photography and other detailed
instrumentation o these experiments permits diagnostics
o the various event phases with submicrosecond resolution.
Additionally, the project is developing and applying models or
Initial tests have resulted in ~20 million bacterial spores killed
on coupons mounted in various locations in a test chamber.
the various physical penetration mechanisms. Ultimately this
research will provide a quantitative basis on which to make
saety assessments and may permit the development o new
methods o protection against lightning strikes.
Decontamination o Anthrax Spores inCritical Inrastructure and Critical Assets
Mark Tucker
Field and Charge Penetration by Lightning Burnthrough
Larry Warne
Micrograph o a germinating spore.
Monitoring lightning eects over microsecond
time scales.
500.2 ms 501.5 ms
HomelandSe
curity
Applications
HomelandSecurity
Applications
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Electron micrograph o parallel nanochannels o
mesoporous silica, channel entrances precisely tuned
by plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition (ALD).
Clean water is widely
recognized as perhaps
the most critical
limited resource o this
century. Although they
have been o great utility in
puriying water o salts and
contaminants, reverse osmosis
(RO) membranes comprise
a mature technology, one towhich modications have
already shown diminishing
returns. New solutions
to water purication are
required, particularly in the
area o eciency. Pushing
water through RO membranes
requires energy, and given
concerns over global energy
shortages, new solutions
need to address the act thatpurication devices requiring
lower energy consumption are crucial.
Te lipid bilayers o biological membranes
isolate the aqueous compartment inside cells
(cytoplasm) rom their surrounding aqueous
extracellular fuid, the two solutions markedly
dierent in composition. But a controlled
fow o water and dissolved ions into and
out o cells is mediated through a variety o
dierent protein channels and pumps, eachspecic to the passage o water (aquaporins)
or a given ion. Trough study and modeling
o biological membranes, this projects
researchers have made signicant progress in
elucidating the chemistry underpinning the
specic unctionality o these proteins. Tis
project pursued the possibility o modeling and
engineering nanoporous inorganic channels
to the ion and water selectivity displayed by
their biological (organic) counterparts. Such
nanoporous membranes could be used to
puriy water completely o its dissolved salts
including those with toxic propertiesbut
might also control the composition o theresulting solution, ater passage through the
nanoporous membrane, allowing certain
salts to remain in the water, thus replicating
naturally occurring mineral waters. Modeling
has guided experimental work, or example,
employing atomic layer deposition (ALD) to
chemically modiy parallel silica nanotubes as
potential water channels.
Understanding & Optimizing Water Flux &
Salt Rejection in Nanoporous Membranes
Susan RempeLDRDAward
forExcellence
TiO2ALD coating
10 m
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Over the course o evolution, Nature has perected the design o
a signicant number o biological nanodevices, rom sensors to
molecular motors to catalysts, photovoltaics and other energy-
transormative nanomachines. In certain instances, current
initiatives in nanotechnology could benet rom biological
solutions. Although most biological devices are constructed
entirely or partially o proteins, it should be possible to replicate
such structures either completely or partially using inorganic
constituents, while retaining unctionality or such biohybriddevices.
In this project, mask-directed multiphoton lithography has
been used to template biological protein synthesis into specic
three-dimensional nanostructures (such as microcantilevers),
which have then, in turn, been utilized as structural templates
or the multistep conversion to silicon replicas, thereby
orming silicon microstructures whose conormation is
initially biologically directed. In addition, the mask-directed
involving management, training, and personnel reliability, in order
to measure the eectiveness o risk-management systems, thereby
providing a set o precepts as a guide or biorisk management decision-
making.
multiphoton lithography technique has been used to construct
a diversity o microconnement chambers or bacterial cells
in order to elucidate several key hypotheses about bacterial
pathogenicity, cell-to-cell communication, and cell-colony
material interactions.
Development and Characterization o 3D, Nano-ConfnedMulticellular Constructs or Advanced Biohybrid Devices
Bryan Kaehr
The main phases o a laboratory risk-management
ramework.
Micrographs: A. In situ abricated protein
microenclosure with chicane ports, inside which
approximately seven Staphylococcos aureus (round
cells) are trapped or a quorum sensing experiment. B.
Microchamber flled with a colony o replicating rod-
shaped (bacilli) bacteria, allowing mechanical analysis
o pressure exerted by the colony.
Lifeand
CognitiveSciences
Lifean
d
CognitiveSciences
Approaches For A Unifed Laboratory Management BioriskFramework: Responding to Biological Threats Raised bythe Study, World at Risk
Jennier Gaudioso
As delineated by the committee on Weapons o Mass Destruction in itspublished study, World at Risk, biological weapons o mass destruction
(WMD) pose a grave national security threat, with, or example,
terrorists more likely to be able to obtain and use a biological WMD than
a nuclear WMD. The study specically called or bioscience laboratories
that handle dangerous pathogens to implement a unied laboratory
biorisk management ramework. Unortunately, it has been somewhat
difcult to adequately raise awareness in the biological sciences
research community o the need or a culture o security regarding the
possibility o bioterrorism initiating within that community, itsel.
In response, this project is analyzing the value o implementing ormalbiorisk management within the bio-research community. In addition
to studying numerous biorisk cases, the project has addressed issues
DECIDING UNDERSTANDING
AppraisalManagement Communication
Pre-assessment
Categorizing the
knowledge about
the risk
Characterization
& assessment
A B
10 m10 m
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Over the past 10 years, the biological phenomenon o RNA
intererence (RNAi) induced gene silencing has been exploited or
biotechnology, therapeutic and basic research science purposes. Most
notable is the ability o this phenomenon to determine the specic
genes and pathways involved in a biological problem o interest. This
project is developing a gene-silencing technology, based on RNAi, in
order to investigate the human proteins involved in lethal encephalitis
induced by two biothreats Rit Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) and Nipah
Virus (NiV).
By systematically silencing more than 20,000 individual host genes
and analyzing their involvement in viral inection, a comprehensive
portrait o virus-host interactions should be revealed, that would then
allow strategies or therapeutic intervention. The project is developing
microuidic platorms that combine cell and small interering RNA
Current magnetoencephalographic
(MEG) imaging o a unctioning
human brain is difcult because the
use o superconducting quantum
intererence devices (SQUIDS)
requires large, cryogenically cooled,
expensive hardware. Recently, atomic
magnetometers, based on measuring
the spin precession o alkali atoms in
a magnetic eld, have demonstratedequivalent sensitivity to SQUID-based MEGs. These atomic
magnetometers do not require cryogenic cooling, thereby
resulting in a much smaller package.
This project, a collaboration with the University o New Mexico
and its Mind Research Network, has developed prototype atomic
magnetometer or human MEG measurements. The atomic
magnetometer reads out the atomic response to a magnetic eld
through optical interrogation by a laser beam. A single-optical-
axis sensor was developed that utilized a two-color pump/
probe scheme with our-channel output. Its long slender design
with a 5 cm x 5 cm ootprint on the human head allows high
density arraying around the head. The project culminated in the
successul measurement o MEG signals with two our-channel
sensors on either side o the subjects head. In addition to its
primary application in studying human cognition, a portable
MEG has potential applications to several other DOE missions.
Atomic Magnetometer or HumanMagnetoencephalography
Peter Schwindt
Genome-wide RNA Intererence Analysiso Viral Encephalitis Pathogenesiss
Oscar Negrete
Data indicating the probable route o internalization
into cells (dynamin-dependent, caveolin-mediated
endocytosis) during inection by Rit Valley Fever
Virus (RVFV).
Lifeand
CognitiveSciences
Lifean
d
CognitiveSciences
arrays or high-level biocontainment compatible RNAi screening
adaptable to a molecular-level analysis o other biothreats.
140
100
60
20
120
N DYN MBD CHLS
Cathryn andcaveolin
Dynamin dependent endocytosis
PercentG
FP
expression
(infection)
Cathryn Caveolin
OA PMA
RVFVVacVVSV80
40
0
Optical fiber
Polarization analysisoptics and detectors
Polarization optics Collimating lens Ceramic oven
Vapor cell(installedinsideoven)
Vapor cellheater & temperaturesensor leads
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Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated
by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidairy of Lockheed Martin Corporation,
for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under
contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
SAND No. 2010-8330P