2010 Ldrd Highlights

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From the Chie Technology Ocer

The Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program is the sole

discretionary research and development (R&D) investment program at Sandia.

LDRD provides the opportunity or our technical sta to contribute to our

Nations uture, to our collective ability to address and nd solutions to a range

o daunting scientic and technological challenges. The results o their work willshape the course o science and technology in the remainder o the twenty-rst

century and beyond.

In this brochure, we are showcasing some o the exciting, leading-edge LDRD

research underway, here at Sandia. This is an opportunity to read about the

breadth o outstanding work underway within the program, specically, 37

projects that were ongoing in 2010. Featured are research highlights o the

recipients o LDRD Awards or Excellence. These are awards given to a small

number o our PIs to acknowledge some o the outstanding work in the program

and the impact it is having on mission execution.

J. Stephen Rottler

CTO and Vice President

Science, Technology, and Engineering

Research Foundations

[email protected]

505-844-3882



About LDRD

Maintaining Sandias world-class

science, technology, and engineer-

ing capabilities and anticipating

their evolution in response to uture

challenges are absolutely essentialto the Laboratories ability to address

national security needs. Authorized

by Congress in 1992, the Laboratory

Directed Research and Development

(LDRD) Program reects precisely that

congressional intent to encourage

and sustain preeminent science and

technology by investing in high-risk,

potentially high-payo research and

development. The program is designed

to proactively anticipate the breadthand depth o research and technological

development that oncoming challenges

will require.

LDRD projects seek innovative technical

solutions to our nations most-signif-

cant challenges, oten in collaboration

with corporate and academic partners.

LDRD allows Sandia to recruit and retain

outstanding scientifc and engineering

talent in service to the Laboratoriesfve primary strategic business areas:

nuclear weapons; energy resources and

nonprolieration; deense systems and

assessments; homeland security and

deense; and science, technology, and

engineering oundations.

For further information, contact:

Henry R. Westrich

LDRD Program Manager

[email protected]

505-844-9092

CONTENTS

Cover Image:

WriterVin LoPrestiSandia Stafng Alliance, LLC

Graphic DesignChris BrigmanSandia National Laboratories

Nanoscience 7

Computation and Simulation 10

Materials Science &

Microsystem Engineering 14

Homeland Security Applications 21

Life and Cognitive Sciences 25

Drawing o single wall carbon nanotube showing dye

molecules noncovalently bound to the nanotube wall;

cis-trans isomerization o the dye upon light absorptio

accounts or changes in voltage and current ow in th

nanostructure (or story, see page 5 o this publication

Here, the approximate conormational dirence in the

isomers is illustrated, with the cis isomer at center and

trans isomer at let.

2010 LDRD Award for Excellence

Winners:

5, 6, 9, 13, 14, 20, 24


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5/28Laboratory Directed Research and Development 2010 HighlightsLaboratory Directed Research and Development 2010 Highlights

Drawing o single wall carbon nanotube showing

dye molecule noncovalently bound to the nanotube

wall; the cis-trans isomerization o the dye upon light

absorption accounts or changes in voltage and current

ow in this nanostructure (also see the ront cover o this

publication).

The transormation o light

(electromagnetic) energy intoelectrical or ionic currents is a key

step in several biological processes (vision,

photosynthesis) as well as the critical step

in photovoltaic technologies. Within this

eld o optoelectronics, single wall carbon

nanotubes (SWCs) oer several attractive

eatures because o their direct bandgaps

and also the possibility o ballistic electron

transport (electron motion with negligible

scattering eects). Unortunately, photo-

electric transormation in carbon nanotubeshas generally been limited to irradiation at

high intensity, such as in the case o laser

illumination o the nanotubes, whose range

o spectral response is limited. Tis project

sought to chemically modiy carbon nanotubes

in order to render them sensitive to lower

light intensity, as well as to seek to target the

response to specic regions o the optical

spectrum, and to characterize this behavior at a

undamental level.

Prior LDRD-unded research in this

area had indicated that a chromophore-

unctionalized nanotube could unction as a

light-switched electrical current conductor,

and this project leveraged that result by

illustrating that nanoscale color photo-

detection at low intensities was possible. Tis

was achieved by noncovalently modiying

nanotubes with dierent chromophores,

chemical variants o azobenzene. By

choosing dierent chromophores, the project

investigators obtained optical detection (a

voltage di erence across the nanotube) in

speciically targeted regions o the visible

spectrum. Evaluating the source o this

voltage indicated that the optical switching

resulted rom the cis-trans isomerization

o the chromophores, with a relatively

small change in the electrostatic potential

between the two isomers ampliied into

a larger voltage shit. his result veriied

that chromophore-modiied SWCs can

transduce the photoabsorption-induced

chromophore isomerization into electrical

signals at low light intensity, and with

color (wavelength) selectivity within the

visible spectrum. Ongoing work has utilized

these indings to abricate chromophore-nanotube p-n junct ion photovoltaic devices,

utilizing modeling to enable discovery o

chromophores in the upper visible and near-

inrared spectral regions.

Energy Conversion using Chromophore-functionalized

Carbon Nanotubes Andrew Vance

LDRDAward

forExcellence

Dye

molecule


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Micrograph o quantum wells at the edge o a

V-deect in indium gallium nitride

In an era o diminishing energy resources

and global climate change, solid-statelighting is a key technology. I LED electrical-

to-optical energy conversion eciency goals o

50% or greater could be achieved, worldwide

electricity consumption due to lighting

could be decreased by more than 50%, total

consumption o electricity by more than

10%. Yet, a undamental challenge involves

understanding the nanoscale science that

governs light generation and extraction rom

visible LED semiconductor materials and

developing nanoscale engineering conceptsto achieve the signicant increases in LED

optical eciency that are required to make

global SSL a commercial reality. In addition,

UV semiconductor lasers have key applications

in biological/chemical threat detection. Te

research outcomes produced in this project

have brought a breadth and depth o clarity to

the solid state lighting community, publicized

through not only scholarly publications but

also through partnership with Rensselaer

Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and through theNational Institute or Nano Engineering

(NINE).

Tis team undertook a group o undamental

studies aimed at improving the eciency o

light emission rom indium gallium nitride

(InGaN) light-emitting pn-junctions, critical to

LEDs and semiconductor injection lasers. One

set o investigations aimed at understanding

actors limiting internal quantum eciency

(IQE), with an emphasis on nanoscale deects,and other research initiatives experimented

with nanoengineering approaches to increasing

light extraction. A major emphasis was the

study o LED eciency droop at high currents,

concluding the absence o a strong dependence

on threading dislocation density, and consistent

with a carrier leakage explanation. Other

investigations shed new light on the controversy

surrounding the relationship between v-deect

density and IQE. A urther study explained

the anomalous ideality actors o InGaN LEDs

as relating to internal polarization elds. Inparallel, several advanced light extraction

methods employed nanoscale engineering

o dielectric or metallic materials, especially

light-extraction eciency enhancement via

graded-reractive-index coatings. Signicant

enhancement o light emission rom InGaN

quantum wells via coupling to surace

plasmons in a nanopatterned metal coating was

also demonstrated.

Nanoengineering for Solid State Lighting

(and Other Applications) Mary CrawfordLDRDAward

forExcellence

20 m

V-defect sidewall

InGaN quantum wells



Diagram o dynamics at a silicon-aluminum interace

with a disordered interacial region o aluminum,

treated as a crystalline region with grain size, .

Electron micrographs o a graphene-TiO2

composite

(top) that sel-assembles at a liquid-air interace

and shows photoresponsive characteristics whendeposited on an interdigitated electrode (bottom).

Nanoscience

Nanosc

ience 50 m

200 nm

20 m

The design o materials that respond to changing environmental

conditions with altered physical and/or chemical properties is

a leading-edge materials area that will impact undamental

scientic as well as several Sandia mission areas, particularly

where nanocomposites are utilized, including energy security

and weapons. For example, polymeric materials in gasket seals

would adapt to diering temperatures and humidity such that

they maintain an optimal degree o unctionality regardless o

climate variations.

As a undamental incursion into this nascent eld, this project

includes collaborations with numerous academic partners,

allowing diverse experimental and modeling exploration

o various nanoparticle-polymer composites, including,

or example, metals and electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone,

graphene-titania whose sel-assembling lms are

photoresponsive and alkylsilane-coated silica nanoparticles

with organic molecules such as squalene (model elastomer).

Industrial collaborators, such as Goodyear, Exxon/Mobil, and

Intel are potential customers or project outcomes.

Large heat uxes generated during the operation o

nanoelectronics systems have become a signicant limiting

actor because inadequate heat dissipation increases operating

temperature, thus degrading perormance and shortening device

lietime. With ongoing decreases in size o such systems, thermalmanagement issues increasingly arise at interaces between

dierent materials, where energy carrier scattering is prominent.

This problem is even more pronounced in high-powered systems

such as modern weapons, sensors, signal processors, and

energy-conversion systems.

This project has examined these phenomena at a undamental-

physics level, both through modeling and experiment, using

the techniques o time-domain thermoreectance (TDTR)

and measurements o interacial phonon scattering. Results

indicate that in electric-eld-directed convective assembly o

titanium dioxide nanoparticle lms, thermal conductivity is

very low, is tunable, and can be explained by phonon scattering

at nanoparticle boundaries. Given that phononic crystals can

control phonon dispersion, utilizing such crystals to control

thermal transport in nanosystems provides a means o reducing

thermal conductivity.

Responsive Nanocomposites

Tim Boyle

Interacial Electron

and Phonon ScatteringProcesses in High-poweredNanoscale Applications

Patrick Hopkins

DisorderedAL region

Aluminum Silicon

(1)

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A single layer o hexagonally bonded carbon atoms, graphenes

high-perormance electronic properties, its physical strength,

potential or band gap manipulation and other properties

make it a promising candidate as a novel semiconductor in

nanoelectronics. However, techniques must be developed to

reproducibly deposit and/or synthesize high-quality graphene

onto waer-scale areas. Given the paucity o undamental

knowledge about graphene ormation and deects that may

arise, the genesis o such large-area graphene sheets is a

daunting proposition.

This project is pursuing multiple approaches to synthesize

reduced-deect graphene sheets and transerring them to other

suraces, the goal to produce graphene with ever-higher carrier

mobility, predicted to be as high as ~200,000 cm 2/Vsec because

o quantum electrodynamic eects. The project has ormed

graphene by thermal decomposition o silicon carbide, and

nucleated the vapor on dierent metals. In addition, the team

Creating dened nanoscale patterns is undamental to the

microelectronics industrymicrochips and inormation storage

devicesas well as exhibiting potential applications in other areas

such as nanouidics. Standard approaches to patterning involve

lithography, with shorter wavelengths o irradiation utilized or

nanopatterning, techniques that are expensive, time-consuming,

and limited in the scope o potential patternable materials.

This project is developing an inexpensive approach toward

creating directionally aligned nanoscale patterns on a

variety o suraces, utilizing micron-scale directed assembly

to drive nanoscale sel-assembly. Micron-sized eatures are

lithographically dened (by sot lithography or standard UV

lithography, and a mixed polymer monolayer is synthesized

within these dened eatures. Nanoscale phase separation o

the mixed polymer layer within the eature can yield a variety o

has been successul in transerring graphene to glass substrates

and characterizing properties using low energy electron

microscopy (LEEM), Raman spectroscopy, and measurements

o electronic transport, during which the integer quantum Hall

eect has been observed.

nanopatterned suraces as initiators upon which to grow urther

polymers, depending upon the specic parameters o phase

separation, with eatures tens o nanometers in scale.

Enabling GrapheneNanoelectronics

Stephen Howell

Nanolithography by

Combined Sel-Assemblyand Directed-Assembly

Dale Huber

Graphene molecular structure (let) and micrograph

o layered graphene sheets grown on silicon

carbide (right).

Measurements o extent o polymer growth rom

a surace nanopatterned by phase separation o a

mixed polymer growth initiator.

50 nm50 nm

Nanoscience

Nanoscience

14 m



The ability to accurately model atomic

and molecular systems is key to

predicting and designing materials or

particular applications without conducting

laborious experimental protocols. For

example, the Sandia solar-thermal tower

employs a molten salt to store thermal

energy rom sunlight, later releasing it to

drive a mechanical engine that turns an

electrical generator, thus converting sunlightto electricity. he salt can be heated to 600

C, but at the top o the tower, temperatures

at or above 1000 C are reached;

problematically the salt decomposes,

losing its chemical structure above 600 C.

Additionally, the salt remains liquid able

to low through the systems pipes only

above 100 C, and it must be heated to the

boiling point o water at night. What i a salt

could be ound that remained l iquid at room

temperature and absorbed the maximumamount o available solar thermal energy

without decomposing? A daunting task to an

experimentalist, it becomes more tractable

with computational modeling, predicting

desired properties directly rom structural,

bonding and quantum considerations.

Bridging statistical mechanics,

density unctional theory (DF), and

Computational Schemes for Predictive Modeling

and Engineering of Materials Anatole Von Lilienfeld

computer science, this young a nd highly

interdisciplinary ield o atomistic

computational material s design has, in

this project, been used to investigate

several important Sandia energy-security

areas. In addition to the heat-transer

luids just described, nanocluster metal

catalysts were studied or eicient

conversion o ca rbon dioxide, methane,

or oxygen or sustainable energyapplications, and quantitative structure-

property relationships were developed or

rapid but accurate predictions o cha rge

transport properties in photovoltaic

applications. At a more-undamental level,

high-dimensional property gradients in

compound space were derived within

density unctional theory (DF), and

implemented and tested numerical ly.

Interatomic three-body van der Waals

orces, typically neglec ted, were shownto be substantial in real materials. Also

examined were intrinsic deects in GaAs,

and long range interactions in nanoscale

sciences. his research urthered the

accuracy o computational materials

modeling, a key step orward toward

routinely engineering improved materials

prior to attempting experimental

realization.

LDRDAward

forExcellence

Laboratory Directed Research and Development 2010 Highlights

Purine-pyrimidine

base-pairing in DNA,

or which project

results suggest a new

understanding o what

is sometimes described

as the intrinsic

mutation rate.

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A measurement o channel activity rom which

numerous vectors extracted rom a key-generation

window provide adequate binary data or use as

private cryptography keys.

Private-key cryptographyalgorithms by which data

is encrypted beore transmission, then decrypted at its

destinationemploys a class o algorithms that use an

identical key or both encryption and decryption. Because this

key must be private and at the same time, distributed among

communicating nodes, a secure key-distribution inrastructure

is required. Such an inrastructure is ineasible in certain

scenarios, and in these cases, alternative methods or managing

keying variables have been proposed, one o which utilizes the

communications channel itsel to generate a keying variable; this

eliminates eavesdropping, because third-parties do not share

that same communication channel.

This project developed a system or generating data or

cryptography rom the characteristics o the transmission

channel, data that remains private to transmitter and receiver o

the encrypted inormation. The research has established a test

bed or cryptography that could enable secure communications

in ad hoc scenarios such as a battleeld or in the deployment

o scattered sensors) where a key-management system is

otherwise unavailable.

The Generation o Cryptographic Keysthrough Impulse Response Estimation

Michael Forman

Airborne ground-imaging radars suer rom a velocity

blindness. Because o the dierent processing intervals utilized

or ground moving target indication (GMTI) as compared with

stationary synthetic aperture radar (SAR), there are velocity

regions where vehicles cannot be imaged and detected.

Obviously, these blind spots create problematic security gaps.

For example, ollowing individual vehicles over typical velocity

changes experienced while maneuvering in trafc is extremely

Velocity Independent ContinuousTracking Radar

David Harmony

Three rames tracking vehicle movement along a road (let o each rame). Vehicle (arrow) is stopped, but

nonetheless imaged in the middle rame.

difcult. When a vehicle slows or stops, tracking becomes

virtually impossible or present systems.

This projects goal was to develop algorithms creating an

integrated model that combines videoSAR and GMTI signal

processing rom a single data stream to eliminate such velocity

gaps and then implement the algorithms into real-time radar

sotware to evaluate their perormance. The desired outcome

is a new radar mode similar to optical ull motion video, but

with the capability o night and day all-weather vehicle tracking

independent o target velocity.

Computationand

Simulation

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MEGATUX: An Internet Emulation System to EnablePredictive Simulation o Nation-scale Internet Behavior

Ronald Minnich

Geographic map o the network activity o the

Sandbot malware developed or this project.

Our adversaries are networks, is a key theme articulated by this

project, underlining the act that there are countless networkso people and computers with goals adversarial to the interests

o the U.S. The problem or intelligence analysts is that these

networks oten reveal themselves only through a coalescence o

parts, oten temporally and geographically dispersed.

This project posits that network characterization requires

methods or identiying hidden properties/relationships and

or analyzing network structure; or example, it has revealed

that the dynamics o relevant social networks are more

important than their intrinsic parameters. Analysts need to

be able to predict the evolution o a networks properties. Toensure usability, algorithms are assembled into careully tested

prototypes; three have been developed over the projects

course. A human actors team has worked closely with actual

The open network structure o the internet can leave critical

computers particularly those o U. S. Government agencies

open to attack by malware such as botnets. These bits o

malicious sotware inect computers on a network, subsequently

allowing the originator o the bot to gain control o a nexus o

personal computers or a variety o malicious purposes rom

email spamming to identity thet.

While orensics to detect such malicious activity has been

successul in prosecuting some perpetrators, there may bemore-efcient ways to detect and thwart or mitigate such

activity to reduce its impact. This project is constructing an

emulation platorm that will allow modeling, analysis, and

prediction o the behavior o nation-scale networks o one

to ten million machines, which will be sel-organizing, as is

the Internet. This system will allow introduction o malware,

intelligence analysts eliciting their responses to toolkits-in-

development, ensuring that renements reect real-world

applicability. The project has been able to represent andvisualize in graphs the uncertainty in network analysis, such as

in the small percentage o blogs that can act as early warning

sensors.

Network Discovery,Characterization, andPrediction

Philip Kegelmeyer

Data plot indicating that an increase in the entropy o

certain blogs can be a actor preceding increases in online

conversations about violence.

permitting the modeling o attacks that have succeeded against

U. S. Government organizations, thereby devising detection and

mitigation strategies. A malware prototype known as Sandbot

has been developed to acilitate this study.

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Model o turbulent ow within contactor

extraction device.

With the increased likelihood that nuclear energy will actor into

the equation or energy production with a low-carbon ootprint,models o nuclear reprocessing plants are needed to support

nuclear materials accountancy, nonprolieration, plant design,

and plant scale-up.

This project is developing predictive capabilities targeting the

design and monitoring o a next-generation nuclear uel cycle

to enable economical large-scale reprocessing with accurate

material balances. In addition to plutonium/uranium extraction

and separation models which are being developed at several

process scales, rom single solution droplet to the contactor

device in which extractions occur plant ow sheets will becreated. A novel, scalable network model will thus allow coupling

o massively parallel contactor models to simple models or other

plant unit operations. This will be key to support nonprolieration

Multiscale Models o Nuclear Waste Reprocessing:From the Mesoscale to the Plant-Scale

Rekha Rao

activities, including material accountancy, plant design,and diversion scenarios. Models will be validated through

experiments at Sandia and in collaboration with Oak Ridge

National Laboratory.

Scenario rom one o the evaluated training modules.

Adaptive sel-paced and customized anytime-anywhere

training in intercultural human interaction is one o the top

ve priority U.S. Army Future Force warghter outcomes.

Consequently, the military extensively utilizes deployed game-

based training around the world. However, military leaders

have questioned the metrics that should be used in assessing

eectiveness, as well as inquiring whether training can possibly

be tailored to the individual warghter.

This project has been applying Sandias automated knowledge-

capture techniques in an integrated ashion, in order to assess

their utility in quantitatively measuring learner expertise

and experiential training, the research indicating that these

techniques can eectively replace human coders o perormance.

Given the vast amount o training data, such capability would

signicantly increase data assessment capabilities, and would

pave the way or the capabilities o dynamically tailoring training

content and eedback to the individual learner.

Real-time IndividualizedTraining Vectors orExperiential Learning

Elaine Raybourn

Computationand

Simulation

Com




Fatigue and wear degradation in engineered

metallic structures are pervasive

problems, constituting serious drains

on the U. S. economy. Tey are, additionally,

concerns or Sandia-designed components

in areas as diverse as nuclear weapons

components and satellites. Prior work at Sandia

has suggested that some nanocrystalline metals

can be more resistant to atigue and wear

than conventional alloys, and that perturbing

dislocation-length scales is a ruitul approach.

For example, research preceding this project

suggested that atigue can possibly be impeded

when dislocation-mediated deormation

becomes energetically less avorable than

other secondary deormation mechanisms.

For example, persistent slip bands (PSBs),

the atomic-scale precursor to atigue-crack

initiation, may possibly be suppressed

by incorporating stable arrangements o

dislocation-pinning obstacles at less than the

required PSB length-scale.

Tis project has examined these phenomenathrough experiment and modelingocusing

on nanocrystalline alloy composition and

dislocation-locking mechanisms that can

reduce atigue and ailure and pursuing

a path orward to reproducibly engineer

improved damage-resistant structures. Te

project abricated a nanocrystalline nickel

alloy that exhibited a remarkable atigue lie,

surviving more than 2.5-million cycles at an

enormous peak stress o 1.2 gigapascals. In

all nanocrystalline alloys abricated, crackinitiation was preceded by a phenomenon o

mechanically induced abnormal grain growth.

Anomalous Suppression of Fatigue and

Wear Through Stable Nanodomains Brad Boyce

Micrograph o cracks initiated in unstable atigue-

coarsened grains in a nanocrystalline nickel-

manganese alloy.

LDRDAward

forExcellence

Te low-riction behavior o nanocrystalline

alloys and its concomitant improved wear

behavior has been linked to the ormation

o a tribological bilayer, one component

composed o ultrananocrystalline grains

(< 5 nm). Modeling was used to explore

potential metallurgical scenarios to prevent

the abnormal grain growth, and to develop

strategies or simulating dislocation-mediated

damage processes in granular metals.

Laboratory Directed Research and Development 2010 HighlightsLaboratory Directed Research and Development 2010 Highlights

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Compact, low power, and high-

perormance microwave oscillators are

nearly ubiquitous in microelectronics

in RADAR, global positioning systems (GPS),

and various other communications devices.

However, their use in systems requiring

high-precision clocking and/or ne phase

resolution tends to be limited by phase noise.

An optoelectronic chip that could improve

this situation by reaching the limits o phase

noise and improve or remove other inherent

noise sources would represent a signicant step

orward in this arena.

Tis project, a close collaboration with the

Massachusetts Institute o echnology (MI),

has addressed this issue through a undamental

investigation into the limits o precision

timing, with MI perorming benchtop

experiments and Sandia ocusing on developing

an integrated chip-level solution that draws

on the capabilities o Sandias Microsystems

and Engineering Sciences Applications

acility (MESA) and the Center or IntegratedNanotechnologies (CIN). In developing a

process compatible with the Microelectronics

Development Laboratory (MDL) that would

integrate low-loss silicon waveguides and phase

modulators with germanium detectors, the

Sandia/MI team has established a baseline

process fow or integration o low-loss

waveguides and ber-to-chip coupling with

silicon microphotonic modulators, and has

demonstrated a phase noise o 130 dB, 10

Hz rom the carrier, leading to 6.8 s relativetiming stability over 10 hours between a pair o

10 GHz microwave oscillators. Tis represents

a new record in relative timing stability, better

than any result rom the National Institute o

Standards and echnology (NIS). Te goal

LDRDAward

forExcellence

Image o the device

engineered in this project.

Integrated Optical Phase Locked Loop (IO-PLL) for Attosecond

Timing in Microwave Oscillators Anthony Lentine

is to ultimately create a chip-scale

device to achieve sub-emtosecond

timing resolution, an accomplishment

that would represent a substantial

inroad into that regime o

phase-locking.

Michael Watts was the original

PI on this project



Schematic o the cryogenic system designed in

this project.

New, higher-ux source or 85Rb constructed to

generate larger signals.

There are no well-developed techniques or the cooling o

molecules rom room temperature to microKelvin (less than

1 K) temperature. Such capability would open several areas o

scientic discovery including Bose-Einstein condensation o

molecules, molecular intererometery, low-energy scattering,

and ultrahigh-resolution spectroscopy

This project is pursuing a variation o kinematic cooling to employ

a collision to greatly slow the thermal motion o a molecule (0 K

representing the absence o thermal motion), much as a cue ball

in billiards can come to a complete stop when hitting another

ball, by entirely transerring its momentum. By analogy, this

project is attempting to collide a molecule with an ultracold

(microKelvin) atom o the same mass. There is a nite probability

that the collision will result in the transer o nearly all o the

momentum o the molecule to the ultracold atom, thereby

lowering the temperature o the molecule near to 0 K. Initial

experiments are employing two isotopes o rubidium, 85Rb, and87Rb, as a test case.

Understanding the properties o dense helium has been

problematic at very high pressures because o the difculty o

condensing liquid helium samples at very low temperatures

on devices such as gas guns, magnetic compression devices,

and lasers. This experimental need addresses undamental

physics issues and is also a key to understanding the structure,properties, origin, and evolution o giant planetary interiors.

To solve this experimental dilemma, this project designed and

engineered a cryogenic system to condense superuid liquid

helium samples in an appropriate geometry or high-precision

equation-o-state (EOS) measurements on the Z accelerator,

which possesses the capability to generate the ultrahigh

pressures required. The device, based on an evaporation

rerigerator, should be expendable, and thereore o reasonable

cost and complexity, as well as continuously operating and sel-

regulating. With these eatures and requirements accomplished

a new cryogenic capacity on Z will enable very accurate EOS

measurements on materials relevant to the weapons program

and enhance the experimental capabilities available to

theoretical physicists and astrophysicists.

Micro-Kelvin MoleculeProduction

David Chandler

Shock Compression

o Liquid He and He-HMixtures

David Hanson

MaterialsScience&

MicrosystemE

ngineering

MaterialsScience&

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ngineerin

g

Pumpingline

LHe linein

Evaporato

LHe sample

Current pane

He cooling co

He gas

line

Innershield5 K

Outer

shield10 K

LHecoolingline LHe sample holder 1.5 K


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MaterialsScien

ce&

MicrosystemE

ngineering

MaterialsScience&

MicrosystemE

ngineering

Reviving ast neutron reactor technology is a key element in

creating a viable nuclear energy uture. Producing materials

tolerant to extensive high-energy irradiation is a requirement

or any advanced reactor, but there are no currently operative

ast neutron reactors in the U.S.

To address this issue, this project is employing high-energy

(MeV) ion irradiation combined with a suite o novel, microscale

techniques to characterize the thermomechanical behavior

o advanced cladding materials as a unction o composition,

stress, temperature, and irradiation damage level. For example,

the project has developed micropillar compression capabilities

or micrometer-sized irradiated volumes. Various other types

o experimental-based simulations are also being perormed.

Ultimately, the aim is to clariy the undamental science behind

irradiation damage and mechanical behavior in metallic alloys

that will be vital to nuclear uels modeling eorts and to provide

a rapid screening capability or identiying promising new alloys

or this extreme enviroment.

An Ion Beam Platorm orScreening Materials orNuclear Reactors

Khalid Hattar

A Fundamentally New Approach to Air CooledHeat Exchangers

Jerey Koplow

Electron micrograph o a sel ion irradiated Cu

micropillar produced by ocused ion beam milling

B.L. Boyce).

Air-cooled heat-exchanger technology has remained virtually

unchanged or several decades and its inefciency, noisiness, and

propensity to become ouled through dust accretion are limiting

actors in technologies such as computer central processing

unit (CPU) coolers and environmental cooling systems. In the

latter case, such coolers represent an energy inefciency that is

critical, considering todays concern about energy availability and

climate change.

This project has designed a novel high-efciency heat exchanger

that is intrinsically immune to ouling by dust because o its high

velocity o rotation. The device is based on an air-bearing upon

which an impeller rotates. Heat is transerred across a narrow

air gap rom a stationary heat spreader to the rotating structure,

a hybrid o a nned heat sink and an impeller. This places the

heat sink boundary layer in a several-thousand-rpm accelerating

rame o reerence, reducing the thickness o the boundary

layer and providing greatly enhanced heat transer. The devices

direct drive generates relative motion between the nned heat

sink and surrounding air. This provides a drastic improvement in

efciency and reduces an noise.

1 m

Heat-sink impeller

Brushless motor

Air gap

Base plate



MaterialsScience&

MicrosystemEngineering

MaterialsScience&

MicrosystemE

ngineering

Photo o the CR5 reactor and ancillary structures

designed and engineered in this project.

Photo o prototype device.

Amid concern about bioterrorism threats to national security

rom known biothreat agents, there is another imperative

to detect unknown biological threats, that is, pathogenic

microorganisms not previously encountered and possibly

genetically engineered to avoid detection. The technique o

ultrahigh-throughput DNA sequencing (UHTS) is capable o

characterizing such unknown organisms at the genetic (DNA

sequence) level, but only i a suitable sample o the pathogenic

organisms DNA is available. This is usually problematic because

the nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) o the pathogen exists against

a background o the ar greater quantity o the inected

individuals DNA.

The RapTOR project is designing an automated microuidics

platorm that will selectively suppress and subtract the ar

more numerous human DNA sequences, while ampliying

Domestically produced carbon-neutral transportation uel:

meeting this challenge would be a huge advance toward

mitigating global climate change and ensuring energy availability.

A direct solution is to recycle the carbon dioxide that results

rom burning gas, oil, and other ossil uels by converting it

back into hydrocarbons like ethanol, gasoline, and diesel. This is

thermodynamically costly, requiring an uphill push rom some

other source o energy.

In this project, solar thermal energy is being applied to supply that

uphill push. Concentrated sunlight provides thermal energy to heat

redox active metal oxides to high temperatures where they give

up oxygen. The resulting reduced metal oxide is then capable o

converting chemically stable and unreactive carbon dioxide (CO2) to

carbon monoxide (CO). This step regenerates the starting oxide and

provides the CO or uel-producing syngas chemistry. Monoliths

o the active metal oxides have been developed or the unique

pathogen sequences. Normalization is a hybridization-based

process resulting in the preerential destruction o numerically

abundant sequences thus increasing the relative abundance

o rare sequences. It employs hydroxyapatite capillary-basedchromatography, thereby increasing the ratio o pathogen

sequences to host sequences such that UHTS can accomplish

identication o a threat organism.

CR5 reactor in which the reaction occurs, a device designed and

abricated as part o this project.

RapTOR: Rapid ThreatOrganism Recognition

Todd Lane

Reimagining LiquidTransportation Fuels:Sunshine to Petrol

James E. MillerAperture intoreactor where CO

2

is reduced to CO

Injectors

O2

outlets

Vacuum pumps

Pressurecontrolvalves

Condensatetraps

Reactor

Condensers (2)

Steam generator


18/288

Foams have a broad variety o applications connected to Sandias

national security missions, including weapons, explosion

suppression, and encapsulation o electronics. Production

o suitable oams requires a undamental understanding

o interacial rheology (ow properties), particularly at the

microscale level.

This project studied ow and stability in viscous liquids, with

particular emphasis on oams, developing it own Surace

Dilatational Rheometer and modeling capability, while also

employing commercial instrumentation, in order to develop a

comprehensive ability to predict properties o oams and other

visco-elastic uids. One conclusion o the study is that several

complementary measurements using dierent instruments are

oten required to adequately characterize suractant systems.

This project has resulted in the genesis o an interacial rheologylaboratory at Sandia, including characterization tools with

a wide range o sensitivity in surace orces. Such improved

understanding o interacial stability will allow better oams to

be produced or a wide range o applications.

Surace Rheology andInterace Stability

Lisa Mondy

Time sequence o oam generation and subsequent de-oaming.

Micrograph o microresonator with matching

inductors developed in this project.

X-band device applications include various civilian and military

tracking and imaging radars in addition to weather monitoring.

However, an important subset o such tagging tracking and

locating (TTL) devices is limited by the lack o analog signal

processing elements at X-band, thereore constraining size

and power consumption. This project is developing a low-loss,

miniature analog signal processing element at X-band, enabling

signicant reductions in TTL device size and power.

This projects overall goal is to improve the ability to tag andtrack adversaries over a broad geographical area, with precision,

and with a tag that is physically and electronically very difcult

to detect (eatureless). This portion o the overall project

ocused on technical advances in microelectromechnical

systems (MEMS) acoustic microresonator delay elements. It has

developed a novel architecture based on a microresonator withintegrated inductors that reduces insertion loss and increases

achievable bandwidth.

Featureless Tagging Tacking and Locating:Micromechanical Resonators

Richard Ormesher

Time=0 1.2 s 6.6 s Time defoaming=7.2 s 25.9 s 44.9 s

100 m

Gold inductor Microreasonator

MaterialsScience&

MicrosystemE

ngineering

MaterialsScie

nce&

MicrosystemEngineering



Colorized scanning electron micrographs o newly

abricated three-dimensional metamaterials in the

so-called split-ring resonator confguration.

Articially structured materials not ound in nature,

metamaterials represent a new rontier in materials science

materials designed and created, through micro- and

nanoabrication, with particular perormance purposes in

mind. Combining modeling, experimentation and abrication,

this project is placing particular emphasis on materials that are

nanostructured to respond to specic electromagnetic (EM)requencies, providing the ability to manipulate the ow o EM

energy in ways not achievable with naturally occurring materials.

The project is specically seeking to manipulate long-

wavelength inrared (LWIR) in a low-loss ashion. Although

metal metamaterials have been constructed with resonances

to radio waves and microwaves, designers and engineers have

been unsuccessul in the higher-requency inrared and visible

regions o the EM spectrum because metals show high losses

at these requencies. A novel nanoabrication technique has

been developed, known as membrane projection lithography,

one capable o producing 3-D resonator metamaterials with

dimensions 100-times smaller than prior abrication methods.

Metamaterial Science and TechnologyMichael Sinclair

MaterialsScience&

MicrosystemE

ngineering

Design o novel system solutions or nuclear weapons

components must meet numerous requirements deriving rom

actors such as harsh environments, smaller component volumes

with reduced power budgets, and increased security. These

constraints demand novel architecture solutions compatible with

existing abrication technologies that are also recongurable as

novel surety solutions emerge. Three-dimensional integration

o electronic elements is a desirable solution, enabling

combinations o separate analog, digital, and other technology

unctions in a single low-volume package, which can also

signicantly improve system security.

Utilizing high-delity modeling to guide design and processing

requirements, this project has devised a low-temperature three-

dimensional waer and chip-stacking capability to provide 3D

integrated solutions. In addition to reducing volume and power

requirements or electronic subsystems, this approach leverages

optimized independently developed application specic

integrated circuitry while reducing pin count. It also enables

multiply redundant subsystems, thus acilitating an adaptive

design or meeting security and reliability requirements.

Success with bonding dissimilar materials at low temperatures

will also benet other national security applications.

3D Integration Technologyor Highly Secure, MixedSignal, ReconfgurableSystems

Subhash Shinde

MaterialsScience&

MicrosystemE

ngineering

Let: Electron micrographs o ront-end-o-line through-

Si-Vias (FEOL-TSVs) created at Sandias Microab rication

acility. Right: High-fdelity modeling o abrication-

induced von Mises stress distribution in a vertical and

horizontal interconnect (2 million mesh) elements).


20/280

Basic design o the active coded aperture imager.

The ability to detect special nuclear

material (SNM) over large distances is

an important component o homelandsecurity, conerring the ability or early

detection o potential nuclear terrorism, as

well as aiding verication initiatives. Te only

reliable means or perorming such long-

distance detection is through the imaging o

the ast neutrons emitted by SNM, neutrons

that are energetic enough to penetrate

shielding and to travel over long distances

without scatteringand whose environmental

background is very low.

Previous methods have relied on imaging

low-energy neutrons with passive coded

apertures, but they cannot adequately

modulate ast neutrons. Meanwhile, double-

scatter imaging, used to detect ast neutrons

has limited detection eciency. Hence this

project combines both double-scatter and

coded-aperture methods, that is, active coded-

aperture imaging. Te mask must be active

to increase the opacity to energetic neutrons.

One design consists o a mask plane and a

position-sensitive detection plane. A source

o ast neutrons within the ield o view

projects a unique pattern through the mask

onto the image detection plane, allowing orthe calculation o the source position. he

second design consists o a single central

detector surrounded by a rotating coded

mask, which results in a better signal-to-

noise ratio and eiciency o detection.

A set o Monte Carlo simulation tools has

also been developed so that experimental

results can be assessed against simulations.

o illustrate the homeland security

potential o the technology, the project

team constructed a passive Coded Aperture

Neutron Imaging System (CANIS) or use in

a large stand-o aircrat screening scenario

demonstration. Placed in a 40 t . sea-land

container with a 252C neutron source (IAEA

signiicant quantity o weapons-grade

plutonium equivalent) positioned 60 meters

away, the detector achieved a 1 in 1000 alse

positive rate with 90% eiciency in only 15

minutes o dwell time, easily outperorming

any technology currently in use.

Coded Aperture Neutron Imaging

Peter Marleau

LDRDAward

forExcellence

Mask

plane

Image

plane



Very small aerosol particulates are difcult to trap and

detect, particularly against the atmospheric background.

Examples o important particles include toxic soot aerosols

rom diesel combustion (typically in the 150 nm size range),trace quantities o uranium in aerosols (potentially indicative

o prolieration activities), and biological aerosols possibly

connected to bioterrorism

In order to utilize various techniques (e.g., laser-induced

breakdown spectroscopy, mass spectrometry) to diagnose

the composition and potential signiicance o such aerosols,

these very ine particulates must irst be segregated rom

background. This project has devised a method or such

segregation, using ultraviolet (UV) light to photoionize

particles, such that the resulting charged particles can

then be trapped in an electric ield or subsequent analysis.

Careul selection o the exact wavelength and intensity o

the UV light source has enabled separation o several types

o particulate aerosols.

Metabonomics or Detection o Nuclear MaterialsProcessing

Kathleen Alam

Illustration o the integrated approach that begins

with measuring a metabolic fngerprint rom a variety

o indigenous organisms to allow identifcation o

metabolites serving as signatures o exposure to

chemicals involved in nuclear materials processing.

HomelandSecurit

y

Applications

HomelandSecurity

Applications

Tracking nuclear materials production and

processing, particularly covert operations,

is a key national security concern, giventhat nuclear materials processing can be a

signature o nuclear weapons activities by

US adversaries. Covert trafcking can also

result in homeland security threats, most

notably allowing terrorists to assemble

devices such as dirty bombs.

Existing methods depend on isotope

analysis and do not necessarily detec t chronic low-level

exposure. In this project, indigenous organisms such as

plants, small mammals, and bacteria are utilized as livingsensors or the presence o chemicals used in nuclear

materials processing. Such metabolic ngerprinting (or

metabonomics) employs nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

spectroscopy to assess alterations in organismal metabolism

provoked by the environmental presence o nuclear materials

processing, or example the tributyl phosphate employed in

the processing o spent reactor uel rods to extract and puriy

uranium and plutonium or weaponization.

Drawings o basic design or a device that uses

ultraviolet (UV) light to ionize intake aerosol

particles, such that they can be separated in an

electric feld or subsequent analysis.

Electrode

Laser/lamp

H (UV)

Charged aerosol out

Neutral aerosol in

Biofilms

Measure Metabolic Fingerprint

Plants Animals

Birds

Novel Instrumentation orSelective Photo-Ionizationand Trapping o Fine Particles

Ray Bambha


22/282

Prototype o the assay platorm.

Drawing o the elements o a nanohole-array sensor

(let) and electron micrograph o the array (right).

Rapid detection o priority pathogens, either during natural

outbreaks or released as an act o bioterrorism is a national

security priority, particularly rapid diagnosis at the point-o-

incidence to eectively enable a sufciently rapid response or

population protection. Currently, however, diagnosis o aectedpatients relies on accurate identication o the pathogenic

microorganism or its toxins, an oten time-consuming process.

This project team has engineered a compact, portable

efcient system or pathogen identication, one that relies

on membrane-based microuidic assays interaced modularly

with user-riendly electronics to permit eld-based diagnostics

by rst-responders. A one-square-inch microuidics chip that

snaps into place with electronics interconnects serves as a test

platorm. It can be used with any standard immunoassay assay

or pathogens or toxins (such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent

assay [ELISA]), and it can provide either more-comprehensive

touch-screen readouts or biomedical scientists or simpler

readouts or rst-responders.

Extremely Thin Chemical Sensor Arrays UsingNanohole Arrays

Igal Brener

Deployable PathogenDiagnostic System

Anson Hatch

The challenge o designing and abricating concealable sensors

or chemical and biological threats is underscored by the act

that most existing approaches are difcult to miniaturize,requiring either large areas or signicant thicknesses. By

contrast, this project is developing extremely thin sensor arrays

that can be concealed or applications such as space control,

surveillance, intelligence, nonprolieration, and armed orces

security.

The phenomenon o extraordinary optical transmission allows

nanohole arrays in thin metallic suraces to couple incident

light to surace plasmons such that a disproportionate amount

o light is transmitted through subwavelength-sized arrays.

Such transmission is very sensitive to surace chemistry in thevicinity o the holes, meaning that changes in that chemistry can

be detected by spectral shits in transmission. For example, by

unctionalizing the metal surace with molecules designed to

specically bind chemical explosives, binding o such explosivesto the unctionalized surace can be readily detected through

such spectral shits with sensors small and thin enough to be

easily concealed.

Mask

Sensorarray

Filter

Detector

100 m

Touch screen LCD Disposable assay cartridge

Alignment stage

Lock-in amplifier

Multiplexed detection optical system

CPU board

Highvoltageboards

pumps/valves

y

Applications

o

ea

dSecu

ty

Applications



Because bacterial spores are extremely difcult to kill

by comparison to ully metabolic bacterial cells, current

decontamination methods against spores o threat organismssuch as Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) require the use o highly

toxic and/or highly corrosive chemical solutions, such as chlorine

dioxide. These corrosive chemicals not only damage materials,

but also require complicated, expensive deployment systems.

This project has developed a ar less corrosive and less-expensive

method or killing bacterial spores in contaminated areas. A

novel nontoxic germination solution activates spores, causing

them to germinate into vegetative (ully metabolic) bacterial

cells. Subsequent to germination, these cells can be ar more

easily killed than their spores, with relatively nontoxic chemicalssuch as hydrogen peroxide, alcohols, quaternary ammonium

compounds, or other simple treatments such as ultraviolet light.

Many crucial Sandia-engineered electrical systems are

threatened by lightning strikes possibly breaching protective

metallic enclosures and insulation, thereby interrupting proper

unction. The design o shielding or saety-critical components

depends upon a better understanding o the processes by

which such lightning burnthrough occurs, ensuring that critical

electrical systems are protected rom ailure.

This project is seeking to develop a quantitative understanding

o the physics that limits voltage and current penetration in

lightning burnthrough. One component o this research employs

the Sandia lightning simulator, which permits the study o

the various phases o electrical discharge associated with a

lightning strike. High-speed photography and other detailed

instrumentation o these experiments permits diagnostics

o the various event phases with submicrosecond resolution.

Additionally, the project is developing and applying models or

Initial tests have resulted in ~20 million bacterial spores killed

on coupons mounted in various locations in a test chamber.

the various physical penetration mechanisms. Ultimately this

research will provide a quantitative basis on which to make

saety assessments and may permit the development o new

methods o protection against lightning strikes.

Decontamination o Anthrax Spores inCritical Inrastructure and Critical Assets

Mark Tucker

Field and Charge Penetration by Lightning Burnthrough

Larry Warne

Micrograph o a germinating spore.

Monitoring lightning eects over microsecond

time scales.

500.2 ms 501.5 ms

HomelandSe

curity

Applications

HomelandSecurity

Applications


24/284

Electron micrograph o parallel nanochannels o

mesoporous silica, channel entrances precisely tuned

by plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition (ALD).

Clean water is widely

recognized as perhaps

the most critical

limited resource o this

century. Although they

have been o great utility in

puriying water o salts and

contaminants, reverse osmosis

(RO) membranes comprise

a mature technology, one towhich modications have

already shown diminishing

returns. New solutions

to water purication are

required, particularly in the

area o eciency. Pushing

water through RO membranes

requires energy, and given

concerns over global energy

shortages, new solutions

need to address the act thatpurication devices requiring

lower energy consumption are crucial.

Te lipid bilayers o biological membranes

isolate the aqueous compartment inside cells

(cytoplasm) rom their surrounding aqueous

extracellular fuid, the two solutions markedly

dierent in composition. But a controlled

fow o water and dissolved ions into and

out o cells is mediated through a variety o

dierent protein channels and pumps, eachspecic to the passage o water (aquaporins)

or a given ion. Trough study and modeling

o biological membranes, this projects

researchers have made signicant progress in

elucidating the chemistry underpinning the

specic unctionality o these proteins. Tis

project pursued the possibility o modeling and

engineering nanoporous inorganic channels

to the ion and water selectivity displayed by

their biological (organic) counterparts. Such

nanoporous membranes could be used to

puriy water completely o its dissolved salts

including those with toxic propertiesbut

might also control the composition o theresulting solution, ater passage through the

nanoporous membrane, allowing certain

salts to remain in the water, thus replicating

naturally occurring mineral waters. Modeling

has guided experimental work, or example,

employing atomic layer deposition (ALD) to

chemically modiy parallel silica nanotubes as

potential water channels.

Understanding & Optimizing Water Flux &

Salt Rejection in Nanoporous Membranes

Susan RempeLDRDAward

forExcellence

TiO2ALD coating

10 m



Over the course o evolution, Nature has perected the design o

a signicant number o biological nanodevices, rom sensors to

molecular motors to catalysts, photovoltaics and other energy-

transormative nanomachines. In certain instances, current

initiatives in nanotechnology could benet rom biological

solutions. Although most biological devices are constructed

entirely or partially o proteins, it should be possible to replicate

such structures either completely or partially using inorganic

constituents, while retaining unctionality or such biohybriddevices.

In this project, mask-directed multiphoton lithography has

been used to template biological protein synthesis into specic

three-dimensional nanostructures (such as microcantilevers),

which have then, in turn, been utilized as structural templates

or the multistep conversion to silicon replicas, thereby

orming silicon microstructures whose conormation is

initially biologically directed. In addition, the mask-directed

involving management, training, and personnel reliability, in order

to measure the eectiveness o risk-management systems, thereby

providing a set o precepts as a guide or biorisk management decision-

making.

multiphoton lithography technique has been used to construct

a diversity o microconnement chambers or bacterial cells

in order to elucidate several key hypotheses about bacterial

pathogenicity, cell-to-cell communication, and cell-colony

material interactions.

Development and Characterization o 3D, Nano-ConfnedMulticellular Constructs or Advanced Biohybrid Devices

Bryan Kaehr

The main phases o a laboratory risk-management

ramework.

Micrographs: A. In situ abricated protein

microenclosure with chicane ports, inside which

approximately seven Staphylococcos aureus (round

cells) are trapped or a quorum sensing experiment. B.

Microchamber flled with a colony o replicating rod-

shaped (bacilli) bacteria, allowing mechanical analysis

o pressure exerted by the colony.

Lifeand

CognitiveSciences

Lifean

d

CognitiveSciences

Approaches For A Unifed Laboratory Management BioriskFramework: Responding to Biological Threats Raised bythe Study, World at Risk

Jennier Gaudioso

As delineated by the committee on Weapons o Mass Destruction in itspublished study, World at Risk, biological weapons o mass destruction

(WMD) pose a grave national security threat, with, or example,

terrorists more likely to be able to obtain and use a biological WMD than

a nuclear WMD. The study specically called or bioscience laboratories

that handle dangerous pathogens to implement a unied laboratory

biorisk management ramework. Unortunately, it has been somewhat

difcult to adequately raise awareness in the biological sciences

research community o the need or a culture o security regarding the

possibility o bioterrorism initiating within that community, itsel.

In response, this project is analyzing the value o implementing ormalbiorisk management within the bio-research community. In addition

to studying numerous biorisk cases, the project has addressed issues

DECIDING UNDERSTANDING

AppraisalManagement Communication

Pre-assessment

Categorizing the

knowledge about

the risk

Characterization

& assessment

A B

10 m10 m


26/286

Over the past 10 years, the biological phenomenon o RNA

intererence (RNAi) induced gene silencing has been exploited or

biotechnology, therapeutic and basic research science purposes. Most

notable is the ability o this phenomenon to determine the specic

genes and pathways involved in a biological problem o interest. This

project is developing a gene-silencing technology, based on RNAi, in

order to investigate the human proteins involved in lethal encephalitis

induced by two biothreats Rit Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) and Nipah

Virus (NiV).

By systematically silencing more than 20,000 individual host genes

and analyzing their involvement in viral inection, a comprehensive

portrait o virus-host interactions should be revealed, that would then

allow strategies or therapeutic intervention. The project is developing

microuidic platorms that combine cell and small interering RNA

Current magnetoencephalographic

(MEG) imaging o a unctioning

human brain is difcult because the

use o superconducting quantum

intererence devices (SQUIDS)

requires large, cryogenically cooled,

expensive hardware. Recently, atomic

magnetometers, based on measuring

the spin precession o alkali atoms in

a magnetic eld, have demonstratedequivalent sensitivity to SQUID-based MEGs. These atomic

magnetometers do not require cryogenic cooling, thereby

resulting in a much smaller package.

This project, a collaboration with the University o New Mexico

and its Mind Research Network, has developed prototype atomic

magnetometer or human MEG measurements. The atomic

magnetometer reads out the atomic response to a magnetic eld

through optical interrogation by a laser beam. A single-optical-

axis sensor was developed that utilized a two-color pump/

probe scheme with our-channel output. Its long slender design

with a 5 cm x 5 cm ootprint on the human head allows high

density arraying around the head. The project culminated in the

successul measurement o MEG signals with two our-channel

sensors on either side o the subjects head. In addition to its

primary application in studying human cognition, a portable

MEG has potential applications to several other DOE missions.

Atomic Magnetometer or HumanMagnetoencephalography

Peter Schwindt

Genome-wide RNA Intererence Analysiso Viral Encephalitis Pathogenesiss

Oscar Negrete

Data indicating the probable route o internalization

into cells (dynamin-dependent, caveolin-mediated

endocytosis) during inection by Rit Valley Fever

Virus (RVFV).

Lifeand

CognitiveSciences

Lifean

d

CognitiveSciences

arrays or high-level biocontainment compatible RNAi screening

adaptable to a molecular-level analysis o other biothreats.

140

100

60

20

120

N DYN MBD CHLS

Cathryn andcaveolin

Dynamin dependent endocytosis

PercentG

FP

expression

(infection)

Cathryn Caveolin

OA PMA

RVFVVacVVSV80

40

0

Optical fiber

Polarization analysisoptics and detectors

Polarization optics Collimating lens Ceramic oven

Vapor cell(installedinsideoven)

Vapor cellheater & temperaturesensor leads


27/28Laboratory Directed Research and Development 2010 HighlightsLaboratory Directed Research and Development 2010 Highlights


28/28

Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated

by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidairy of Lockheed Martin Corporation,

for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under

contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

SAND No. 2010-8330P

2010 Ldrd Highlights

Documents

Transcript of 2010 Ldrd Highlights