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GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

History of Architecture IPrepared by Mariam Hassan

Summer 2010

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Characteristics of Gothic

Architecture

AsweconsidertheGothic,thefinalphaseofmedievalarchitecturewearefacewithdefining

thestyle;thetermGothicwasfirstappliedinthe17th centurytodenotedesignsnotbasedon

precedentfromclassicalantiquity;bythe19th century,pejorativeconnotations hadlargely

beenovercome,buthistorianshavestruggledsincetoclarifywhatexactlyconstitutesthe

Gothicstyle.

ThemostobviousdefinitioninvolveskeyelementsemployedinmanyGothicbuildingswhich

features:

Thepointedarch

Ribvaults

Flying

buttressesLargestainedglasswindows(withtracery)

Pierscomposedofcolonnades

Shaftsbundledaroundacore

Considerableheight

Largescale

spatial

characteristics

(airy

and

bright)

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Structural and Constructional Innovations

Theflexibilityofthe

pointedarch

channeledtheweight

ontothebearingpiers

orcolumns

at

asteep

angle,enablinga

muchraisedceiling.

SinceGothic

constructionloads

at

piersratherthan

distributedalongthe

wall,architects

developed

reinforcementat

specificpointsusing

externalbuttressing.

Archesconnectedat

rightanglesand

appearto

fly

or

leap

astheyreachoutto

strengthentheupper

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Architectural Features

Gothicarchitectureismorethanacollectionof

structuraltechniques,

for

it

embraces

an

integrated

estheticsystem:

Designflexibility(variousarchangles).

Steeperanglesgeneratelesspush,By contrast,the

dimensionsofsemicirculararchareestablishedbythe

widthofthespan.

Pointedarchesallowedirregularareastobevaulted

whilemaintainingacommonceilingheight.

Separatechurchelements(nave,aisle,chapel)were

combinedinaunifiedorderedcompositionbecauseof

geometricmethodsofribvaultsandpointedarches.

AcharacteristicofGothicchurcharchitectureisits

height,bothrealandproportional.Asectionofthemain

body

of

a

Gothic

church

usually

shows

the

nave

as

considerablytallerthanitiswidth.

Anotherdistinctivefeatureistheexpansivewindows.

Theincreasedsizebetweenwindowsofthe

RomanesqueandGothicperiodsisrelatedtotheuseof

theribbed

vaults

(specifically

the

pointed

ribbed

vault)

whichchanneledtheweighttoasupportingshaftwith

lessoutwardthrustthanasemicircularvault

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TheGothicvault,unlikethesemicircularvaultoftheRomanesquebuildingscanbeusedtoroof

rectangularand

irregularly

shaped

plans

such

as

trapezoids.

InRomanesquebuilding,acontinuousmassofwallwasnecessarytosustainthe

load.InGothicstructure,itwasaskeletalsystemthattransferredroofloads

downtothegroundatdiscretepoints,therebyfreeinglargeexpansesofwallto

beopened

for

windows.

Vaultsshowingtheimplicationsofusingpointedribsasopposed tosemicircular.Notehow

theexampleontheleftonlyusessemicircularribswhichcreatesadomedeffect.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/StDenis_Fassade.JPG

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Early GothicThe

Gothic

style

originated

in

northern

France,

in

the

regionaroundParis;thisareahadrelativelylittle

Romanesquebuilding,soperhapsitwasmoreopento

developmentsfromotherplaces.

EarlyGothic

period

featured

simple

groined

vaults;

generalsimplicityandvigorofdesignanddetail;

conventionalizedfoliageofsmallplants;platetracery,

andnarrowwindowscoupledunderpointedarchwith

circularfoiledopeningsinthewindowhead.

RecognizedasthefirstGothicbuilding,theAbbey

ChurchofSt.Denis(1137 40),isaroyalmonasteryin

whichSaintDenisandlaterkingsofFrancewere

buried

In1140

atwin

towered

west

faade

of

Norman

churcheswasincorporatedandatraditionofsculpted

portalsdevelopedinthesouthofFrance.

Intheoriginalchoirofthisnoblechurchalmostallthe

archesand

openings

were

pointed

(except

the

groin

ribs,whichweresemicircles).Thevaultswere

throughoutconstructedwithcrossribs,wallribs,and

groinribs

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High Gothic

TheincorporationofflyingbuttressesatNotreDame

inParis(1194 1230).

ThehighGothicperiodfeaturedmoreperfect vaults;

inEnglandmultipleribsandliernes;greater

slendernessandloftinessofproportions;decoration

muchricher,lessvigorous;morenaturalisticcarving

of

mature

foliage;

walls

nearly

suppressed,

windows

ofgreatsize,bartracerywithslendermoulded or

columnarmullionsandgeometriccombinations

(circlesandcusps)inwindowheads,circular(rose)

windows.

Thefirst

monument

of

the

High

developed Gothic

stylewasthecathedralofNotreDameatChartres.

Flyingbuttresseswereplannedfromthestartthus

eliminatingtheneedforgalleries.

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Chartres_1.jpghttp://www.sacred-destinations.com/france/chartres-cathedral-photos/slides/IMG_2124phttp://www.sacred-destinations.com/france/chartres-cathedral-photos/slides/xti_0129cp

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Italian Gothic

Italianculturalestheticspreferredtierodsinsteadofvisibleexternalbuttressing,soflyingbuttressesappear

onlyrarely;givenItalysbrightskies,largewindowswerenotnecessarytoprovideilluminationinside

buildings.

ItalyslargestGothicchurchisMilanCathedral,beganin1387andfinished1858,althoughessentially

completedby1572.

Theplanfeaturesabroadnavewithdoubleaisles,anaisledtranseptandapolygonapsewithambulatory.

Theaisle

bays

are

square

in

plan,

while

the

nave

bays

are

rectangular.

Theflyingbuttresseswereonlyaddedinthe19thcentury.

Theexteriorisaveritableforestofcarvedmarbleandpinnaclesfromthevantagepointoftherooflevel

whichisaccessible.

Theresulting

building

lacks

asense

of

spatial

openness

because of

the

size

and

spacing

of

its

piers.

Thevolumeisenormous,andasthesmallclerestorywindowsarefilledwithstainedglass,eveninfullItalian

sunshinelittlelightentersthenave.

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