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1.Before Programmable Computers
• Charles Babbage 1791-1871, 1837
• Ada King, Countess Lovelace 1815-’52,1843
• Herman Hollerith 1860-1929, 1890
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2. File Maintenance—A Vast Market• File maintenance—serial and random-
access
• Punched-card computing, data-processing
• Konrad Zuse—first working programmed computer, the Z3, 1941
• Howard Aiken—Harvard Mark IProposed 1937, running 1944
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3. Pioneers•Zuse—Z3-’41
•Aiken-Harvard Mark I-’44•Burks, Goldstine, & von Neumann paper-’46
•Who built the first computer?
•Manchester “Baby”-’48•Cambridge EDSAC-’49—Wilkes
•Subroutine—Wheeler-’49
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4. Commercial Tube Computers•Still First Generation:
•Serial production•Eckert, Mauchly•UNIVAC I•ERA 1103A• IBM 701-704• IBM 702-705• IBM 650
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5. 2nd-Gen: Transistors, Stretch
•Transistors
•Bell Labs computer
•Philco Transac S-2000 ’58
• IBM Stretch ’61—Dunwell
• IBM Harvest ‘61—Dunwell
• IBM 7090 ’59—Monroe
• IBM 1401 ‘60—Branscomb, Haanstra
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6. 2nd—>3rd Generation• Late first generation: IBM 305
RAMAC
• Second-generation—products, as opposed to few-of-a-kind computers
• Third generation: IBM System/360
–Why?
• Chaos: 6 product lines competing with each other
• All architectures were out of address space
–8000 Series late-term aborted mid-’61
–Data Systems Division’s New Product Line
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7. 3rd Generation—System/360• Third generation: IBM System/360
–Why?
–The Vision of the SPREAD Committee—Spaulding, Learson, Evans
–Project organization—Amdahl, Blaauw, Fagg, Fairlough
• Adventures
• Outcome
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8. Operating System/360• A total disk-based software
package, generated for various memory sizes—many innovations
• 16 Translators: Fortran,COBOL,PL/I, APL Algol, Assemblers, RPG; Utilities
• Supervisor—It, not operator, controls all–Multiprogramming
• Scheduler• I/O Control System
–Device-independent I/O
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9. Supercomputer
s• Supercomputers, for big scientific jobs
• Niche market— Always ~100 machines
• Trailblazers for architecture, implementation, realization
• Seymour Cray as the greatest supercomputer designer
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10. Mini- & Microcomputers• New technology enables new price
point
• New price point enables entirely new sociologies
• New vendors seize opportunity
• Established vendors miss the boat— culturally not geared for it
• The minicomputer revolution—department
• The microcomputer revolution—personal
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11.Software Engineering & Graphics• Software “crisis” births a new
discipline ’68• Systematization, models, and measures
• Parnas, Boehm, Mills—the giants• “Incidental’ difficulties beaten back; “essential” conceptual complexity remains
• Sutherland: Sketchpad and Virtual Worlds
• Computer graphics’ great divide: “look real” even if slow; “move real” even if sorry looking
• Technology+algorithms forge convergence
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12. Networking• The Internet—Licklider, Taylor,
Roberts–Message (packet) switching vs.line switching
–Internet Message Processors as gateways-Clark
–TCP/IP protocols
• The Worldwide Web—Tim Berners-Lee –Hypertext—Vannevar Bush
–Web servers
–Browsers—Andreessen & Bina
• Search engines—Page & Brin
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13. The 12 Biggest Advances—My List1.Programmable automatic computing—Babbage,
Zuse,Aiken
2.Stored program—Burks et al, Eckert & Mauchly
3.Transistor circuits—Shockley, Bardeen & Brattain
4.Core memories—Wang & Woo, Forrester, Rajchman,
5.Disks—Johnson
6.Fortran—Backus
7.Integrated circuits—Kilby
8.Operating system in control—Stretch team ?
9.Networks—Licklider
10.Personal computers—Jobs & Wozniak
11.The World-Wide Web and search engines—Berners-Lee
12.Pocket computers with lots of sensors—Jobs
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