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1.Before Programmable Computers

• Charles Babbage 1791-1871, 1837

• Ada King, Countess Lovelace 1815-’52,1843

• Herman Hollerith 1860-1929, 1890

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2. File Maintenance—A Vast Market• File maintenance—serial and random-

access

• Punched-card computing, data-processing

• Konrad Zuse—first working programmed computer, the Z3, 1941

• Howard Aiken—Harvard Mark IProposed 1937, running 1944

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3. Pioneers•Zuse—Z3-’41

•Aiken-Harvard Mark I-’44•Burks, Goldstine, & von Neumann paper-’46

•Who built the first computer?

•Manchester “Baby”-’48•Cambridge EDSAC-’49—Wilkes

•Subroutine—Wheeler-’49

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4. Commercial Tube Computers•Still First Generation:

•Serial production•Eckert, Mauchly•UNIVAC I•ERA 1103A• IBM 701-704• IBM 702-705• IBM 650

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5. 2nd-Gen: Transistors, Stretch

•Transistors

•Bell Labs computer

•Philco Transac S-2000 ’58

• IBM Stretch ’61—Dunwell

• IBM Harvest ‘61—Dunwell

• IBM 7090 ’59—Monroe

• IBM 1401 ‘60—Branscomb, Haanstra

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6. 2nd—>3rd Generation• Late first generation: IBM 305

RAMAC

• Second-generation—products, as opposed to few-of-a-kind computers

• Third generation: IBM System/360

–Why?

• Chaos: 6 product lines competing with each other

• All architectures were out of address space

–8000 Series late-term aborted mid-’61

–Data Systems Division’s New Product Line

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7. 3rd Generation—System/360• Third generation: IBM System/360

–Why?

–The Vision of the SPREAD Committee—Spaulding, Learson, Evans

–Project organization—Amdahl, Blaauw, Fagg, Fairlough

• Adventures

• Outcome

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8. Operating System/360• A total disk-based software

package, generated for various memory sizes—many innovations

• 16 Translators: Fortran,COBOL,PL/I, APL Algol, Assemblers, RPG; Utilities

• Supervisor—It, not operator, controls all–Multiprogramming

• Scheduler• I/O Control System

–Device-independent I/O

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9. Supercomputer

s• Supercomputers, for big scientific jobs

• Niche market— Always ~100 machines

• Trailblazers for architecture, implementation, realization

• Seymour Cray as the greatest supercomputer designer

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10. Mini- & Microcomputers• New technology enables new price

point

• New price point enables entirely new sociologies

• New vendors seize opportunity

• Established vendors miss the boat— culturally not geared for it

• The minicomputer revolution—department

• The microcomputer revolution—personal

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11.Software Engineering & Graphics• Software “crisis” births a new

discipline ’68• Systematization, models, and measures

• Parnas, Boehm, Mills—the giants• “Incidental’ difficulties beaten back; “essential” conceptual complexity remains

• Sutherland: Sketchpad and Virtual Worlds

• Computer graphics’ great divide: “look real” even if slow; “move real” even if sorry looking

• Technology+algorithms forge convergence

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12. Networking• The Internet—Licklider, Taylor,

Roberts–Message (packet) switching vs.line switching

–Internet Message Processors as gateways-Clark

–TCP/IP protocols

• The Worldwide Web—Tim Berners-Lee –Hypertext—Vannevar Bush

–Web servers

–Browsers—Andreessen & Bina

• Search engines—Page & Brin

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13. The 12 Biggest Advances—My List1.Programmable automatic computing—Babbage,

Zuse,Aiken

2.Stored program—Burks et al, Eckert & Mauchly

3.Transistor circuits—Shockley, Bardeen & Brattain

4.Core memories—Wang & Woo, Forrester, Rajchman,

5.Disks—Johnson

6.Fortran—Backus

7.Integrated circuits—Kilby

8.Operating system in control—Stretch team ?

9.Networks—Licklider

10.Personal computers—Jobs & Wozniak

11.The World-Wide Web and search engines—Berners-Lee

12.Pocket computers with lots of sensors—Jobs