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, ,
: , . . , , , .
. , , .
(quantity) (standard), (Unit) . , .
SI : SI (System International de Units) .
:
m
-1
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() kg
s
A
K
Cd
mol
:
rad
sr
:
x m2
x x m3
/ m s-1
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/ m s-2
/ rad s-1
/ rad s-2
/ kg m-3
x kg m s-1
: 'SI ' . , . , (factors of the power of ten). (Simon Stevin) , 1586 .
(base 10 arithmetic), . , . : = 299792.458 / ; 2.99792458 x 108 / .
SI : (1000 ), ( 0.001 3) (10000 2) SI , SI .
:
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tera T 1000000000000
giga G 1000000000
mega M 1000000
kilo k 1000
hecto k 1000
(none) - - 1
deci d 0.1
centi c 0.01
milli m 0.001
micro 0.000001
nano n 0.000000001
: , Mtre des Archives Kilogramme des Archives . , .
CGS (
) MKS (
MTS (
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) )
(l) (cm) (m)
(m) (g) (kg) (t)
(t) (s)
(v) / (cm/s) / (m/s) / (m/s)
(a) (Gal) /2 (m/s) /2 (m/s)
(F) (dyn) (N) (sn)
(p) (Ba) (Pa) (pz)
(W) (erg) (J) (kJ)
(P) / (erg/s) (W) (kW)
()
(p) Pas pzs
SI , SI . .
SI
Conversion
factor[10][11][12]
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second (s) second (s) 1
metre (m) centimetre (cm)
ngstrm ()
0.01
1010
kilogram (kg) gram (g) 0.001
square metre (m2) are (are) 100
(ms2
) gal (gal) 102
ampere (A)
ampere
abampere or biot
statampere
1.000022
10.0
3.3356411010
kelvin (K)
degrees Celsius (C) centigrade (C)
K = C + 273.15
1
candela (cd) international candle 0.982
mole (mol) No legacy unit n/a
hertz (Hz) cycles per second 1
joule (J) erg (erg) 107
watt (W)
(erg/s)
horsepower (HP)
Pferdestrke (PS)
107
745.7
735.5
newton (N)
dyne (dyn)
sthene (sn)
kilopond (kp)
105
103
9.80665
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pascal (Pa)
barye (Ba)
pieze (pz)
atmosphere (at)
0.1
103
1.0197105
coulomb (C) abcoulomb
statcoulomb or franklin
10
3.3356411010
volt (V)
international volt
abvolt
statvolt
1.00034
108
2.997925102
farad (F) abfarad
statfarad
109
1.1126501012
henry (H) abhenry
stathenry
109
8.9875521011
ohm ()
international ohm
abohm
statohm
1.00049
109
8.9875521011
siemens (S)
mho ()
abmho
statmho
0.99951
109
1.1126501012
weber (Wb) maxwell (Mx) 108
tesla (T) gauss (G) 1104
(A/m) oersted (Oe) 10
3/4 =
79.57747
(Pas) poise (P) 0.1
(m2s
1) stokes (St) 10
4
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lumen (lm) stilb (sb) 104
lux (lx) phot (ph) 104
becquerel (Bq) curie (Ci) 3.701010
gray (Gy)
roentgen (R)
rad (rad)
2.5810-4
0.01
sievert roentgen equivalent man (rem) 0.01
katal (kat) No legacy unit n/a
,
: . , . , . . , , . . ,, , .
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, , , . , .
: (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - CSIR) . . 1942 (Central Legislative Assembly) , 1860 . 39 50 . 17000 .
(Aerospace Engineering), (Structural Engineering), , , , , , ,, .
AMPRI -
, (Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal) CMMACS -
, (Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation, Bangalore) CBRI - , (Central Building Research
Institute, Roorkee) CCMB - , (Centre for
Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad) CDRI - , (Central Drug Research
Institute, Lucknow)
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CECRI - , (Central Electro Chemical Research Institute, Karaikudi)
CEERI - , (Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, Pilani)
CFRI - , , (Central Mining & Fuel Research Institute, Dhanbad)
CFTRI - , (Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore)
CGCRI - , (Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata)
CIMAP - , (Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow)
CLRI - , (Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai)
CMERI - , (Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur)
CMRI - , (Central Mining Research Institute, Dhanbad)
CRRI - , (Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi)
CSIO - , (Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh)
CSMCRI - , (Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar)
IGIB - , (Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi)
IHBT - , (Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur)
IICB - , (Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata)
IICT - , (Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad)
IIP - , (Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun)
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IMMT - , (Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar)
IMT - , (Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh)
IITR - , [Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow (Formerly known as Industrial Toxicology Research Centre)]
NAL - , (National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore)
NBRI - , (National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow)
NCL - , (National Chemical Laboratory, Pune) NEERI - , (National Environmental
Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur) NGRI - , (National Geophysical
Research Institute, Hyderabad) NIO - , (National Institute of Oceanography,
Dona Paula) NISCAIR - ,
(National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, New Delhi) NISTADS - , ,
(National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies, New Delhi) NML - , (National Metallurgical Laboratory,
Jamshedpur) NPL - , (National Physical Laboratory, New
Delhi) IIIM - , (Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu) NEIST - ,
(North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat) NIIST -
, (National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology - Thiruvananthapuram)
SERC - , (Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai)
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,
: , , , , (Material phenomena) , (Matter) .
. , . . . , , . . .
(Definition) ( ) .
. , , . . . . . , . , . .
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.
E =
m =
c =
. .
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(15961650) . . . . . . . . ,, .
*(Mass),
(Volume),
(Density) .
,, .
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. . . .
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. . ,
,
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. , .
. (), , , , , , (cosmic dust), , (empty space), (galaxy ) . (laws ) .
, 13.73 ( 0.12) [1] . . . " " (observable universe) . . 92 . ( . 299,792,458 ; , 9,460,730,472,580,800 . , 9,460,730,472,580,800 . 92 8.80 1026 .) ; , .
13.73 , (radius) 13.73 . , 92
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? 13.73 x 2 (, 27.46) . . , " " , (, ) . . : (1) . , , . , 5 , 5 . (2) space (balloon ) . , .
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, .
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, . , , . , ; .
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.
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.
.
PV =
.
.
, , .
, .
.
.
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, . , .
, , .
, .
V = I= R=
VR V=IR () I=V/R () R=V/I
.
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, .
, . . .
, . .
. .
, .
: (force) . .
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. , . . , .
, , , , . .
.
:
: , .
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. , .
: (action) .
, ( conservation laws) . 1687
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, . .
. ( ) ( ) , ( ) .
.
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m , :
.
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; , .
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(N) . /2 .
.
, , , .
.
, .
. 40 .
.
.
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. ,
: / . . ( ) (scaler) . . (E=mc
2). .
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, , .
; , , , .
.
, . .
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. . .
(light) . . - . 380 740 .
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2,99,792.458 / ( 1,86,282 ) . . " " , .
, , , , , - .
. , . , .
, . [Raman Scattering]
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[Raman Effect] ; .
; ; ;
, .
, , , .
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, . c , v , ( ) n ,
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. , n = 1 , n > 1 .
, . , . .
(Reflection) .
The Sun is Earth's primary source of light. About 44% of the sun's electromagnetic radiation that reaches the ground is in the visible light range.
. ; . ; 6000 . 44% . . 10% , . ; , .
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. :
- .
- .
, , . :
:SI radiometry units :SI light units
.
(1592-1655) . 1960- . , 1965- (Hypothesis of Light)
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. . , . , .
, . , . 1704- (Opticks) - . 18- . (Laplace), . (Black Hole) . , . ( , .) - (Large Scale structure of Space-time) .
1660- . 1678- . (Treatise on Light) . , (Luminiferous ether) .
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.
Thomas Young's sketch of the two-slit experiment showing thediffraction of light. Young's experiments supported the theory that light consists of waves.
, ( 1800- .); , . , . , , .
. 1746- Nova theoria lucis et colorum .
, , 1817- . , . 1821- , .
, , . , - .
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, . . 1850- . , ; , 20- .
( ) 1900- , . (quanta) - - . 1905- , . 1923- , - ( ) , . 1926- . () .
; . - , , , ; , . , .
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:
1845- , , ; . . 1846- , . , 1847- .
. ; , . , ; 1862- On Physical Lines of Force . 1873- (Treatise on electricity and magnetism) , ; . , ; , , ,
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. , , , , .
( ), () . (-: ).
(Sound) . " , , " .
. 16 20,000 . (infrasonic), (ultra-sonic) . .
, . . .
. , , , .
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. . , . . . . . .
. ,
.
. . , . .
, , . . . . , . . . , . . 20 C (68 F) , , 343 (1,230 ) . 20 C
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1482 . 5960 . .
(Pitch) . . . . . . . . (Amplitude) . . . (Inverse Square Law) . , .
. 0.000000000001 W/m2 . . 1 W/m2 120 dB . , , , .
. 20 20 . (infrasonic) ,
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(ultra-sonic) . . , . 1000 6000 . .
. . . .
. . , . .
, , , . .
(Nutrition) , . (Nutrients) .
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. (Nutrition), (Nutrient) .
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, (. , , , ).
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(P-Pollution) (P-human over population) (O-Overharvesting)
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tpistpf;Fk;. ,jdhy; fyg;gpdk; ,y;yhjjhtuq;fisg; ghHg;gJ mupjhfptpLk;.
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, (alveoli) (inhalation) , (exhalation) .
, . , 100% .
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. () . , , . .
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, . , . . . . , , . , . , .
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, (blood vessels) . . , . , , , .
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. FSH .
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