Seher BALKANLI Ayşe Dilara AYDIN

Hande GÖKBAYRAK Tuğba TUNÇEL

WHAT IS AN EXPLOSIVE?

Reactive substances

A great amount of potential energy

HISTORY OF EXPLOSIVES

Gunpowder First it was started to use in wars in Europe. In 17th century it was used in mining

• 1833 Henri BRACANNOT • Flammable ester

• 1846 Christian F. SCHÖNBEİN

• Nitrocellulose

• 1846 Ascanio SOBRERO • Nitroglycerin

• Alfred B. NOBEL • Stabilized

Nitroglycerin

• Detonation rate • Density • Particle size • Sensitivity • Resistance of water • Characteristics of flame • Shelf life • Susceptibility to freezing

PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVES

TYPES OF EXPLOSIVES

MILITARY EXPLOSIVES

The highest explosive which is not atomic Materials: RDX, TNT… etc.

HIGH EXPLOSIVES

PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES: Sensitive to stimuli such as impact, friction, heat, static electricity, or electromagnetic radiation. Material:Hg(ONC)₂,Pb(N3)₂ trinitroresorcinate, diazodinitrophenol,tetrazine. SECONDARY EXPLOSIVES: A secondary explosive is less sensitive than a primary explosive It’s speed is higher than the speat of voice İt burns when it ignites without shock. Material: TNT, PETN, RDX.. etc

MANUFACTURING IN EXPLOSIVES

- TNT

- NITROGLYCERIN

-NITROCELLULOSE

- RDX

TNT: CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES

APPERANCE: -Pale yellow solid compound,odorless -Some manufactures add graphite during the production process which turns the compound gray

SENSITIVITY: -Moderately sensitive to heat;relatively insensitive to schock and friction

CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS: -Interacts with alkalis(bases) to form very sensitive explosives -Not hygroscopic

USES:

– Primarily mines and demolition explosives

– Also used in booster explosives and missile and rocket propellants

– Military use decreased significantly after World War II

� PRECAUTIONS:

– Toxic and can be absorbed through the skin – Can irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory system

MANUFACTURING OF TNT

1.NITRATION STEP 2.PURIFICATION STEP 3.FINISHING STEP

Nitration Step in TNT Production

NITROGLYCERIN: CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES

APPERANCE: – Colorless oily liquid when pure, but turns a yellowish-brown when impure – Sweet burning smell

SENSITIVITY: – Extremely sensitive to heat, shock, and friction

USES: – Powerful high explosive used in dynamite, blasting gelatin, smokeless powder, and cordite – Can be used with nitrocellulose in some propellants, especially for rockets and missiles

MANUFACTURING OF NITROGLYCERIN

1.NITRATION STEP 2.NEUTRALIZATION AND WASHING 3.SEPARATION

NITRATION REACTION IN NITROGLYCERIN PRODUCTION

FLOW CHART FOR NITROGLYCERIN PRODUCTION

Characteristics, Properties, and

Overview of Nitrocllulose

• Alternate names

-Cellulose nitrate; Flash paper; Flash cotton; Flash string; Gun cotton

• Physical Properties

- White

- Cotton-like filaments

- Odorless

- Tasteless

C6H7O2(OH)3 + 3HONO2 + H2SO4 → C6H7O2(ONO2)3 + 3H2O +H2SO4

• Sensitivity

- Stable under normal temperature and pressure

- Shock-sensitive

• Uses

- Explosives

- Lacquers

- Celluloid

- Inks

- Propellants

• Chemical interactions

-Soluble in a mixture of alcohol and ether

• Precaution

- Toxicity is low

- Can irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory system

Characteristics, Properties, and Overview of RDX

• Alternate names

- Cyclotrimethylene-trinitramine

- Research Department Explosive

- Royal Demolition Explosive

- Cyclonite

- Hexogen

IUPAC name 1,3,5-Trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine

Physical Properties - White or colorless crystals - Will appear red to pink in detonating cord

Bachman Process

• Uses

– Primarily high explosive military warheads, mines, demolition explosives, booster explosives, missiles, and rocket propellants

– Used in civilian oil well penetrators

• Chemical interactions

– Soluble in hot acetone or hot phenol and insoluble in water

• Precaution

– Inhaling RDX dust can cause intoxication, seizure, and loss of consciousness

PROPELLANTS FOR ROCKETS

Rocket propellants are low

explosives which consist of

fuels which include their

own oxidant or other reactant

necessary to cause the

planned reaction.

According to the principle that

forces act equally in opposite

directions.

LIQUID PROPELLANT

Liquid propellants are those added to the combustion chamber as liquids.

Fuel and oxidizer stored in two fuel tanks and fed separately to the combustion chamber.

Large high-performance rockets use LOX/LH₂ propellants.

SOLID PROPELLANT

Solid-fuel rocket is a rocket with a motor that uses solid propellant. Solid-fuel rockets can remain in storage for long periods, and then reliably launch on short notice.

Solid propellant=oxidizing+fuel+ binding

Solid propellants; -simple in design -more easy stored -easy handled -easy serviced -more cheap -used in model rokets -

Liquid propellants; -more efficient -controllable -losses in fuel tanks

For fireworks

For medical uses medicines - Fracturing

kidney and gall stones

In demolition,the quantities of explosive used

on this type of operation vary, depending on the

size, construction and location, of the structure

to be demolished.

In rocketry

USES OF EXPLOSIVES

For avalanche control

In automotive restraint systems to inflat Airbags

In tunneling

In mining

In agriculture industry-farmers use

explosives to break up boulders, blow tree

stumps, felling trees and loosening soil.

ECONOMY Military explosives are usually made under conditions of secrecy and no figures of output are published.

Table 1.Consumption of industrial explosives in the world

Table.2 U.S.A Consumption by Industry in 1977

EXPLOSIVE INDUSTRY IN TURKEY Nitrocellulose Factory

Explosive and Propellant Factory

Small Arms Ammunition Factory

Pyrotechnics Factory

Weapons Factory

Weapon

-Small weapon

-Heavy weapon

Ammunition

-Heavy Arms Ammunition

-Small Arms Ammunition

Rocket

Explosives

PRODUCTS

ROKETSAN

-Land Systems,Multi Barrel Rocket

-Air Defence Systems

-Naval Systems

-Precision Guided Missiles