2010 11 92010. 11. 9

Yoon, Hyung Joo

National Academy of Agricultural Science,Rural Development Administration, KOREAp

ContentsContents

Introductiont oduct o

Commercially managed bumblebees- Establishment of year-round rearing of Korean

native bumblebee B. ignitusBumblebee as a pollinator- Bumblebee as a pollinator

Honeybee as a pollinator

Osmia mason bee as an orchard pollinator

Conclusion

IntroductionIntroduction

Bees are important for pollination, and the most importantactivity of bees is their pollination of natural vegetation andactivity of bees is their pollination of natural vegetation andagricultural plants.

Bees are diverse and abundant with 16 325 species identifiedBees are diverse and abundant, with 16,325 species identifiedthroughout the world (Michener, 2000).

I t lli ti i b th t i d d tiInsect pollination is both an ecosystem service and a productionpractice used extensively by farmers all over the world for cropproduction.

We rely on bees to pollinate 70% of most valuable crops useddirectly for human consumption (Klein et al., 2007).y p ( , )

The production of 84% of crop species cultivated in Europedepends directly on insect pollinators, especially bees (Williams,depends directly on insect pollinators, especially bees (Williams,1994).

IntroductionIntroductionWorldwide, bees pollinate more than 400 crop species, and in theUnited States more than 130 crop species (James and Pitts-Singer,2008).

Commercially managed bees are also available for pollinationservices and are used in large commercial fields, small gardens,or enclosures such as greenhouses and screen houses.

Although the general public gives honeybees much of the creditfor pollination, managed bumblebees and solitary bees also havea great impact on certain commodities (Free 1993; Dag anda great impact on certain commodities (Free, 1993; Dag andKammer, 2001).

Thus the economic benefit of insect pollination is clear forThus the economic benefit of insect pollination is clear forfarmers, and the market for colony rental is now well developedand organized for honeybees in the United States (Sumner andB i 2006) d E (C k d Willi 1998) llBoriss, 2006) and Europe (Carreck and Williams, 1998) as well asfor bumblebees all over the world (Velthuis and van Doorn, 2006).

IntroductionIntroduction

For the 100 crops used for human food worldwide, the totaleconomic value of pollination throughout the world amounted to€ 153 billion in 2005, which was about 9.5% of the value of theworld agricultural production used for human food (Gallai et al.,2009).

Here, we discuss the current status and agricultural utilization ofcommercial bees such as bumblebees, honeybees, and masonbees as pollinators in Koreabees as pollinators in Korea.

We also describe year-round techniques for rearing the Koreannative bumblebee Bombus ignitusnative bumblebee Bombus ignitus.

Commercially managed bumblebeesCommercially managed bumblebees

The introduction of bumblebees into greenhouses for pollinationhas become widespread in recent years and demand increaseshas become widespread in recent years and demand increasesannually.

The large bumblebee Bombus terrestris which is indigenous toThe large bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, which is indigenous toEurope, has been artificially introduced in several parts of theworld.

Since 1988, colonies of B. terrestris have been imported intomany countries, including Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, Mexico,Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa, Morocco, and Tunisia.

It has been estimated that the bumblebees sold in 2004 consistedof approximately 1,000,000 colonies world

Commercially managed bumblebees Commercially managed bumblebees

There has been some anxiety associated with the introduction ofThere has been some anxiety associated with the introduction ofB. terrestris into greenhouses because it is highly invasive couldpossibly escape from greenhouses and could have negativeff t th h titi ti t i ti beffects through competition or genetic contamination by

hybridization with native bumblebees.

The competitive displacement of native pollinators and theinvasion of native vegetation by B. terrestris have already beenrecorded in Tasmania.

In Israel, there has been a decline in the numbers of honeybeesand solitary bees with the range expansion of B. terrestris.and solitary bees with the range expansion of B. terrestris.

B. terrestris has also colonized Japan, where it escaped fromgreenhouses in 1996 after its introduction in 1991greenhouses in 1996 after its introduction in 1991

Commercially managed bumblebees Commercially managed bumblebees

For this reason, the governments of Canada and the USA prohibitthe introduction of foreign bumblebee species, and at present anative bumblebee B impatiens is used for commercial pollinationnative bumblebee B. impatiens is used for commercial pollinationin North America.

In Korea B terrestris was first introduced in 1994 and in earlyIn Korea, B. terrestris was first introduced in 1994 and in earlyMay 2002 to 2008, B. terrestris overwintering queens were caughtin several regions.

We are studying the artificial year-round mass rearing of B.ignitus, a Korean native bumblebee, because this species is theg , , pmost reliable native bumblebee for crop pollination (Yoon et al.,1999, 2002, 2003, 2004).

YearYear--round rearing of round rearing of B. B. ignitusignitus

Temperature and humidity favorable for colony development of B. ignitus

Feed (Sugar solution, Pollen)

Facilitating effects of helperFacilitating effects of helper

Developmental characteristics of B. ignitusby the first ovipositon periodby the first ovipositon period

The effect of CO2 – treatment

Artificial hibernation method

Optimum temperature of B. ignitus

80

10023℃

27℃30℃

40

60Rate

(%

)

0

20

0

Colonyinitiation

Colonyfoundation

Progeny-queen

production

Development stage

Fig. 1. Colony development of B. ignitus reared at different temperatures. Forthe statistical analysis, Chi-squared test was used in each developmental stage: X2=18.13, P<0.001 iny , q p g ,colony initiation, X2 =13.88, P<0.001 in colony foundation, and X2=10.32, P<0.05 in progeny-queenproduction. Twenty four queens were allotted to every experimental regimes for temperature.

Optimum temperature of B. ignitus

Table 1. Number of adults produced from foundation queens of B. ignitus indoor-reared at different temperatures

TemperatureNumber of adults produced

Worker1) n2) Male n Queen nTotal

number of queens/ colony

23℃

27℃

℃

150.5± 2.1

163.7±33.3

2

9

355.5±103.9

552.7±174.1

2

10

1.5± 0.7

32.7±47.9

2

11

3/2

360/11

30℃ 123.5±29.9 4 583.3±254.2 4 22.0±25.8 4 88/4

1) The units stand for means±SD. 2) There were no significant differences in the numbers of adults produced and longevity of foundation

queen in either temperature or humidity factor at p<0.05 by Tukey’s pairwise comparison test.

Optimum humidity of B. ignitus

100

50%

60

80

%)

50%65%80%

40

60Rate

(%

0

20

Colonyinitiation

Colonyfoundation

Progeny-queen

production

Fig. 2. Colony development of B. ignitus reared at different humidities. For thestatistical analysis Chi-squared test was used in each developmental stage: X2=9 91 P<0 05 in colony

Development stage

statistical analysis, Chi squared test was used in each developmental stage: X2 9.91, P<0.05 in colonyinitiation, X2 =8.17, P<0.05 in colony foundation, and X2=5.55, P>0.05 (N.S.) in progeny-queenproduction. Twenty queens were allotted to every experimental regimes for humidity.

Optimum humidity of B. ignitus

Table 2. Number of adults produced from foundation queens of B. ignitus indoor-reared at different humidities

Humidity (R.H)

Number of adults produced

T t l(R.H)

Worker1) n2) Male n Queen nTotal

number of queens/ colony

50％

65％

80％

166.7±44.1

180.1±30.2

127 0±56 7

6

6

3

606.2±256.4

578.0±187.9

493 7± 89 2

5

7

3

35.9±38.5

35.4±37.9

13 3±21 4

7

10

3

251/7

354/7

40/31) The units stand for means±SD. 2) There were no significant differences in the numbers of adults produced and longevity of foundation

queen in either temperature or humidity factor at p<0 05 by Tukey’s pairwise comparison test

80％ 127.0±56.7 3 493.7± 89.2 3 13.3±21.4 3 40/3

queen in either temperature or humidity factor at p<0.05 by Tukey s pairwise comparison test.

Facilitating effects of helper

100 50Oviposition rate

80

100

(%) 40

50

d (d

ays)

Oviposition rate

Preoviposition period

40

60os

iton

rate

(

20

30

sitio

n pe

riod

20Ovip

o

10

Preo

vipos

0Con BiYW BtYW BtOW BtWC BtMC DC HW EC

Helper

0

Fig. 6. Oviposition rate and preoviposition period of B. ignitus cohebitedwith several kinds of helper. Abbreviations: Con, without helper; BiYW, Bombus ignitus youngworker; BtYW Bombus terrestris young worker; BtOW B terrestris old worker narcotized with CO2; BtWCworker; BtYW, Bombus terrestris young worker; BtOW, B. terrestris old worker narcotized with CO2; BtWC,B. terrestris worker cocoon; BtMC, B. terrestris male cocoon; DC, dried cocoon; HW, honeybee worker;EC, egg cup. For the statistical analysis, oneway ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test were used:p<0.05 for oviposition rate; p<0.001 for preoviposition period.

Effect of colony by the first ovipositon period

Table 3. Colony development of collected foundation queen of B.

Number of Rate of Periods of Rate of

ignitus by preovipositon period

Preovipositionperiod

Number of queens

surveyed

ate ocolony

foundation (%)

colony foundation

(days)n progeny-queen

production(%)

E

M

65

55

93.8

94.5

52.8±5.4

52.9±6.8

51

43

75.4

65.5

L

VL

20

29

60.0

20.7

54.3±9.9

69.5 ±10.6

9

2

50.0

24.1

1) D ti t fi t i iti ft ll ti E 1 5d M 6 10d L 1 20 d1) Duration up to first oviposition after collecting queen : E; 1∼ 5days, M; 6∼10days, L; 1∼20 days,VL; over 21days. Abbreviations : E, early; M, middle; L, late; VL, very late.

2) n : Number of colony surveyed3) Statistical analysis : Rate of colony foundation; Chi-square test, df=3, p<0.001 ; Periods of clony

foundation; one-way ANOVA test, F=4.37,p<0.05; Rate of progeny-queen production; Chi-square test,df=3 p<0 001df=3, p<0.001

Effect of colony by the first ovipositon period

Table 4. Number of adults produced from foundation queens of p qB.ignitus foundation queen by preovipositon period

Number of adults producedPreoviposition

period

Number of adults produced

Worker1) n2) Male n Queen n

E 169.6±56.7 60 556.1±195.5 60 36.4±44.8 53

M

L

VL

175.8±63.3

151.3±43.6

96 6±74 2

52

10

9

565.3±201.5

505.3±270.1

433 8±297 7

52

11

6

29.1±38.4

35.1±38.3

6 1 ±8 5

48

16

29VL 96.6±74.2 9 433.8±297.7 6 6.1 ±8.5 29

1) For abbrevation, see legend to Table 3. 2) Statistical analysis : No of worker produced one-way ANOVA test F=4 77 p<0 052) Statistical analysis : No. of worker produced, one-way ANOVA test, F=4.77, p<0.05.

Effect of CO2 – treatment

80

100 40

y)

Oviposition rate

Preoviposition period

60

80n rate

(%

)

20

30

perio

d (

day

20

40

Ovip

osito

n

10

ovip

osition

CO t i

0Con 65% 99%

0 Pre

o

CO2 concentraion

Fig. 8 Oviposition rate and preoviposition period of B. ignitus bydifferent CO concentrations For the statistical analysis oneway ANOVA and Tukey testdifferent CO2 concentrations. For the statistical analysis, oneway ANOVA and Tukey testwere used: p<0.05 for oviposition rate; p<0.001 for preoviposition period.

Effect of CO2 – treatment

Oviposition ratePreoviposition peridod

80

100

%)

30

(day

s)

40

60

sitio

n ra

te (% 20

ition

per

iod

(

20

40

Ovip

os 10

Pre

ovip

os

Time of CO treatment after mating (days)

0

1st 2nd 3rd 4th0

Time of CO2 treatment after mating (days)

Fig. 9. Oviposition rate and preoviposition period of B. ignitus by the timeof CO2 treatment after mating For the statistical analysis oneway ANOVA and Tukey test wereof CO2 treatment after mating. For the statistical analysis, oneway ANOVA and Tukey test wereused: significant differences at p<0.05 for oviposition rate; no significant differences at p<0.05 forpreoviposition period.

Artificial hibernation of B. ignitus

97 9710087

70

87

80

%)

-2.5 0

2.5 5

63

535050

43

40

60

val ra

te (

%

10 10 1013

27

20

40

Surv

i

3

0

1 2 3 4

Periods of cold teratment (month)

Fig. 10. The survival rates of B ignitus at temperatures and periodsFig. 10. The survival rates of B ignitus at temperatures and periods for artificial hibernation. Time of cold treatment : 12 days after adult eclosion

Artificial hibernation of B. ignitus

100

80)

1 month

2 month

40

60

viva

l ra

te (

%

20

40

Surv

0

8 days 12 days 16 days

Time of cold treatment (days after adult eclosion)

Fig. 12. Survival rate after chilling of queen of B. ignitus accordingFig. 12. Survival rate after chilling of queen of B. ignitus according to time of cold treatment. Temperature of cold treatment : 2.5℃

Year-round rearing method of B. ignitus

27℃, 65%Food: 40%sugar solution pollen

Queen↓ ← Input helper (two worker)

Oviposition↓ Colony initiation

solution, pollen

↓Larva (4 instar)

↓Pupa↓

Colony initiation

↓Worker ( 25~30days after oviposition)

↓Worker < 50

Colony foundation( 60days after oviposition)

↓Worker < 100( emergence of male and queen)

↓

Colony maturation (80~90days after oviposition)

CO2treatment

Matiing Period : 0ne week, Temperature: 23~25℃

Temperature : 2.5℃

(30min, one time/dayⅩ2)

treatment

Artificial hibernationTemperature .5Time of chilling : 10~12days after eclosion

Mass-production rearing system

Establishment of bumblebee rearing Establishment of bumblebee rearing

In 1994, 2,300 B. terrestris colonies were first introduced intoKKorea.

We transferred more than 10 patents and 20 bumblebee rearingtechniques to farmers for commercial rearing of bumblebeestechniques to farmers for commercial rearing of bumblebeesfrom 2004 until. Since then, many more producers have startedcommercial rearing of bumblebees.

There are over 10 producers in Korea today.

The total number of bumblebee colonies produced in 2009 was600 000 f hi h 70% l i d d b Kover 600,000, of which 70% colonies were produced by Korean

bumblebee companies and 30% colonies imported from foreignsources (Yoon, H.J., personal communication, 2010).

In 1994, the value of a bumblebee colony was $ 167. Now, 15years later, is $ 67, which is more than 60% cheaper than in 1994.

Bumblebee as a pollinatorBumblebee as a pollinator

100

1800

2000

80

1400

1600

1800

es (%

)

rops

(ha) Acreage

Use rate

39.7

60.9

40

60

800

1000

1200

of b

umbl

ebe

Acr

eage

of c

r

16.2

5 2

20

200

400

600

Use

oA

5.20.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 00

Fi 13 A d t f b bl b d f th lli ti

Crops

Fig. 13. Acreage and use rate of bumblebees used for the pollination of 10 major horticultural corps in greenhouses, 2009.

Bumblebee as a pollinatorBumblebee as a pollinator

90 000

100,000

60 000

70,000

80,000

90,000

ony

used

Bumblebee

31,40630 000

40,000

50,000

60,000

bler

of c

olo

13,780

3,632 1,352 1,230 0 0 0 0 010,000

20,000

30,000

Num

b

1,2300

Fig 14 Numbers of colonies of bumblebees used for the

Crops

Fig. 14. Numbers of colonies of bumblebees used for thepollination of 10 major horticultural corps in greenhouses, 2009.

Bumblebee as a pollinatorBumblebee as a pollinator

10010,000

80

7 000

8,000

9,000

s (%

)

(ha)

AcreageUse rate

40

60

4 000

5,000

6,000

7,000

bum

bleb

ees

e of

cro

ps

1,709 20

40

2,000

3,000

4,000

Use

of b

Acr

eage

55 29 106.1%0.5% 0.9% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%00

1,000

Fig. 15. Acreage and use rate of bumblebee used for the

Crops

Fig. 15. Acreage and use rate of bumblebee used for thepollination of 10 major fruit trees in 2009.

Bumblebee as a pollinatorBumblebee as a pollinator

18,000

20,000

11,50112 000

14,000

16,000

18,000on

y us

ed

Bumblebee,

6 000

8,000

10,000

12,000

ber o

f col

o

1,018 339 87 0 0 0 0 0 02,000

4,000

6,000

Num

b

0 0 0 0 0 00

Fig. 16. Numbers of colonies of bumblebee used for the

Crops

Fig. 16. Numbers of colonies of bumblebee used for thepollination of 10 major fruit trees in 2009.

HoneybeeHoneybee as a pollinatoras a pollinator

The most widely used pollinator, and the one with the longest hit f d ti ti i th h b (C 1990) b blstory of domestication, is the honeybee (Crane, 1990), probably

utilized for at least 90% of managed pollination services.

The main features that place honeybees ahead of other insectsThe main features that place honeybees ahead of other insectsand other bees as pollinators are flower constancy, colony size,and recruitment behavior (Corbet et al., 1991).

The acreages and values of insect-pollinated crops and thedemand for insect pollinators are increasing year by year.

R tl h th l i d l f h b l iRecently, however, the unexplained loss of honeybee colonies,referred to as colony collapse disorder, aroused considerableconcern about managed bees and natural wild bees for croppollination.

We investigated the current status of Korean beekeeping andthe role of hone bees as pollinatorsthe role of honeybees as pollinators.

Honeybee as a pollinatorHoneybee as a pollinator

52,555

60,000

A. cerana A. mellifera Total,

40,000

50,000pe

r

28,490

27,438

20 684

34,10230,000

r of b

eeke

ep

13,883

20,684 20,219

10,000

20,000

Num

ber

0

10,000

19891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008

Fig 17 The number of beekeepers in Korean apiculture over 20 years

year

Fig. 17. The number of beekeepers in Korean apiculture over 20 years (Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries, Korea, 2008).

Honeybee as a pollinatorHoneybee as a pollinator2,500

A cerana

1,720,074

2,089,7621,858,5742,000

1,00

0)A. ceranaA. melliferaTotal

1,544,063

1 000

1,500

of h

ive

(×1

404 495436 247

636,094500

1,000

Num

ber

199,847

404,495

314,511

436,247

19891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008

Fig 18 The number of hives in Korean apiculture over 20 years

19891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008

Year

Fig. 18. The number of hives in Korean apiculture over 20 years (Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries, Korea, 2008).

Honeybee as a pollinatorHoneybee as a pollinator

Table 5 Comparison of beekeepers and hives involved in fixed and moved

Beekeeper (%) Hive (%)

Table 5. Comparison of beekeepers and hives involved in fixed and moved management of the honeybee Apis mellifera in Korean apiculture

YearBeekeeper (%) Hive (%)

Fixed Moved Fixed Moved

1990 84 7 15 3 62 1 37 91990 84.7 15.3 62.1 37.9

1995 80.2 19.8 54.6 45.4

2000 75.3 24.7 43.6 56.4

2005 68.9 31.1 39.2 60.8005 68 9 3 39 60 8

2008 62.7 37.3 42.1 57.9

Source: Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries, Korea, 2009.

Honeybee as a pollinatorHoneybee as a pollinator

100.0% 1007000

66.5%

80

5000

6000

es (%

)

ops

(ha) Acreage

Use rate

36.9%

51.8%

40

60

3000

4000

f hon

eybe

e

eage

of c

ro

36 9%30.0%

201000

2000

Use

o

Acr

e

0.2% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%00

Fi 19 A d t f h b d f th lli ti

Crops

Fig. 19. Acreage and use rate of honeybees used for the pollination of 10 major horticultural corps in greenhouses, 2009.

Honeybee as a pollinatorHoneybee as a pollinator

96,733100,000

85,53881,363

70,000

80,000

90,000us

ed Honeybee

30,45140,000

50,000

60,000

ber o

f hiv

e

30,451

10,977

130 0 0 010,000

20,000

30,000

Num

b

130 25 0 0 00

Fig 20 Numbers of hives of honeybees used for the pollination of

Crops

Fig. 20. Numbers of hives of honeybees used for the pollination of10 major horticultural corps in greenhouses, 2009.

Honeybee as a pollinatorHoneybee as a pollinator

100

9 000

10,000

80

7,000

8,000

9,000

ees

(%)

ps (h

a) AcreageUse rate

40

60

4,000

5,000

6,000

of h

oney

be

age

of c

rop

2,242 2,209

387 121 437.9%16.3%

20

1,000

2,000

3,000

Use

o

Acr

ea

121 433.4% 1.5% 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%00

Fig 21 Acreage and use rate of honeybees used for the

Crops

Fig. 21. Acreage and use rate of honeybees used for thepollination of 10 major fruit trees in 2009.

Honeybee as a pollinatorHoneybee as a pollinator

20,000

13,893

12 04214,000

16,000

18,000us

ed Honeybee

12,042

8,000

10,000

12,000

ber o

f hiv

e

5,104

984362 0 0 0 0 0

2,000

4,000

6,000

Num

b

362 0 0 0 0 00

Fig 22 Numbers of hives of honeybees used for the

Crops

Fig. 22. Numbers of hives of honeybees used for thepollination of 10 major fruit trees in 2009.

OsmiaOsmia mason bee as an orchard pollinator mason bee as an orchard pollinator

The genus Osmia comprises more than 300 species, mostly inth H l ti (Mi h 2000)the Holarctic (Michener, 2000).

Several Osmia species have been developed in different parts ofthe world to pollinate spring-blooming cropsthe world to pollinate spring-blooming crops.

Osmia cornifrons, the horn-faced bee, was developed as anorchard pollinator in Japan in the 1960s.p p

The species is now becoming established as an orchardpollinator (Batra, 1998) and has also been tested on blueberries,

l h d d l d t dseveral greenhouse and caged legume and mustard crops(Maeta et al., 2006).

O cornifrons was firstly introduced into Korea from Japan inO. cornifrons was firstly introduced into Korea from Japan in1992 and is now established as an apple pollinator.

We surveyed the current status of mason bees to augmenty gOsmia bee use as pollinators of fruit tree in 2007 to 2009.

OsmiaOsmia mason bee as an orchard pollinator mason bee as an orchard pollinator

3100000000 YEI GSEES

30000

31000

400000

450000

500000

ia s

pp.

YEI GSEESTotal Apple acreage

28000

29000

250000

300000

350000

crea

ge (

ha)

oduc

ed O

sm

26000

27000

100000

150000

200000

App

le a

c

umbe

r of p

ro

25000

26000

0

50000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Nu

Years

Fig. 23. Number of Osmia spp. produced at two local organizations inKorea from 2005 to 2009 Abb i ti YEI Y h E t l I tit t GSEEKorea from 2005 to 2009. Abbreviation: YEI, Yechon Entomology Institute; GSEE,Gyeongsangbukdo Sericulture & Entomology Experiment Station.

OsmiaOsmia mason bee as an orchard pollinator mason bee as an orchard pollinator

100

9 000

10,000

80

7,000

8,000

9,000

ees

(%)

ps (h

a) AcreageUse rate

40

60

4,000

5,000

6,000

f mas

on b

e

age

of c

rop

1,961

86 52 46 57 0%

20

1,000

2,000

3,000

Use

of

Acr

ea

86 52 46 57.0%1.1% 0.4% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%00

Fig 24 Acreage and use rate of mason bees used for the

Crops

Fig. 24. Acreage and use rate of mason bees used for thepollination of 10 major fruit trees in 2009.

OsmiaOsmia mason bee as an orchard pollinator mason bee as an orchard pollinator

5,000oy)

3,500

4,000

4,500nu

mbe

r/col

o

Mason bee

2,369

2,000

2,500

3,000

,

y us

ed (5

00 n

139 78500

1,000

1,500

2,000

ber o

f col

ony

139 64 78 14 0 0 0 0 00

500

Num

b

Fig 25 Numbers of colonies of mason bees used for the

Crops

Fig. 25. Numbers of colonies of mason bees used for thepollination of 10 major fruit trees in 2009.

ConclusionConclusion

We describes bumblebee rearing technology as well as the currentstatus and agricultural utilization of insect pollinators inKorea.

We transferred more than 10 patents and 20 bumblebee rearingtechniques to farmers for commercial rearing of bumblebees from20042004

There are over 10 producers in Korea today.

The total number of bumblebee colonies produced in 2009 wasover ６00,000, of which 70% were produced by Korean bumblebee.

In 1994, the value of a bumblebee colony was $ 167. Now, 15 yearslater, is $ 67, which is more than 60% cheaper than in 1994.

ConclusionConclusion

The use rates of bumblebees for 10 major horticultural crops andfruit trees were approximately 7.9% and 2.8% in 2009, respectively.The use numbers of bumblebees as pollinators was more than51,400 colonies and 12,945 colonies, respectively., , , p y

The use rates of honeybees for 10 major horticultural crops andfruit trees were approximately 48 0% and 7 7% in 2009 respectivelyfruit trees were approximately 48.0% and 7.7% in 2009, respectively.The use numbers of honeybees as pollinators was more than305,216 hives and 32,386 hives, respectively.

The number of Osmia mason bees used as orchard pollinators wasapproximately 1,331,499 individuals in 2009.

The value of commercial insect pollinators in 2009 was estimated atmore than $45 million.