Language Arts TopicsLanguage Arts TopicsReviewReviewMs. Brand

SHORT STORIES

SHORT STORIESSHORT STORIES• TitleTitle• AuthorAuthor• Setting- Place, Time where Setting- Place, Time where

story takes placestory takes place• Characters- Dynamic and StaticCharacters- Dynamic and Static• Point of View- 1Point of View- 1stst, 2, 2ndnd, 3, 3rdrd • Plot- sequence of eventsPlot- sequence of events• Theme- What is the lesson or Theme- What is the lesson or

main idea the writer is trying to main idea the writer is trying to get across. get across.

• Conflict- Internal vs. ExternalConflict- Internal vs. External– Man vs. nature, Man vs. Man, Man Man vs. nature, Man vs. Man, Man

vs. Himself. vs. Himself.

PlotPlot• Exposition- Background info. Exposition- Background info. • Rising Action- conflicts/actions Rising Action- conflicts/actions

that increase the interest in that increase the interest in the story. the story.

• Climax- the highest point of Climax- the highest point of anticipation in the story. The anticipation in the story. The conflict comes to a final conflict comes to a final confrontation. confrontation.

• Falling Action- Wrapping up all Falling Action- Wrapping up all lose ends. Everything is finally lose ends. Everything is finally explained.explained.

NONFICTION

NONFICTION

•Definition- writing that tells about real people, places, and events. It contains actual info. That can be arranged any way the writer chooses.

•Autobiography, Biography, Essay, Article, Interview

AutobiographyAutobiography• Story of person’s life told Story of person’s life told

by that person. Written in by that person. Written in first person. first person.

• Usually a long work Usually a long work covering a long part of covering a long part of writer’s life. writer’s life.

• Often told in narrative form Often told in narrative form (like a novel) (like a novel)

• Examples: Journals, Examples: Journals, Diaries, Memoirs Diaries, Memoirs (memories), and letters.(memories), and letters.

BiographyBiography• Story of person’s life told Story of person’s life told

by someone else. Written by someone else. Written in third person. in third person.

• Info. is gathered by Info. is gathered by reading letters and diaries. reading letters and diaries.

• Often told in narrative form Often told in narrative form with characters and with characters and setting. setting.

• Purpose is to present an Purpose is to present an accurate account of the accurate account of the subject’s life. subject’s life.

Article and InterviewArticle and InterviewArticle: Article: • Provides facts about a subject. Provides facts about a subject. • Examples: Newspapers, Examples: Newspapers,

Magazine Articles, Textbooks, Magazine Articles, Textbooks, Pamphlets, History Books, and Pamphlets, History Books, and Gardening books. Gardening books.

Interview: Interview: • Conversation in which one Conversation in which one

person asks another person person asks another person questions for the purpose of questions for the purpose of gathering info. gathering info.

• Helps interviewer keep an Helps interviewer keep an accurate account of the accurate account of the person’s life or a time in history. person’s life or a time in history.

Research/ReferenceResearch/Reference

• EncyclopediaEncyclopedia-multiple volumes; -multiple volumes; general information about a variety general information about a variety of subjects of subjects

• General Biographical ReferencesGeneral Biographical ReferencesInfo.Info. About birth date, nationality, About birth date, nationality, major accomplishments, and of major accomplishments, and of outstanding peopleoutstanding people

• AtlasesAtlases- maps and geographical info. - maps and geographical info. • AlmanacsAlmanacs - used to be written every - used to be written every

year to give the previous year’s data year to give the previous year’s data on weather, records, economy, on weather, records, economy, gov’t, tons of facts; now they are gov’t, tons of facts; now they are updated regularly on-line. updated regularly on-line.

• PeriodicalsPeriodicals- Information published - Information published on regular basis (newspapers, on regular basis (newspapers, magazines, journals, etc. magazines, journals, etc.

Parts of a Book:Parts of a Book: • Title page- gives full title, author, Title page- gives full title, author,

publisher, and place of publicationpublisher, and place of publication• Copyright page- gives date of first Copyright page- gives date of first

publication and of any revisionspublication and of any revisions• Table of Contents- lists titles of Table of Contents- lists titles of

chapters or sections of the book and chapters or sections of the book and their starting page numberstheir starting page numbers

• Appendix- provides additional Appendix- provides additional information about subjects found in information about subjects found in the bookthe book

• Glossary- in alphabetical order, Glossary- in alphabetical order, defines difficult or technical words defines difficult or technical words found in the bookfound in the book

• Bibliography- lists sources used to Bibliography- lists sources used to write the book; gives titles of works write the book; gives titles of works on related topicson related topics

• Index- lists topics mentioned in the Index- lists topics mentioned in the book and page numbers on which book and page numbers on which they can be found they can be found

POETRY

Poetry (figurative language)Poetry (figurative language) • AlliterationAlliteration: The repetition of beginning : The repetition of beginning

consonant sounds. Ex. Might Men make consonant sounds. Ex. Might Men make money from movies. money from movies.

• Imagery/Sensory LanguageImagery/Sensory Language: Language : Language that appeals to the senses. Pictures are that appeals to the senses. Pictures are created in the readers’ minds by created in the readers’ minds by appealing to the sense of sight. Images appealing to the sense of sight. Images can also appeal to hearing, touch, taste, can also appeal to hearing, touch, taste, and smell. and smell.

• MetaphorMetaphor: A comparison between two : A comparison between two unlike things in which one thing is said to unlike things in which one thing is said to be another thing. Ex. My mother’s smile be another thing. Ex. My mother’s smile is a ray of sunshine. is a ray of sunshine.

• PersonificationPersonification: A figure of speech in : A figure of speech in which a non-human thing or quality is which a non-human thing or quality is talked about as if it were human. Ex. The talked about as if it were human. Ex. The trees fingers combed through my hair as trees fingers combed through my hair as the wind blew. the wind blew.

• OnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia: The use of words with : The use of words with sounds that echo their sense. Ex. Buzz, sounds that echo their sense. Ex. Buzz, bang, clickety-clack, hissbang, clickety-clack, hiss

Figurative Language (cont.)Figurative Language (cont.) • SimileSimile: A comparison between two : A comparison between two

unlike things using the words “like” or unlike things using the words “like” or “as”. Ex. The moths streamed toward “as”. Ex. The moths streamed toward the light like leaves in the wind. the light like leaves in the wind.

• Hyperbole:Hyperbole: Intentional use of Intentional use of exaggeration not meant to be taken exaggeration not meant to be taken literally. Ex. The exciting news sent me literally. Ex. The exciting news sent me to the moon. to the moon.

• Internal rhyme vs. End rhymeInternal rhyme vs. End rhyme: Internal : Internal rhyme is when the rhyme occurs in the rhyme is when the rhyme occurs in the middle of a sentence and rhymes with a middle of a sentence and rhymes with a word at the end of the same sentence word at the end of the same sentence or in the middle of another sentence. or in the middle of another sentence. End rhyme occurs when the end of one End rhyme occurs when the end of one sentence rhymes with another sentence rhymes with another sentence. sentence.

FOLKLORE

Folklore• Traditions, stories, and

customes passed down orally by a culture.

• Examples: Myths, Fables, Legends, Folktales

1. Keeps the past alive.2. Teaches moral lessons about human behavior. 3. Reveals values of the society.

MythsMyths• Attempt to answer basic Attempt to answer basic

questions about the world and questions about the world and are considered true by the are considered true by the tellers. tellers. Example: Narcissus, Zeus, etc. Example: Narcissus, Zeus, etc.

FablesFables• Short Tales that illustrate Short Tales that illustrate

human morals. human morals. • Usually have animals as Usually have animals as

characters. characters. • Example: The Ant and the Example: The Ant and the

Grasshopper, For Richer For Grasshopper, For Richer For PoorerPoorer

LegendsLegends• Stories based on real person or Stories based on real person or

eventsevents• Can be embellished or Can be embellished or

exaggerated. exaggerated. • Example: John Henry, Johnny Example: John Henry, Johnny

Appleseed, Paul Bunyan, etc. Appleseed, Paul Bunyan, etc.

Folk Tales/Fairy TalesFolk Tales/Fairy Tales• Stories with simple folk or Stories with simple folk or

animals that are funny. animals that are funny. • Usually include the elements of Usually include the elements of

magic and have castles and magic and have castles and royalty. royalty.

• Example: Cinderella, Beauty Example: Cinderella, Beauty and the Beast, etc. and the Beast, etc.