Year 2 · 2016. 3. 3. · A new threat immerged with the Muslims. The invasion of the Muslims into...
Transcript of Year 2 · 2016. 3. 3. · A new threat immerged with the Muslims. The invasion of the Muslims into...
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Catholic SchoolhouseTM
Rhetoric Level Religion Guide
Year 2
by Rose Wright, M.A.
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Introduction To the parents...
The following Rhetoric program serves as an additional at-home curriculum for those looking to use Catholic Schoolhouse as their core program. As with the grammar program, the parents are given much authority in deciding how to best implement this plan with their particular children. Pope Paul VI , in referencing Pope Pius XI states, “Since parents have given children their life, they are bound by the most serious obligation to educate their offspring and therefore must be recognized as the primary and principal educators” (Gravissimum Educationis 3). Please let us know if there are specific areas where you need assistance. Parents should have a copy of the Catholic Schoolhouse Y ear 2 Tour Guide to seize opportunities to tie in memory work topics that will interest their class. While memory work will not be officially covered in the dialectic level, the information contained should already be mastered by this age students. Study at home will be necessary for students who are new to the program to assure mastery. All ages studying and quizzing the memory work serves as an important unifying factor for families--students are never too old for memory! In Christ, The Catholic Schoolhouse Upper Level Team
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Quarter 4 Background Information
Religion: Overview of Objectives
We are on a quest for Truth using Reason and Divine
Revelation. This journey will help us to uncover all areas of
the Faith so that by the end of your Rhetoric teaching you
will not only apply all the memory work you have learned
throughout the years but you will also uncover the mysteries
studied now for over two thousand years! Some mysteries
will be completely answered, others will leave you seeking
for more. We can help you begin to FIND those answers to
the mysteries by showing you important Scripture passages,
Church Documents and how to use them, but ultimately it is
the virtue of perseverance, grace and wisdom that will truly
lead you to the answers.
Christology, Heresies & the Sacraments
This fourth quarter will discuss the study of Our Lord by understanding the heresies that occurred during this
time period. In reading parts of the Fourth Lateran Council for CSH, you will see the immediate participation
in the Sacraments and the development of the liturgical development. Meanwhile, in your apologetics
notebook you will combat the heresies faced during this time, because heresy has a way of reoccurring in
history due to our fallen nature. When you understand the errors, you can better defend the Truth!
St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica: Nearly every week you will be given a reference to St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica. St. Thomas
Aquinas wrote the Summa during the 13th century, the height of what is known as Scholasticism. This
quarter you will reaching the time of Scholasticism. Scholasticism refers to a movement in history that
resulted from the re-discovery of Aristotle’s works. Please see Appendix 1 on How to Read the Summa
Theologica so that you will have a better understanding throughout the year when the book is referenced. St.
Thomas Aquinas had a vision of Heaven, while working on the Summa and took his masterpiece and tried to
throw it in the fire but his fellow monks held him back. He explained that his work was so incomplete to what
the true glory of Heaven, he felt it did not do the Truth justice. The reality is the multiple volumes of the
Summa Theologica includes approximately 3,500 words. His work is truly outstanding and can be a great
benefit and reference in learning the Faith on a deeper level. This quarter we will focus on Christology, which
is the study of Jesus Christ. This study will help us gain a deeper understanding of Church history at this time
period, particularly in regards to the heresies.
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Apologetics Notebook The Apologetics Notebook (you may use a spiral notebook or a three-ring binder filled with lined paper;
whatever you prefer) is for you to keep over your three years of Rhetoric. The objective is for you by the end
of your three years in the Catholic Schoolhouse program to have a notebook (or several depending upon how
detailed you become with your notebooks) that you can reference in discussions with others on the Faith.
The formatting of the notebook will be very similar to that of St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica. Be
sure to examine the Appendix 1 of how to read the Summa so that you are familiar with the structure and
purpose. You will be responsible for entering the arguments (called Articles) either from what is given in the
weekly assignments or on your own. These arguments will become the cornerstone of your reference guide
when you are speaking to others about the Catholic Faith. This is YOUR reference and is not to be a copy
like the Summa.
Advanced Reading You will be given advanced reading weekly. While this reading is up to the decision of your parents as to
whether or not you should read it, it is highly recommended. If you are ever not understanding the material,
go to the advanced reading which might give you some answers you were looking for regarding your work.
Prayer Journal: Lectio Divina Each week you will be given a prayer meditation to help show you the many ways to pray. Of course in
Catholic Schoolhouse you are learning Latin Chant. Singing, according to St. Augustine, is praying twice.
The Grammar learners are discussing the Sacraments (which you should be familiar with). Throughout the
year you will learn other forms of prayer. This quarter you will work on Lectio Divina (Divine Prayer)
mediation based upon an ancient form of Benedictine prayer. The four typical steps to the Lectio Divina is to
read, meditate, pray and contemplate. You will make a prayer journal to keep for the Rhetoric years to show
you how much you have learned and grown in your prayer life. See Appendix 3 and 4 about Lection Divina
and the formatting for the Prayer Journal. Be sure to find a quiet place to do this part of your at-home
religion.
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Rhetoric Level Religion Week 19
In 610 only four major civilized powers existed: Eastern Rome or Byzantine (run by Heraclius), Persia, India, and China. In 622, the Persians attacked Jerusalem and Heraclius started out on Easter Monday to stop them. Only 20 years later and one whole civilization would be wiped out and one would struggle to exist at all because of the Arabs (all due to Mohammed) who had hardly been noticed before this time. Even with a 3 to 1 ratio of Heraclius’ men to the Muslims, the Muslims won! Due to other advantages such as a sand storm and other sneaky tactics, within three years the Muslims had almost all of the fertile crescent with Heraclius rushing the True Cross from Jerusalem to Caesarea to protect it. In a matter of ten years the Muslims had covered most of the civilized world and won all conquests. There is nothing to compare it to in all of history! History Timeline Cards Bible (for reference) Catechism of the Catholic Church Summa Theologica (found online) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm (found online) Islam by Fr. John A. Hardon, S.J. (found online) Apologetics Notebook Prayer Journal ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Note: The Scholar Prep is to review what has been taught in the Grammar and Dialectic Levels of Religion already. If you are not familiar with the below information, please brush up with parental guidance.
Scholar should be familiar with the Sacraments
Introduction
Supplies
Scholar Prep
Week 19 - Scholar Background
Religion Rhetoric Topic: Heresy, Sacraments, 4th Lateran Council Focus Book: The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm, Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas, The History of Her-esies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguori, A General His-tory of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber, Islam by Fr. John A. Hardon, S.J., “Comparing Christianity and Islam” by Peter Kreeft Advanced Reading: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica Prayer: Lectio Divina Grammar Religion: The Sacraments Dialectic Religion: Church History; Sacraments
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- Week 19
Reference Background Information
These next weeks show the affects of the Barbarian invasion, as we see corruption in various
ways (through the papacy, through the East and West struggling for power, etc.). Thankfully,
the Holy Spirit will protect the Church as always and none could see His protection more
clearly than with through Vigilius!
Theodora, wife to Justinian, and Vigilius secretly made a deal when he arrived with
Pope Agapitus to Constantinople that if she helped him become Pope, he would denounce the
Council of Chalcedon and approve the Monophysite heresy. The new Pope, Pope Silverius
was hauled way while Vigilius was made anti-pope (Justinian was unaware that Theodora
was a part of this crime.) Pope Silverius starved to death so Vigilius was recognized then at
the true Pope! Here was his chance to condemn an ecumenical council and what did he do?
HE REFUSED! He was exiled to Chalcedon of all places for many years. Theodora died and
eventually the Second Council of Constantinople was held in 553 with 166 bishops attending
and Pope Vigilius reaffirming Chalcedon! As you can see, turmoil still exists for the Church,
but even amidst the heresies and political wars, the Church remained strong and continued to
grow in places like Ireland.
A new threat immerged with the Muslims. The invasion of the Muslims into Spain
would last 770 years! Before Gregory the Great was Pope, he met Bishop Leander (who
would become a saint), who converted the Goths and watched a struggle between Arianism
and Catholicism. The Catholics were persecuted by the Arians until the king met St. Leander
and converted! Spain was now Catholic! (And this Catholic country would fight for the Faith
for 770 years! Can you imagine? Would you have such perseverance? Gregory is made Pope
and asks for prayers to end the plagues in Rome. Here we learn of the Legend of St. Michael
appearing at what is now known as the Castel Sant Angelo (Castle of the Holy Angel) which
will be for centuries to come a place of refuge and stronghold for Popes in danger. Pope
Gregory the Great also sent missionaries, like St. Augustine of Canterbury to Britain.
While the Muslims are invading Spain, heresy still continues. The 3rd Council of
Constantinople of 690 (and the sixth ecumenical council in all) condemned Monothelitism.
The Muslims entered France, leading to Charles Martel’s battle of Tours and the Muslims be-
ing defeated in France. Martel’s son, Pepin, when he ruled called a synod with the Church
and further developed a relationship between the Faith and France. Eventually Pepin’s son,
Charlemagne, would be crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope solidifying that relation-
ship.
NOTE: This transition period from the fall of the Roman Empire in the West to the founda-
tion of the Holy Roman Empire, covering 476-800 teaches three fundamental lessons: (1) The
Church possesses unconquerable optimism in the face of the most desperate situations. The
Church never despairs. (2) The Church is assured of the unfailing aid of Divine Providence.
(3) The Church performs a vitalizing action on society. Does the Church experience this to-
day? Do the people of the Church experience this today?
Need a Recap of
Church History?
Read A Short His-
tory of the Catholic
Church at https://
archive.org/details/
AShortHistoryOfT
heCatholicChurch
Chapters V-VIII
pgs. 41-85
If you are inter-
ested in reading
more about this
time period, con-
sider the series
on Christendom
written by Dr.
Warren Carroll,
an excellent his-
torian and even
better weaver of
history’s stories.
Ecumenical
Councils:
-2nd Council of
Constantinople
(553) Confirmed
Chalcedon
-3rd Council of
Constantinople
(680) Con-
demned Mono-
thelitism
-2nd Council of
Nicaea (787)
condemned Icon-
oclasm
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Defining the Terms Read: Before moving forward this week, please read Appendix 5 to provide a bigger picture to
Quarter 4 and what you will accomplish by the end of this school year!
Define vocabulary terms (from your reading) into the Apologetics Notebook (Note: for a recap, you
should be able to define all the following heresies, plus current this time period): Gnosticism,
Marcionism, Montanism, Novatianism, Modalism, Subordinatism, Arianism, Nestorianism,
Monophysitism, Donatism, Pelagianism, and (this time period) Monothelitism, Islam (or
Mohammadism)
Apologetics Notebook Keep a notebook of definitions and arguments to use for apologetics. (See Appendix 2 for template.)
Argument: In your own words, write in the style of the Summa for these arguments: (Note: use
your readings for support and be sure to create several points.) Sacrament of Penance, Religion of Islam
Scripture Reference (Sacraments): For each sacrament of the week, list Scr ipture verses with
explanation to support the Catholic belief. (This quick reference will help you in religious conversations.)
Ecumenical Councils & the Heresies They Condemned Chart (History): See Appendix 6 on how to
make the chart in your notebook. Council for this time period: (See Background Information previous
page) Heresies of this time period: Monothelitism, Iconoclast Heresy
Recap Reading (Optional) In order to understand history, one should be sure he knows the information fairly well before moving
forward. This week you have a bit more reading in order to make sure you understand the important
heresies and declarations. Ask for your parents’ guidance in what to read if you cannot read it all.
Read: History of Heresies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguor i, Ch. 5, Ar ticle II: On the
Heresy of Pelagius (p. 109-119) and its Refutation V and VI ( p. 443-451, p 451-457), Art. III: The
Nestorian Heresy (p. 119-136) and its Refutation VII (p. 457-470), Art. Eutyches (p. 136-150) and its
Refutation VIII (p. 470-481) and Council of Chalcedon (p. 150-163)
Reading on the Apologetics Topics for the Week Read: (Sacraments) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm Vol. IV. Par t XLIV, sec. I-VIII,
Park XLV, sec. I-VII and XLVI, sec. I-VI, Penance, on pages 242-350 of https://archive.org/details/
christianmission04marsuoft CHOOSE 5 stories at least from each section since this reading is larger.
Read: (Sacraments) Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas (Note: This version is an
annotated and slightly abridged version making the readings short but full of wisdom.) at https://
archive.org/details/OfGodAndHisCreatures Book IV chap. 56-58 pgs. 383-384, chap. 70-72 pgs. 392-395
Read: (Sacraments) Radio Replies on the Sacrament of Penance found at http://
www.radioreplies.info/radio-replies-vol-1.php?t=73
Read: (Sacraments) “Reconciliation” at http://www.catholicapologetics.org/ap060300.htm
Week 19 Religion
Week 19 - At-Home
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Reading on the Apologetics Topics for the Week Continued Read: (Islam) Peter Kreeft’s “Comparing Christianity and Islam” at http://www.peterkreeft.com/topics-
more/religions_islam.htm
Read: (Islam) Fr . John Hardon, S.J . “Islam” at http://www.therealpresence.org/archives/Protestantism/
Protestantism_001.htm
Reading on Church History Read: A General History of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber at https://archive.org/details/
generalhistoryof00webe volume 1, Second Period, including the Introduction and chapters 6-11 at pgs. 69-
122.
Read: History of Heresies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguor i at https://archive.org/
details/TheHistoryOfHeresiesAndTheirRefutation Chapter VI-VII pgs. 166-188.
Read: Partial Chapter 7 star ting at...“From Chalcedon to the Monothelites” by Fr. John Hardon, S.J. at
http://www.therealpresence.org/archives/Christology/Christology_024.htm
Advanced Reading Read: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, Part 3 Questions 84-90 (Penance) and Supplement
Questions 1-28. Add notes to the Apologetic Notebook from your reading.
The Five Canons of Rhetoric: Inventio This quarter you will continue to work on your rhetoric skills by persuading others either through short
essays or speeches.. Remember, in Inventio, one prepares the argument, gathers the research, and creates
the thesis. Rhetoric looks at the particular make-up of the person you’re trying to persuade and figures out
what will move them to your side of the argument.
Write: Write a 1-2 page essay persuading whether or not Islam is a danger to our future.
Prayer Journal: Lectio Divina Again, this quarter you will choose each week a passage you enjoy from the Gospels. Try to keep in mind what you are learning about Christ in your readings when you pick your passage. (See Appendix 3 &4)
- Week 19
Checklist:
Read: Be sure to complete the several read-
ing assignments this week but thankfully no
question box (reading assignment) to answer.
Vocabulary: Add vocabulary terms to your
apologetics notebook and answer the questions
on separate paper.
Advanced Reading: Summa Questions 53-56.
Add notes to the Apologetics Notebook.
Apologetics Notebook: Add the following
arguments to your notebook with cited an-
swers: Sacrament of Penance and Islam
Apologetics Note-
book: Ecumenical
Council/Heresy
Chart
Apologetics Notebook: Scr ipture Reference list
and explanation for the Sacrament of the week.
Rhetoric: Write a 1-2 page essay persuading
whether or not Islam is a danger to our future.
Prayer Journal: Choose any Gospel passage.
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Rhetoric Level Religion Week 20
For your Rhetoric lessons this quarter you will find each week is either a speech or an essay. Remember you are working on your ability to persuade others. In order to do that, however, first you must have the correct facts! Also take your studies seriously so that you learn to discern truth from fiction. Your confidence will grow as well the more you study. Note that before 1050 A.D. the average person was more likely than not to be uneducated and familiar with nothing beyond how to scratch out a living, he had no surplus wealth or property but just barely enough to survive; he lived in constant fear of bandits and war. From 1050 on nore and more people could be more confident of dying a natural death rather than being killed by bandits or raiding tribes; had some leisure time to think about art and architecture and learning and to celebrate with festivals; ad might have some surplus property or possessions to trade with their neighbors. History Timeline Cards Bible (for reference) Catechism of the Catholic Church Summa Theologica (found online) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm (found online) Historical Christology by Fr. John A. Hardon, S.J. (found online) Apologetics Notebook Prayer Journal ………………………………………………………………………………………
Note: The Scholar Prep is to review what has been taught in the Grammar and Dialectic Levels of Religion already.
Scholar should be familiar with the Sacraments
Introduction
Supplies
Scholar Prep
Week 20 - Scholar Background
Religion Rhetoric Topic: Heresy, Sacraments, 4th Lateran Council Focus Book: The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm, Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas, The History of Her-esies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguori, A General His-tory of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber, Christian Apologetics by Rev. W. Devivier Advanced Reading: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica Prayer: Lectio Divina Grammar Religion: The Sacraments Dialectic Religion: Church History; Sacraments
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Background Information
Charlemagne died in 814 and was succeeded by his son, Louis the Pious. Unlike his father,
his religious faith was not accompanied by a commanding personality. By the time of Louis
the Pious’ death the different sections of the Empire were becoming more and more inde-
pendent.
When Louis died his 3 sons fought over the crown. Their quarrels were brought to an end by
the Treaty of Verdun which was signed in 843. The treaty split the empire in three parts.
France in the east, Germany in the west, and Lotharingia in the middle. Lotharingia included
northern Italy, Holland and Belgium (all countries exist today) and Alsace, Lorraine and Bur-
gundy (which today are part of France). The Treaty of Verdun is an important historical land-
mark, making Germany and France independent kingdoms. It marked the beginning of the
modern idea of nations (IMPORTANT!) The area of Lotharingia became a constant battle-
ground of France and Germany (even as late as World War II). Finally, the treaty which cre-
ated a division of the Empire also weakened the Empire, making way for the Vikings.
The Vikings were defeated in Britain by King Alfred the Great, and this defeat established
England as a nation, which would be Christian.
Some great missionaries at this time were Sts. Cyril and Methodius. These brothers were
apostles to the Slavs. They helped to change the liturgy of the Germans. They said the liturgy
in the Slavic language. They devised the Slavonic alphabet (or the Cyrillic Alphabet). They
also helped to convert the Bulgars. Other missionaries were also in action, in Ireland, Russia,
Denmark and Norway.
- Week 20
Ecumenical
Councils:
-4th Council of
Constantinople
(869) condemned
Photius
Need a Quick
Recap of
Church
History for this
week?
Read A Short
History of the
Catholic Church
at
https://
archive.org/
details/
AShortHistoryOf
TheCatholicChur
ch
Chapters IX-X
pgs. 86-94.
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Defining the Terms Define vocabulary terms (from your reading) into the Apologetics Notebook (Note: for a recap, you
should be able to define all the following heresies, plus current this time period): Photius, Photian
Schism, Primacy of Peter
Apologetics Notebook Keep a notebook of definitions and arguments to use for apologetics. (See Appendix 2 for template.)
Argument: In your own words, write in the style of the Summa for these arguments: (Note: use
your readings for support and be sure to create several points.) Sacrament of Holy Eucharist, the
Catholic Church as the True Church (specifically about the Primacy of Peter)
Scripture Reference (Sacraments): For each sacrament of the week, list Scr ipture verses with
explanation to support the Catholic belief. (This quick reference will help you in religious conversations.)
Ecumenical Councils & the Heresies They Condemned Chart (History): See Appendix 6 on how to
make the chart in your notebook. Council for this time period: (See Background Information previous
page) Heresies of this time period: Errors of Photius
Reading on the Apologetics Topics for the Week Read: (Sacraments) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm Vol. IV. Euchar ist Par t XLI
sec. I-VII, XLII sec. I-VII and XLIII sec. I-IV, on pages 141-241 of https://archive.org/details/
christianmission04marsuoft CHOOSE 5 stories at least in each section
Read: (Sacraments) Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas (Note: This version is an
annotated and slightly abridged version making the readings short but full of wisdom.) at https://
archive.org/details/OfGodAndHisCreatures in Book IV chap. 61-69 pgs. 386-391
Read: (Sacraments) Radio Replies on the Sacrament of Holy Euchar ist found at http://
www.radioreplies.info/radio-replies-vol-1.php?t=74 (NOTE: The website will change each week,
because the website listed is the specific topic page for the Sacrament of the week.)
Read: (Sacraments) “The Eucharist: The Lord’s Supper” at http://www.catholicapologetics.org/
ap060500.htm
Read: (Catholic Church as the True Church in connection with the Primacy of Peter) Christian
Apologetics: A Defense of Catholic Faith athttps://archive.org/details/christianapologe00devirich (Part
2) Chap. 1 pgs. 299-309, Chap. 2 Article 5 “Primacy of Peter,” pgs. 373-390. (Note: You are studying
this topic now due to the great involvement the Popes will have during this time period in history.)
Reading on Church History Read: A General History of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber at https://archive.org/details/
generalhistoryof00webe volume 1, Second Epoch General Statement and Chpt. 12-13 part 1 pgs. 124-
134.
Week 20 - At-Home
Week 20 Religion
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Reading on Church History continued Read: History of Heresies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguor i at https://archive.org/
details/TheHistoryOfHeresiesAndTheirRefutation Chapter IX (Greek Schism/Photius) pgs. 201-223.
Advanced Reading Read: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, Part 3 Questions 73-83 (Eucharist). Add notes to the
Apologetic Notebook from your reading.
The Five Canons of Rhetoric: Inventio Continuing with Inventio, or the Canon of Invention, recall the difference between Invention and
Discovery. A discovery is that which we find, because it already exists; an invention is that which we
create, not previously in existence.
Remember: In Inventio, one prepares the argument, gathers the research, and creates the thesis. Rhetoric
looks at the particular make-up of the person you’re trying to persuade and figures out what will move
them to your side of the argument. Give a speech (or write an essay) persuading a nonbeliever the
Eucharist is truly the Body and Blood of Our Lord, Jesus Christ.
Prayer Journal: Lectio Divina Scripture Passage: Choose your own passage from any of the Gospels. Use the Prayer Journal
template (found in the Appendix) for help.
- Week 20
Checklist:
Read: Be sure to complete the several read-
ing assignments this week but thankfully you
have no question box (reading assignment) to
answer.
Vocabulary: Add vocabulary terms to your
apologetics notebook.
Advanced Reading: Summa Theologica
Apologetics Arguments: Add the following
arguments to your notebook with cited an-
swers: Sacra-
ment of Holy
Eucharist, the
Primacy of Peter
Apologetics
Notebook: Ecu-
menical Council/
Heresy Chart
Apologetics Notebook: Scr ipture Reference
list and explanation for the Sacrament of the
week.
Rhetoric: Give a
speech (or write an
essay) persuading
an atheist that Jesus
is in fact God. Re-
member to use persuasive arguments.
Prayer Journal: Choose any Gospel passage.
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Rhetoric Level Religion Week 21
You have been given in the Background information a recap on Church History. Please note that usually the reading is very brief with the idea that if some of your reading is too intense and you just need a quick refresher of the time period, particularly from the viewpoint of the Church. Also, please remember the goal of your studies is to see the relationship of the Church with history at this time. History Timeline Cards Bible (for reference) Catechism of the Catholic Church Summa Theologica (found online) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm (found online) Historical Christology by Fr. John A. Hardon, S.J. (found online) Apologetics Notebook Prayer Journal ………………………………………………………………………………………
Scholar Prep is to review what has been taught in the Grammar and Dialectic Levels of Religion already. If you are not familiar with the below information, please brush up with parental guidance.
Scholar should be familiar with the Sacraments
Introduction
Supplies
Scholar Prep
Week 21 - Scholar Background
Religion Rhetoric Topic: Heresy, Sacraments, 4th Lateran Council Focus Book: The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm, Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas, The History of Her-esies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguori, A General His-tory of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber Advanced Reading: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica Prayer: Lectio Divina Grammar Religion: The Sacraments Dialectic Religion: Church History; Sacraments
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Background Information
The Great East-West Schism started much sooner than 1054. In 381 the Council of Constan-
tinople decreed that the Bishops of Constantinople were to be honored next to the Bishops of
Rome, given the title of Patriarch. The Council of Chalecedon (451) made them Patriarchs in
fact which gave them authority over large numbers of bishops. The diversity of characters,
language, rites and disciplines brought strain when councils were held and the Pope would
refuse to accept their customs as binding on the Faith. The Iconoclast heresy of the eighth
century called strain as well due to the influence of the Muslims and Jews who disapproved
of all images. The Emperor ordered them to be destroyed and many monasteries were razed
to the ground with monks dying as martyrs for the faith and traditional usage of the Church.
The coronation of Charlemagne brought strain on East versus the West. These events, along
with powerful men who deceived others, causing the Pope to condemn then led to the strain
and eventual Schism.
Feudalism developed due to the Viking raids. It was an exchange of labor for protection. The
men who provided protection were knights and the laborers were the serfs. Those who
owned the land were known as nobles or noblemen. Please know that bishops and priests
owned their own land and were heavily involved in the feudalistic system. This involvement
will lead to problems when the clergy are not as holy as they should be and become more
interested in power than in the Faith. Thankfully, the saints outweigh the sinners.
- Week 21
Ecumenical
Councils
1st Lateran
Council (1123)
abolished the
right claimed by
lay princes, of
investiture with
ring and crosier
to ecclesiastical
benefices
Recovered the
Holy Land
-2nd Lateran
(1139) Con-
demned Arnold
of Brescia
Need a Quick
Recap of
Church
History for this
week?
Read A Short
History of the
Catholic Church
at
https://
archive.org/
details/
AShortHistoryOf
TheCatholicChur
ch
Chapters XI-part
I-II pgs. 94-103.
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Week 21 Religion
Week 21 - At-Home
Defining the Terms Define vocabulary terms (from your reading) into the Apologetics Notebook (Note: for a recap, you
should be able to define all the following heresies, plus current this time period): Greek Schism (East-
West Schism)
Apologetics Notebook Keep a notebook of definitions and arguments to use for apologetics. (See Appendix 2 for template.)
Argument: In your own words, write in the style of the Summa for these arguments: (Note: use
your readings for support and be sure to create several points.) Sacrament of Confirmation, the Greek
Schism
Scripture Reference (Sacraments): For each sacrament of the week, list Scr ipture verses with
explanation to support the Catholic belief. (This quick reference will help you in religious conversations.)
Ecumenical Councils & the Heresies They Condemned Chart (History): See Appendix 6 on how to
make the chart in your notebook. Council for this time period: (See Background Information previous
page) Heresies of this time period: Greek Schism
Reading on the Apologetics Topics for the Week Read: (Sacraments) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm Vol. IV. Confirmation book
XXXIX sec. I-V on pages 73-105 of https://archive.org/details/christianmission04marsuoft
Read: (Sacraments) Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas (Note: This version is an
annotated and slightly abridged version making the readings short but full of wisdom.) at https://
archive.org/details/OfGodAndHisCreatures in Book IV chap. 60 pgs. 386
Read: (Sacraments) Radio Replies on the Sacrament of Confirmation found at http://
www.radioreplies.info/radio-replies-vol-1.php?t=72 (NOTE: The website will change each week,
because the website listed is the specific topic page for the Sacrament of the week.)
Read: (Sacraments) “Confirmation” at http://www.catholicapologetics.org/ap060400.htm
Read: (Greek Schism) Christian Apologetics: A Defense of Catholic Faith athttps://archive.org/
details/christianapologe00devirich (Part 2) Chap. 2 article 4 “Schismatic Greek Church” pgs. 360-368.
Read: (Greek Schism) Religions of the W orld by Fr . John A. Hardon, S.J ., Chapter 15 “Eastern
Orthodoxy” at http://www.therealpresence.org/archives/Protestantism/Protestantism_034.htm
Reading on Church History Read: A General History of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber at https://archive.org/details/
generalhistoryof00webe volume 1, Second Epoch General Statement and Chpt. 13 part 2 through Chapter
15 Part 1 pgs. 135-171.
Read: History of Heresies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguor i at https://archive.org/
details/TheHistoryOfHeresiesAndTheirRefutation Chapter X-XI (article 1 only) pgs. 223-226.
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Advanced Reading Read: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, Part 3 Question 72 (Confirmation). Add notes to the
Apologetic Notebook from your reading.
Read: The Crisis of Our Civilization by Hilaire Belloc: Introduction pgs. 1-6 and Part II: Christendom
Established Section 1: The Siege of Christendom AD 500– AD 1000 at https://archive.org/details/
TheCrisisOfOurCivilization-HilaireBelloc
The Five Canons of Rhetoric: This week in Rhetoric we will refresh our learning about the Canon of Arrangement: Putting together the
structure of the coherent argument - utilizing an introduction, statement of facts, division, proof, refutation
and conclusion. The arrangement of your presentation or paper remains important to the success of your
delivery.
Hilaire Belloc, one of the great Catholic historians of the 20th century, argues we are in a crisis in our
civilization. After reading part of his book, write an essay or give a speech on the Middle Ages, persuading
your audience they were either the best time in civilization or the worst point in civilization. You will need
to be very persuasive to convince others!
Prayer Journal: Lectio Divina Scripture Passage: Choose any Gospel passage. Use the Prayer Journal template for help.
Checklist:
Read: Be sure to complete the several read-
ing assignments this week but thankfully no
question box (reading assignment) to answer.
Vocabulary: Add vocabulary terms to your
apologetics notebook.
Reading Assignment: Answer the questions
about your reading on separate paper (not to be
in your Apologetics Notebook).
Advanced Reading: Summa Theologica
Apologetics Arguments: Add the following
arguments to your
notebook with cit-
ed answers: Sacra-
ment of Confirma-
tion, the Greek
Schism.
Rhetoric: Create a
speech or write an
essay on the Middle Ages, persuading your audience
they were either the best time in civilization or the
worst point in civilization.
Prayer Journal: Choose your own passage from
any of the Gospels.
- Week 21
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Rhetoric Level Religion Week 22
Notice this week includes several Ecumenical Councils of the Church with many more to follow. Please organize your notes in such a way that it is easy to follow what took place during those Councils. Perhaps even make notecards of what the councils discussed as a way to help you with future assignments and understanding the WHYs behind the Church’s actions. History Timeline Cards Bible (for reference) Catechism of the Catholic Church Summa Theologica (found online) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm (found online) Apologetics Notebook Prayer Journal ………………………………………………………………………………………
Note: The Scholar Prep is to review what has been taught in the Grammar and Dialectic Levels of Religion already. If you are not familiar with the below information, please brush up with parental guidance.
Scholar should be familiar with the Sacraments
Introduction
Supplies
Scholar Prep
Week 22 - Scholar Background
Religion Rhetoric Topic: Heresy, Sacraments, 4th Lateran Council Focus Book: The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm, Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas, The History of Her-esies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguori, A General His-tory of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber Advanced Reading: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, The Crisis of Our Civilization by Hilaire Belloc Prayer: Lectio Divina Grammar Religion: The Sacraments Dialectic Religion: Church History; Sacraments
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Background Information
The Dark Ages ended due to the reform of the Church, the revival of the Holy Roman Em-pire and the Peace and economic revival resulting from the feudal system. By 1400, virtu-ally every European will be Catholic. Europe in these Middle Ages built a Christian civili-zation rich and glorious with such contributions in art, architecture and intellect. The Sum-ma Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas was the intellectual height of the Middle Ages while the artistic height was the cathedral at Chartres in France. The Crusades also began at this time, lead by Pope Blessed Urban II and the First Cru-sade. The Pope gave a speech to the council, after which they took the red cross as the em-blem for the Crusades and gave the name Crusaders (cruz is Latin for ‘cross’). Crosses were even sown on their sleeves. Why were the Crusades a just war? Well, the Muslims had been the aggressors against Christians since the 7th century while the Christian na-tions of Europe were not aggressors. The Christians were just defending themselves. The Crusaders never attacked the Muslim homeland of Arabia, but only originally Christian territories conquered by Muslims. It is appropriate for Christians, the innocent and the helpless to defend themselves. Any immoral actions that were taken during the Crusades should be condemned (and were!); however, an immoral action does not mean the war itself was unjust. St. Bernard of Clairvaux with his twelve monks founded the Cistercians at this time. St. Bernard wanted to devote his life to prayer but the Church needed him so he helped with reforms of other orders, and with ecclesiastical problems of the times. St. Thomas Becket also came from this time and became Archbishop of Canterbury. His moral concerns led him into conflict with King Henry II of England. Henry was keeping a tax for himself; Thomas ordered his bishops not pay the tax so Henry brought St. Thomas Becket to trial for treason and the trial was rigged so that Thomas went in exile. Finally he was allowed to return by the King. One of Thomas’s friends told Henry that Henry would not have peace in his kingdom with Thomas around and Henry responded back, not mean-ing what he said, that perhaps Thomas should be dead! Thomas was in his cathedral in Canterbury when the knights arrived. They pretended to be on orders for his arrest and entered the cathedral, violating the rule that no weapons could be brought into the church. Thomas made no attempt to defend himself and was brutally struck down before the altar and killed. King Henry, upon hearing of St. Thomas’s death, repented and led a reform to restore all that St. Thomas had requested. And a pilgrimage in St. Thomas’s honor started, which is where we get Chaucer’s famous Canterbury Tales. King Henry II’s (and Lady Eleanor of Aquitaine) son was Richard the Lion Heart. He led the third Crusade. He was quite successful in battle, and when eventually he did fall to a bow, he forgave the man who killed him and received the Last Rites of the Church.
Ecumenical
Councils:
1st Lateran
Council (1123):
First one held at
Rome. It abol-
ished the right
claimed by lay
princes, of in-
vestiture to
ecclesiastical
benefices
2nd Lateran
Council (1139)
condemned
repackaged
heresy of the
Manichaeans.
3rd Lateran
Council (1179)
condemned the
Albigenses and
Waldenses and
issued refor-
mation of mor-
als
- Week 22
This week we discuss the First Ecumenical Council, the Council of Nicaea in AD 325. All the bishops gath-ered, including Constantine and discussed how to deal with the problem of Arian-ism. One of the most im-portant facts you could learn about the Church is that Di-vine Revelation ENDED with the death of St. John the Apostle but the UN-DERSTANDING of the Di-vine Revelation continues to this day. That understanding
Need a Quick Recap of Church History for this week?
Read A Short History of the Catholic Church at
https://archive.org/details/AShortHistoryOfTheCatholicChurch
Chapters XI-part III-IV pgs. 103-108.
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Defining the Terms Define vocabulary terms (from your reading) into the Apologetics Notebook (Note: for a recap, you
should be able to define all the following heresies, plus current this time period): Validity of the Crusades
Arnold of Brescia, Lay Investiture, Crusades, Albigenses, Waldenses
Apologetics Notebook Keep a notebook of definitions and arguments to use for apologetics. (See Appendix 2 for template.)
Argument: In your own words, write in the style of the Summa for these arguments: (Note: use
your readings for support and be sure to create several points.) Sacrament of Holy Orders, Validity of the
Crusades, lay investiture
Scripture Reference (Sacraments): For each sacrament of the week, list Scr ipture verses with
explanation to support the Catholic belief. (This quick reference will help you in religious conversations.)
Ecumenical Councils & the Heresies They Condemned Chart (History): See Appendix 6 on how to
make the chart in your notebook. Council for this time period: (See Background Information previous
page) Heresies of this time period: Validity of the Crusades, lay investiture, Arnold of Brescia,
Manicheans, Albigenses, Waldenses
Reading on the Apologetics Topics for the Week Read: (Sacraments) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm Vol. IV. Par t XLVII, Holy
Orders, section V-VII on pages 371-385 of https://archive.org/details/christianmission04marsuoft
Read: (Sacraments) Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas (Note: This version is an
annotated and slightly abridged version making the readings short but full of wisdom.) at https://
archive.org/details/OfGodAndHisCreatures in Book IV chap. 74-77 pgs. 397-401.
Read: (Sacraments) Radio Replies on the Sacrament of Holy Orders found at http://
www.radioreplies.info/radio-replies-vol-1.php?t=77 (NOTE: The website will change each week,
because the website listed is the specific topic page for the Sacrament of the week.)
Read: (Sacraments) “Holy Orders” at http://www.catholicapologetics.org/ap060800.htm
Read: (Validity of the Crusades) Christian Apologetics: A Defense of Catholic Faith athttps://
archive.org/details/christianapologe00devirich (Part 2) Chap. 4 article 5 “Crusades” pgs. 503-507.
Read: (Albigensian Heresy) Albigensianism by Fr . John A. Hardon, S.J ., http://
www.therealpresence.org/archives/Heresies_Heretics/Heresies_Heretics_006.htm
Reading on Church History Read: A General History of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber at https://archive.org/details/
generalhistoryof00webe volume 1, Second Epoch Chpt. 15 part 2 through Chapter 17 Part 2 pgs. 171-
214.
Week 22 Religion
Week 22 - At-Home
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Reading on Church History continued Read: History of Heresies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguor i at https://archive.org/
details/TheHistoryOfHeresiesAndTheirRefutation Chapter X-XI (article 1 only) pgs. 223-226.
Read: Fr . John A Hardon’s (Manuscript) “Christology of Thomas Aquinas” at http://
www.therealpresence.org/archives/Christology/Christology_025.htm PARTIAL: Beginning through
Hypostatic Union
Advanced Reading Read: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, Part Supplement Questions 34-40 (Holy Orders). Add
notes to the Apologetic Notebook from your reading.
The Five Canons of Rhetoric: Canon of Style The next Canon of Rhetoric we are going to recall from learning the Five Canons is the Canon of Style:
This canon refers to presenting the argument to stir the emotions; there are five encompassing concerns of
style which relate style to grammar, audience, effective and affective appeals, the guiding principle of
decorum, and the importance of ornamenting language through figurative speech.
Write a short essay (focusing particularly on style) that persuades readers for or against your choice of the
following: Crusades (that the Church had a valid reason for encouraging it), Sacrament of Holy Orders, or
one of the heresies (Lay Investiture, Albigenses, Waldenses)
Looking over the 4X4s of Effective Essays from last quarter, make sure you have the style of your essay
flowing well, using the correct grammar, remembering your audience, the proper arguments, etc.
Prayer Journal: Lectio Divina Scripture Passage: Choose your own passage from any of the Gospels.
- Week 22
Checklist:
Read: Be sure to complete the several read-
ing assignments this week but thankfully no
question box (reading assignment) to answer.
Vocabulary: Add vocabulary terms to your
apologetics notebook.
Advanced Reading: Summa Theologica
Apologetics Arguments: Add the following
arguments to
your notebook
with cited an-
swers: Sacra-
ment of Holy Or-
ders
Apologetics Notebook: Ecumenical Council/
Heresy Chart
Apologetics Note-
book: Scr ipture
Reference list and
explanation for the
Sacrament of the week.
Rhetoric: Write a shor t essay (focusing par -
ticularly on style) that persuades readers for or
against your choice of the following: Crusades
(that the Church had a valid reason for encourag-
ing it), Sacrament of Holy Orders, or one of the
heresies (Lay Investiture, Albigenses, Walden-
ses)
Prayer Journal: Choose any Gospel passage.
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Rhetoric Level Religion Week 23
This week take you Apologetics Book and make sure you have organized a place to
add these heresies. The purpose of adding these heresies is not just to memorize a
bunch of facts but rather so that you can identify them in today’s world. Often times,
a “new idea” is really just a repackaged one. If you can learn to understand the errors
in these heresies, you can then hopefully help others who are heading off the wrong
direction and steer them back to Truth.
History Timeline Cards Bible (for reference) Catechism of the Catholic Church Summa Theologica (found online) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm (found online) Historical Christology by Fr. John A. Hardon, S.J. (found online) Apologetics Notebook Prayer Journal ………………………………………………………………………………………
Note: The Scholar Prep is to review what has been taught in the Grammar and Dialectic Levels of Religion already. If you are not familiar with the below information, please brush up with parental guidance.
Scholar should be familiar with the Sacraments
Introduction
Supplies
Scholar Prep
Week 23 - Scholar Background
Religion Rhetoric Topic: Heresy, Sacraments, 4th Lateran Council Focus Book: The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm, Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas, The History of Her-esies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguori, A General His-tory of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber Advanced Reading: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, The Crisis of Our Civilization by Hilaire Belloc Prayer: Lectio Divina Grammar Religion: The Sacraments Dialectic Religion: Church History; Sacraments
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Background Information The Albigensian heresy was a powerful attack on the Catholic life at this time. The heresy claimed two principles of existence in the universe. The evil principle, creating all material things and natural phenomena, is responsible for all the moral evil because matter led to sin. It imprisoned souls in the body after deceiving them into leaving the kingdom of light. The good principle created all spiritual things. Earth was a place of punishment and there was no hell. Notice that since the body was evil and the soul was imprisoned, suicide was commend-ed! No Resurrection of Jesus or any resurrection of the body for humans existed (Bleak, eh?) Who was interested in such a heresy? Well, those who thought themselves better than anyone else, and those attracted by the teaching that sins of the flesh were not really sins since we are imprisoned in our bodies so they used it to sin freely. They used force against those who would not accept their teaching, making it a threat to the social order as well as Catholic Doc-trine. St. Dominic was given a blessing by Pope Innocent II to go into spiritual combat with the Albigensians. He established an order of nuns to counteract the heretics on women and later he established an Order of Preachers called Dominicans! So he reconverted heretics all over France. St. Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican, would settle the Albigensian heresy (this heresy that really was just a repackaging of the Manichaean heresy). St. Francis of Assisi exemplified the joyful life of a saint who’s whole life was dedicated to God. He also started an order for men and St. Clare started an order for women under the Franciscan rule.
- Week 23
Ecumenical
Councils
4th Lateran
Council (1215)
was held under
Pope Innocent III
and condemned
the Albigenses
again along with
the Trinitarian
errors of Abbot
Joachim and pub-
lished 70 im-
portant reforma-
tory decrees. This
is the most im-
portant council of
the Middle Ages,
and it marks the
culminating point
of ecclesiastical
life and papal
power.
1st Council of
Lyons (1245)
excommunicated
and deposed Em-
peror Frederick II
and directed a
new crusade un-
der St. Louis
2nd Council of
Lyons (1274)
brought about a
temporary reun-
ion of the Greek
Church with
Rome. The word
filoque was added
to the symbol of
Constantinople
and means were
sought for recov-
ering Palestine
from the Turks. It
also laid down
rules for papal
elections. Need a Quick Recap of Church History for this week?
Read A Short History of the Catholic Church at
https://archive.org/details/AShortHistoryOfTheCatholicChurch
Chapters XII-part I-III pgs. 108-122.
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Week 23 Religion
Week 23- At-Home
Defining the Terms Define vocabulary terms (from your reading) into the Apologetics Notebook (Note: for a recap, you
should be able to define all the following heresies, plus current this time period): Trinitarian errors of
Abbot Joachim, Transubstantiation, filoque
Apologetics Notebook Keep a notebook of definitions and arguments to use for apologetics. (See Appendix 2 for template.)
Argument: In your own words, write in the style of the Summa for these arguments: (Note: use
your readings for support and be sure to create several points.) Sacrament of Matrimony, Papal power
Scripture Reference (Sacraments): For each sacrament of the week, list Scr ipture verses with
explanation to support the Catholic belief. (This quick reference will help you in religious conversations.)
Ecumenical Councils & the Heresies They Condemned Chart (History): See Appendix 6 on how to
make the chart in your notebook. Council for this time period: (See Background Information previous
page) Heresies of this time period: Trinitarian errors of Abbot Joachim, Transubstantiation, filoque, those
condemned
Reading on the Apologetics Topics for the Week Read: (Sacraments) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm Vol. IV. Par t XLVIII,
Matrimony, section I-VII on pages 386-421 of https://archive.org/details/christianmission04marsuoft
Read: (Sacraments) Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas (Note: This version is an
annotated and slightly abridged version making the readings short but full of wisdom.) at https://
archive.org/details/OfGodAndHisCreatures in Book IV chap. 78 pg. 402
Read: (Sacraments) Radio Replies on the Sacrament of Matr imony found at http://
www.radioreplies.info/radio-replies-vol-1.php?t=78 (NOTE: The website will change each week,
because the website listed is the specific topic page for the Sacrament of the week.)
Read: (Sacraments) “Matrimony” at http://www.catholicapologetics.org/ap060700.htm
Read: (Papal Power) Christian Apologetics: A Defense of Catholic Faith at https://archive.org/
details/christianapologe00devirich (Part 2) Chap. 4 article 6 “The Papal Power Over Temporal Rulers”
pgs. 507-512.
Reading on Church History Read: A General History of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber at https://archive.org/details/
generalhistoryof00webe volume 1, Second Epoch chapter 17 part 3 to the end of the chapter pgs. 215-
222.
Read: History of Heresies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguor i at https://archive.org/
details/TheHistoryOfHeresiesAndTheirRefutation Chapter X (article 3 Heresies of the 13th Century)
pgs. 234-243.
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Reading on Church History continued Read: Fr . John A Hardon’s (Manuscript) “Christology of Thomas Aquinas” at http://
www.therealpresence.org/archives/Christology/Christology_025.htm PARTIAL: Start at “Grace and
Wisdom” and read to the end.
Advanced Reading Read: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, Part Supplement Questions 41-68 (Matrimony). Add
notes to the Apologetic Notebook from your reading.
Read: Hilaire Belloc, The Crisis of Our Civilization at https://archive.org/details/
TheCrisisOfOurCivilization-HilaireBelloc “The High Middle Ages” pgs. 78-92.
The Five Canons of Rhetoric: Memory This week the Canon of Rhetoric we are recalling again is the Canon of Memory: Speaking without having
to prepare or memorize a speech. Memory is the "treasury of things invented," thus linking Memory with
the first canon of rhetoric, Invention. This alludes to the practice of storing up common places or other
material arrived at through the topics of invention, for use as called for in a given occasion. Recall your
CSH discussion quarter 1: What are mnemonics? How does one employ them to recall and present a body
of knowledge? Example: when preparing to speak, consider the venue and audience. Divide the room
into visual sections. Each section represents part of your speech. When presenting that speech, as your
eyes fall upon a section, you will recall that portion of your speech. This is a mnemonic device.
After reading Hilaire Belloc’s “High Middle Ages” in The Crisis of Our Civilization give a persuasive
speech on what you believe were the most important achievements of the Middle Ages and the biggest
determents.
Prayer Journal: Lectio Divina Scripture Passage: Choose any Gospel passage. Use the Prayer Journal template for help.
- Week 23
Checklist:
Read: Be sure to complete the several read-
ing assignments this week but thankfully no
question box (reading assignment) to answer.
Vocabulary: Add vocabulary terms to your
apologetics notebook.
Advanced Reading: Summa Theologica
Apologetics
Arguments: Add
the following ar-
guments to your
notebook with
cited answers:
Sacrament of Matrimony, Papal Power
Apologetics Notebook: Ecumenical Council/
Heresy Chart
Apologetics Note-
book: Scr ipture
Reference list and
explanation for the Sacrament of the week.
Rhetoric: After reading Hilaire Belloc’s “High
Middle Ages” in The Crisis of Our Civilization
give a persuasive speech on what you believe
were the most important achievements of the
Middle Ages and the biggest determents.
Prayer Journal: Choose any Gospel passage.
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Rhetoric Level Religion Week 24
Go over this last quarter and make sure you have not missed any heresies or Ecumenical Councils that would be important for your Apologetic Notebook. The time you take now to refine your work will help you in the future. This quarter you spent examining the Middle Ages of the Church. The achievements made during these times greatly affects the Church and world of today. We could not have the advances of today without the labor and intellectualism of these important years in history and for the Church. What was your favorite event in time? What information were you most surprised to learn? Have you grown in your faith over this year? History Timeline Cards Bible (for reference) Catechism of the Catholic Church Summa Theologica (found online) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm (found online) Europe and the Faith by Hilaire Belloc. (found online) Apologetics Notebook Prayer Journal ………………………………………………………………………………………
Note: The Scholar Prep is to review what has been taught in the Grammar and Dialectic Levels of Religion already. If you are not familiar with the below information, please brush up with parental guidance.
Scholar should be familiar with the Sacraments
Introduction
Supplies
Scholar Prep
Week 24- Scholar Background
Religion Rhetoric Topic: Heresy, Sacraments, 4th Lateran Council Focus Book: The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm, Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas, The History of Heresies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguori, A Gen-eral History of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber Advanced Reading: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica Prayer: Lectio Divina Grammar Religion: The Sacraments Dialectic Religion: Church History; Sacraments
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Background Information Many achievements should be celebrated in the High Middle Ages. The Church learned to
protect the people from tyrannical kings and emperors. The Church also played an important
part in civilizing the knights and barons. During the Dark Ages these men had been forced to
spend most of their time fighting. When the Viking attacks ceased, the feudal lords turned to
fighting each other. To end this pattern of violence, the Church instituted two customs, the
Peace of God and Truce of God. The Peace of God forbad the lords from attacking certain
people while the Truce of God forbade warfare during Advent and Lent. Slowly, feudal war-
fare was reduced and chivalry, the Christian code of conduct emerged!
The serfs were freed. New inventions made it possible for an individual man to work more
land, so that more food could be produced by fewer men. Farmers had more free time and
were not so closely tied to the land. The Church had always acts to protect the serfs from
ill0treatment by their overlords; now she began freeing whatever serfs were still working on
lands owned by abbeys and bishops. Gradually the nobles followed the Church’s example so
that more men could own their own land.
Education began to spread during this time, and parishes began to have their own schools.
Although critics of the Church have said that she tried to keep people in ignorance so that
they would not question the decisions of the bishops, the opposite is true. Without the Church,
education would not have exited. At this time also, the great universities, such as those at
which St. Thomas Aquinas taught, flourished.
Modern science had its beginnings during the High Middle Ages, especially through the ef-
forts of St. Albert the Great and Roger Bacon, who learned to observe and experiment with
nature. Roger Bacon predicted such inventions as steamboats, balloons, cranes, submarines,
microscopes, telescopes and gunpowder. Bacon formulated the laws of the refraction of light,
and wrote a whole book to prove the absurdity of magic.
Art and literature reached new heights during the Middle High Ages. An Italian shephered
named Giotto became the founder of a new school of art which portrayed reality realistically
and beautifully. Another Italian—a poet named Dante—wrote a great masterpiece, The Di-
vine Comedy. In this poem, imaginary journey by Dante through Hell, Purgatory and Heav-
en, Dante give san overall picture of medieval life and faith.
The Hundred Years War became the war of nationalism. Both England and France wanted to
be their own nation. St. Joan of Arc, an 18– year-old peasant girl responds to voices from
Heaven who say choose your flag and raise it boldly You shall deliver France from the Eng-
lish and so she did. The English had her burned at the stake but France was saved!
The final problem for the Church (which led to the end of the High Middle Ages) was the bu-
bonic plague, or Black Death. Overall, an estimated thirty percent of the population of Europe
was lost to the Black Death and at such speed that many were terrified. Naturally, the less that
holy clergy raced to the country to be safe while the holy clergy would stay behind and risk
their lives to attend to others. The quality of clergy left had a much lower moral standard
which would cause future problems.
Remember to
consider read-
ing Dr. Warren
Carroll’s 6 vol
set on Church
History for
wonderful sto-
ries of history,
the saints and
the Church
- Week 24
Need a Quick
Recap of
Church
History for this
week?
Read A Short
History of the
Catholic Church
at https://
archive.org/
details/
AShortHistoryOf
TheCatholicChur
ch with Chapter
XIII-part I-IV
and Chapt. XIV
part I pg. 122-
127, 131
Ecumenical
Councils
Council of
Vienne (1311-
1313) The Avi-
gnon Papacy
issue
-Council of
Constance
(1414-1415)
Great Schism
of the West,
condemned
Wycliffe and
Hus
-Council of
Florance brief
Greek reunion
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Defining the Terms Define vocabulary terms (from your reading) into the Apologetics Notebook (Note: for a recap, you
should be able to define all the following heresies, plus current this time period): Avignon Papacy, the
Great Schism of the West, John Wycliffe, John Hus
Apologetics Notebook Keep a notebook of definitions and arguments to use for apologetics. (See Appendix 2 for template.)
Argument: In your own words, write in the style of the Summa for these arguments: (Note: use
your readings for support and be sure to create several points.) Sacrament of Anointing of the Sick, the
Great Schism
Scripture Reference (Sacraments): For each sacrament of the week, list Scr ipture verses with
explanation to support the Catholic belief. (This quick reference will help you in religious conversations.)
Ecumenical Councils & the Heresies They Condemned Chart (History): See Appendix 6 on how to
make the chart in your notebook. Council for this time period: (See Background Information previous
page) Heresies of this time period: Great Schism, John Wycliffe, John Hus
Reading on the Apologetics Topics for the Week Read: (Sacraments) The Catechism in Examples by Rev. Chisholm Vol. IV. Par t XLVII, Extreme
Unction (Anointing of the Sick), section I-IV on pages 351-371 of https://archive.org/details/
christianmission04marsuoft
Read: (Sacraments) Summa Contra Gentiles by St. Thomas Aquinas (Note: This version is an
annotated and slightly abridged version making the readings short but full of wisdom.) at https://
archive.org/details/OfGodAndHisCreatures in Book IV chap. 73 pgs. 396
Read: (Sacraments) Radio Replies on the “Extreme Unction” found at http://www.radioreplies.info/
radio-replies-vol-1.php?t=80 (NOTE: The website will change each week, because the website listed is
the specific topic page for the Sacrament of the week.)
Read: (Sacraments) “Anointing of the Sick” at http://www.catholicapologetics.org/ap060600.htm
Read: (Pope And Temporal Order) Christian Apologetics: A Defense of Catholic Faith athttps://
archive.org/details/christianapologe00devirich (Part 2) Chap. 4 article 6 part 2 pgs. 512-520.
Reading on Church History Read: A General History of the Christian Era by Nicholas Weber at https://archive.org/details/
generalhistoryof00webe volume 1, Third Epoch Chpt. 18-20 part 2 through Chapter 15 Part 2 pgs. 223-
272.
Read: History of Heresies and Their Refutation by St. Alphonsus Liguor i at https://archive.org/
details/TheHistoryOfHeresiesAndTheirRefutation Chapter X-XI (article 1 only) pgs. 223-226.
Week 24 Religion
Week 24 - At-Home
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Advanced Reading Read: St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, Part Supplement Questions 29-33 (Extreme Unction).
Add notes to the Apologetic Notebook from your reading.
Read: Hilaire Belloc’s Europe and the Faith the introduction called “The Catholic Conscience of History”
The Five Canons of Rhetoric: Delivery Recall the final canon of Rhetoric is the Canon of Delivery: Making effective use of voice, gesture,
etc. Delivery takes place in the context of public presentation.
Delivery also has much to do with how one establishes ethos (credibility) and appeals through pathos
(emotion), and in this sense is complementary to Invention, which is more strictly concerned with logos
(logic).
In Europe and the Faith Hilaire Belloc states “The Catholic brings to history...self-knowledge”. Present a
speech or essay to one of your parents using this statement and expounding upon it, either supporting that a
Catholic naturally understands history because he is part of that history or that as a Catholic he does not
bring knowledge to it already. Make sure to you persuade your audience by have strong support for your
opinions (using quotes from the texts to either support Belloc or go against his argument.) Provide whether
or not you believe studying history is important for your future, your faith and your salvation.
Prayer Journal: Lectio Divina Scripture Passage: Choose your own passage from any of the Gospels.
Checklist:
Read: The Catechism of Examples pgs. 203-
219 and the partial Chapters 7 from Historical
Christology
Advanced Reading: Summa Theologica
Reading Assignment & Vocabulary: An-
swer questions and add vocabulary terms to
your apologetics notebook.
Apologetics Notebook: Prepare your intro-
duction pages to the notebook. (See Appendix
2).
Apologetics
Arguments: Add
the following
arguments to
your notebook
with cited an-
swers: Add the heresies you have studied up to
this point and give explanations to what makes
them heresy.
Rhetoric: Present
a speech or essay to
one of your parents
using this statement
and expounding
upon it, either supporting that a Catholic natural-
ly understands history because he is part of that
history or that as a Catholic he does not bring
knowledge to it already. Make sure to you per-
suade your audience by have strong support for
your opinions (using quotes from the texts to
either support Belloc or go against his argu-
ment.) Provide whether or not you believe stud-
ying history is important for your future, your
faith and your salvation.
Prayer Journal: Choose your own passage from
any of the Gospels. (Follow the Appendix Guide-
lines.)
- Week 24
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Appendix 1 How to Read St. Thomas Aquinas’
Summa Theologica
Question The Summa Theologica is broken into three parts, and of those parts, St. Thomas Aquinas uses a general
heading as a question, with a more specific question regarding the heading given in the articles.
Article Each Article is a question (sometimes even called a question rather than article)
When you see an Article, you know it is the question St. Thomas is trying to answer.
Objection Each Objection is an opposite position from the truth
An objection is giving a different answer than the one St. Thomas Aquinas is trying to propose as truth.
On the Contrary (Sed Contra) Each sed contra or “on the contrary” gives the answer from Divine Revelation
When you see “on the contrary” (in Latin means sed contra) you are seeing an argument from authori-
ty, usually Ecclesiastical authority, either what Scripture says, or Sacred Tradition and the Magisterium
have said, giving support that the objection MUST be wrong because Scripture says otherwise! The sed
contra may also include Philosophical Authority like Aristotle.
I Answer That (Respondeo) Each “I answer that” is Reason’s answer (via St. Thomas Aquinas’ thought using the Aristotelian
method)
“I answer that” is St. Thomas Aquinas now providing the responses necessary for understanding the
fullness of the answer given by authority. St. Thomas Aquinas’ whole point is not to leave the answer
at Scripture but to also use logic, Theology and philosophy to arrive scientifically to the answer and
demonstrate its truth of the answer.
Reply to the Objection Each Reply to the Objection is targeting the objections
Each reply to the objection is targeting the objections and why they are wrong to have a fuller, more
broad knowledge of the question. When you can answer objections to the opposite position you have a
lot stronger certitude about your truth and if you could only argue the truth directly. For example, if you
say God exists because you see there is order and intelligence in the world and someone answered
“yeah but if God exists there should be no evil in the world”. You need the reply to such an objection to
show why it’s wrong. This structure in St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa gives you the answer to the most
common or thoughtful objections.
Appendix 1-1 - At-Home Religion
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Appendix 1 How to Read St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica
Appendix 1-2 - At-Home Religion
Citing the Summa Theologica The Summa is made of 3 parts, with articles in each part, objections, sed contras, respondeos, etc.
Do not use page numbers to cite the Summa (or other Church Document)
When citing Church encyclicals, use the paragraph number.
When citing the Summa Theologica use the following as a guideline (taken from http://
douglasbeaumont.com/2010/09/21/citing-thomas-aquinass-summa-theologiae/ )
Part number
First Part: “I” or “Ia”
First Part of Second Part: “I-II” or “Ia-IIæ”
Second Part of the Second Part: “II-II” or “IIa-IIæ”
Third Part: “III” or “IIIa”
**Supplement: “Suppl.” or “Suppl. IIIae”
Question number
Article number
If it is a Reply to an objection, abbreviate adversus as “ad” followed by its number
Examples:
Sum I-II, 2, ii, ad. 1.
ST I-II, Q. 3, Art. 2, ad. 1.
ST I-II, Q 3, A 2, ad. 1.
S.T. I-II, 2, ii, a.1.
Ia.22.2
Ia.I: 19, 34, 193(53)
Ia. 3, 2 ad 3. 2a2ae. 180, 10. 3a 35, 8.
Example to understand the Summa Theologica Still having a hard time understanding how to read it?
Here’s an example using a made-up question to then understand how to read the Summa Theologica. Visit:
http://thomistica.net/news/2012/6/5/how-to-read-an-article-in-aquinass-summa-theologiae.html
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Appendix 2 Apologetics Notebook
The Apologetics Notebook Checklist:
Title Page: The Fir st Page Should be your Title Page.
Subtitle Page: The Second Page Should be your Heading for the par ticular topic.
Following Pages: The rest of the pages should include definitions along with suppor t for trusted author ities
(which could be Ecclesiastical. Like Scripture, the Magisterium or the Doctors of the Church or Philosophical
which could be Aristotle)
Include any and all information that will be helpful to you in discussing the Catholic Faith with others.
Apologetics
Notebook
By Me!
Year 2
Quarter 1
Existence of God
Title of the
Page goes here While the Quarter
Topic Goes here
Appendix 2-1 - At-Home Religion
Yes, that is in fact
YOU! Yippee!
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- Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Article: Why God Created Man
Objection(s):
God created man because He was
lonely.
Sed Contra:
God is Social (According
to St. Augustine in On the
Trinity)
God said “let us make man in our
image” (Gen 1:26)
I Answer That: God
The Apologetics Notebook Checklist Continued...
References: ALWAYS INCLUDE REFERENCES so that you are leaving yourself clues to find this
information later when you need it. (For example, Scripture reference like Gen 3:15, CCC for the Catechism of the
Catholic Church, Summa articles to reference St. Thomas Aquinas, etc. )
Vocabulary & Notes: Always define your terms in the notebook for easy reference. Leave a blank page
between articles so that you can add notes at a later date!
Note: This project does not have to be perfect. Its purpose is to get you thinking cr itically and to help you
prepare a document to use when you are discussing your faith with others.
Existence
of God
Genesis
1:26
Existence
of God
St. Thomas
Aquinas
Summa
Theologica
Appendix 2-2 - At-Home Religion
isn’t lonely because as Three Persons
in One God He is social, and there-
fore happy with Himself. God is per-
fect; therefore, He cannot lack.
Reply to Objections: (put
here)
Vocabulary: Idealism, Materialism,
Monism
References: The Bi-
ble, Summa Theo-
logica,
Notes:
Use St. T.A.’s
formatting but
your own words
Repeat Topic Here
so you can find it
easily
Article is the spe-
cific question you
are addressing
Put sources in
the margin to
find easily
Define Vocab
from readings
List References
here when more
details are needed
but ALWAYS in-
clude them in the
margins. LEAVE space
for notes!!!!
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Prayer: Lectio Divina This year we will work on a form of prayer called Lectio Divina which is a traditional Benedictine
form of prayer, using the Sacred Scriptures as a Living Word, not as a text, and meditating on the Word of God. For the at-home section you will find part of your assignment will be to participate in Lectio Divina or meditation on a reading from the Church Fathers. Below you will see an example of Week 1’s assignment so that you can read the Sacred Scripture and use this guide to help you un-derstand what the assignment is.
Meditation is a personal and intimate conversation with God. It is meant to enlighten and strengthen, in your heart and soul, your decision to identify with the purpose of your life: God’s holy will. It is a renewal from God that should encompass your principles, emotions, motivations and decisions.
As you begin your meditation, call on the Holy Spirit in faith. Remember that he is “the soul’s delightful guest,” and that however much you strive to become holy and be an apostle, you will achieve nothing solid or lasting without Him.
Put your whole self (your intelligence, will, emotions, imagination, feelings, problems, weaknesses, interests and longings…) into your prayer so that these moments of personal contact with God will bear fruit in your daily life and lead to a continuous renewal of your principles, motivations and de-cisions.
Forms of Meditation
One form of meditation is known as “discursive-affective” prayer. In it you reflect on an idea or fundamental principle so as to understand it more deeply and make it your own. It is not simply a mental exercise, but rather a reflection from the heart on the mystery of your own life, done in the light of faith and from God’s perspective. The deeper understanding this gives you has to lead you to want to become one with God, express your love for Him, thank Him for His gifts, ask for His help, recognize that you are a sinful creature, and give yourself trustingly to Him. This culminates the conversion of heart, that is, the decision to live from now on in accordance with the truth you have considered in God’s light.
Another form of mental prayer is “contemplation.” In it you take a mystery or an event in the life of Christ or the Blessed Virgin, or in salvation history; you contemplate (look at) it (observe the peo-ple, listen to their words, consider their actions) and its implications for your own life, allowing the movement of grace to stir your heart and move your will towards giving yourself and imitating what you have contemplated.
Or finally, prayer may involve all three of the above elements: discursive, affective and contem-plative. Your choice of one or other of these forms of prayer will depend on the inspirations of the Holy Spirit and the needs of your soul, always under the guidance of your parents and perhaps even a spiritual director.
It is not enough to reflect or contemplate. Meditation is above all an attentive, loving conversa-tion with God. Accordingly, it is necessary to learn to listen to God in the silence of your soul, and to open your heart to him in a conversation full of faith and love that will lead to the personal con-tact with God that will make you holy. At this point is where, under the light and power of the Holy Spirit, your will is conformed to God’s and the decisions that ought to direct your life emerge.
Example for how to participate in Lectio Divina
The Form for Lectio Divina is usually something as follows:
Appendix 3 Lectio Divina
Appendix 3-1 - At-Home Religion
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Appendix 3 –2 At-Home Religion
Sacred Scripture Chosen Sacred Scripture reading chosen. (Should be short, something readable in a few minutes)
“Come, Holy Spirit” prayer Call upon the Holy Spirit by praying to Him. Come, Holy Spirit, fill the hearts of Thy faithful and en-
kindle in them the fire of Thy love. V. Send forth Thy Spirit and they shall be created. R. And Thou shalt
renew the face of the earth. Let us pray. O God, Who didst instruct the hearts of the faithful by the light
of the Holy Spirit, grant us in the same Spirit to be truly wise, and ever rejoice in His consolation.
Through Christ our Lord. Amen.
Read the selected Scripture Take time to quietly and slowly read the text. See what jumps out at you. You can imagine yourself there
in the moment, or try to see what one of the people in the text is seeing and thinking, or focus on a saying
or phrase that really speaks to you.
Find Three Points that speak to you Example: Week 1 you will read Jeremiah 1:4-9. Practice with this reading.
Point 1: “Before I formed you in the womb I knew you.”
Resolution Write down a resolution, something you would like to work on for the week. This resolution does not
have to be difficult or extremely personal.
The idea is to get you thinking about how to apply your prayer to your life.
Closing Prayer Write down a personal prayer.
Appendix 3 Lectio Divina
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Appendix 4 Prayer Journal
Objectives: The objectives for creating a prayer journal are two-fold.
First, writing down your prayer will help you to improve your prayer life and learn some new tech-
niques.
Secondly, after the three years of various prayers written down in your journal, you will be able to look
back and see how much your prayer life has grown and perhaps use the prayers again and discover new
points of light from the Holy Spirit.
Supplies: Buy a nice journal at a book store, hobby store, online or a big box store OR make your own prayer
journal using a spiral notebook and decorating the front cover with your own design.
A good Catholic Bible
Template for writing in your Journal: Write the date and Scripture verse citation so that you can refer to it in the future.
Provide your three points, including the Scripture verses. (see journal example)
Point 1: “Before I formed you in the womb I knew you”: While this text is written to Jeremiah, re-
call the Bible is not an ordinary text. Sacred Scripture is Divine Revelation; therefore, God speaks of
you as well Recall what we learned this week about what St. Augustine said. If God forgot to think of
us, we would cease to exist. He has known us, inside and out, before we even know ourselves
Point 2: “Ah, Lord God” I said, “I do not know how to speak, I am too young!” But the Lord an-
swered me, “Do not say, “I am too young.” God sees who we are. He knows us. Even as a teenager,
especially as a teenager, we have a lot to offer the world. Everyone presumes we are “punks”. Shock
them by extending charity, particularly to the old who long for the youth to see them. What mission are
you meant to do NOW as a teenager?
Point 3: “Then the Lord extended His hand and touched my mouth, saying to me, ‘See, I place my
words in your mouth!’” As Catholic teens, we represent the Church. Are we a good example for the
Church? How can we improve? How is our prayer life? What makes me special? In that special gift, am
I giving it back to God and His Church?
Write your simple resolution for the week.
Write a prayer and then be sure to pray it before you finish your journal.
Appendix 4-1 - At-Home Religion
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Appendix 4-2 - At-Home Religion
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Appendix 5: Philosophical Thought
Objective: This appendix should provide you with clarity on why Quarter 4 is structured as it is for your learning.
You will see the connection between studying Church History, the Sacraments and Apologetics.
Comparison of Philosophies The Modern Mind has changed drastically in its thinking, certainly from the Middle Ages, but even just
within the last two hundred years. In the Middle Ages, the authority of the Church and the Faith were syn-
onymous. Theologians would study Tradition and Scripture and sometimes, those theologians would stray
from the Faith. If those in ecclesiastical authority, such as the Pope, corrected the theologian, and he came
to see the error and retracted his statement, all was amended and fine; however, if the theologian would
stand his ground, such danger in his errors created such absolute chaos that if further discussion did not
stop, he would need to be condemned and his errors deemed heresy.
The Middle Ages did not have a sense of indifferentism as we Americans do which leads to toleration of
all religions. The Faith is Jesus Christ, which includes all that He gave (Tradition) and all that He told (the
Word), and since Jesus gave the Church, the Faith, to the people, He could not give a lie; the Faith is infal-
lible. Any separation from the Faith would be a separation from Jesus Christ and the Truth.
Now, understanding the Modern world, generally speaking, two modes of philosophical thought have been
given to the times. From the 19th century, Modernism was born as the way of thinking. This thinking stat-
ed that truth did not exist. This Modern thought was a result of the French Revolution and various ideas of
removing authority from one’s life. (Please understand this explanation is quite simplified but hopefully
gives you a sense of the overall philosophy.) This philosophy is a form of subjective truth (or moral rela-
tivism).
Modernism believed no authority had truth, because truth did not exist; therefore because of this modern
philosophy, the argument with an atheist, or a Protestant would be to show them the authority (and Truth)
of the Catholic Church. During this Modernist era, in debating the Faith with someone, the argument to
use effectively with the person would be about authority: that either the Catholic Church was a true au-
thority (for example, in the true interpretation of Scripture) or they were not.
People like Blessed John Henry Cardinal Newman wrote specifically on this issue of interpreting Scrip-
ture. He explained that the authority of the Church to interpret Scripture is given to them because Jesus
gave the Church to us, and therefore on faith and morals the Church is protected (because Jesus cannot
give anything false since He is God.)
After World War II, Postmodernism emerged, a philosophical position that truth is your OWN truth.
While this idea is still one of moral relativism, now, each individual remains its own authority and truth
(rather than none at all). (NOTE: Either way, the Church has lost respect as authority among nonbeliev-
ers.)
So, when discussing apologetics with someone, whether that is an atheist or a Protestant, the last many
years have been more micro-focused upon taking individual Scripture verses and arguing their interpreta-
tion between the person’s “truth” and the real Truth, because if they think they are the “authority” and
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once they come to form their own option as to the truth (which happens to be the Catholic interpretation
as well) then you have won them to the Truth and the REAL authority, the Catholic Church. Unfortu-
nately, due to today’s lack of understanding Truth you must win them on multiple points of Truth before
they will accept the Catholic Church has the Truth.
Here comes the point: This quarter seems perhaps disjointed. One moment you are studying history,
then the sacraments and then apologetics. They all tie together as the one Faith. During the time period
you are studying, you will see that while the churchmen automatically are giving the gift of Faith and
know the Truth, those who are not given the gift of Faith and follow heresy lead the churchmen to wise-
ly define what the Truth is they have always followed (for example the 4th Lateran Council will define
important beliefs about the Eucharist and Penance). Therefore, you are learning the development of the
Church at this time, but you also must be able to defend it to someone of a Modern mind. Therefore, you
are asked to read documents and jot down scriptural evidence to support these Sacraments so that you
may share the Truth with all men and women.
As you hopefully recall, in Quarter 2, we discussed the interpretation of Scripture and read Blessed John
Henry Cardinal Newman’s work on interpretation of Scripture. In today’s world, it seems each person is
their own authority and the concept of an ecclesiastical authority has been lost to a certain degree. So go
back to Quarter 2 to help you with connecting interpretation of Scripture to the Sacraments.
“To be deep in history is to cease to be a Protestant.” —Blessed John Henry Cardinal Newman
Appendix 5: Philosophical Thought
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Appendix 6: Ecumenical Councils
Objectives: The objectives for creating a chart for each ecumenical council is twofold: Making a chart of brief in-
formation occurring during the Council will help you to understand the events more clearly by visually
seeing the chart (which will help in the future when you need to reference the information quickly).
Any time you are forced to summarize what you have read, you must have a knowledge of that reading
and therefore, if you cannot summarize it, that is an indicator that you have not fully understood what
happened. When you must teach the information to someone (by creating a chart let’s say), you are
much more likely to understand what you have read.
Supplies: You need your Apologetics Notebook. Find a section, perhaps at the end of your book so that you can
add the Ecumenical Councils as you go through history, making sure you have enough room for twenty
-one councils (the number of Ecumenical Councils the Church currently has). Organizing this notebook
will help you have a quick reference book for the future when in discussion with Catholics and non-
Catholics.
Chart Template: Add the below chart for EACH Ecumenical Council . Copy the below example for your first council.
Date Ecumenical Council Heresy
Name 1st Council of Nicaea Arianism
Key People St. Athanasius, Arius
Key Events/ Nicene Creed, Condeming
Def. Jesus, Son of God NOT Divine
Key Effects Still use Nicene Creed
Arianism continued but at
least it was condemned and
would not defeat Church
This council
was AD 325
Emperor Constantine
Understanding Arius, homoousios, fixing date
for Easter
Councils: In order to catch up to the current time period, you will need to do the following Ecumenical Councils this
week INCLUDING what you find in Week 19. This exercise will be a great refresher for you to make sure
you know the material well. Include as much information as you need on your chart!
Ecumenical Councils: 1st Council of Nicaea (325), 1st Council of Constantinople (381), Council of
Ephesus (431), Council of Chalcedon (451)
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Here’s a quick reference for a definition of the heresies you have studied. Please have these heresies in
your apologetics notebook and study them well in context of how they are against the Faith and how they
affected Church History. The heresies are given in order of their occurrence in history.
Gnosticism—Eternal salvation depends on knowledge (gnosis) of the Divine rather than on faith or good
works. Some Gnostic sects denied the Divinity of Christ.
Marcionism—Outgrowth of Gnosticism, founder Marcion, denied relationship b/n the Old and the New
Testament, denial of the Incarnation, and a rejection of the validity of most of the New Testament
Montanism—Founder, Montanus, believed what they taught themselves was Divine inspiration as op-
posed to the Church
Novatianism—Novation first anti-pope He established his own church that said serious sinners were ex-
communicated and couldn’t ever be readmitted to membership.
Modalism—Said the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit were not distinct Persons of the Blessed Trinity
but simply three modes of one Divine Person.
Subordinatism—Jesus Christ was a distinct Person from the Father, He was subordinate to Him and thus
on a lower scale in power and dignity.
Arianism—denied Divinity of Jesus, Council of Nicea
Nestorianism—2 distinct persons in Jesus Christ, one Divine and one human, with the Divine dwelling in
the human as in a temple
Monophysitism—Taught only one nature, Council of Chalcedon
Donatism—Sinners can’t be readmitted to the fellowship of the Church
Pelagianism—Denied Original Sin
Appendix 7 Heresies
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Appendix 7-1 At-Home Religion
Appendix 8 4x4s of Effective Essays
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4 X 4s Essay
The Four by Fours
Structure
of Effective Essays
Style
Technical
Topic
Title: Needs 4 of the following: conciseness, relevancy, allitera-tion, rhythm, parallelism, sym-
bolism and play on words
Does your essay include at least four elements of style which
enhance your wordings? These include:
Use good verbs and verbals (avoid using linking verbs by themselves, and use action verbs which effectively “show’—also, use effective participles, gerunds and/or in-finitives.)
Have you eliminated errors in the four technical area such as
Punctuation errors (P)?
Introduction
Introduction: Needs 4 Parts (Note: choose key word from
thesis) 1. Good opening statement 2. A “picture” expansion (no body points in intro, they re-main in the body of the essay) 3. A tie-in sentence to this “opening” as well as to the the-sis 4. An effective thesis
Use good parallels (especially needed on both sides of a con-junction; with two to three ad-
jectives before a noun, and with the use of not only and but al-
so.)
Have you eliminated errors in the four technical areas such as
Spelling errors (S)?
Body of the Essay
Does your body have para-graphs which include the four
areas that make up a good para-graph?
1. Does each sentence include a good tie-in? 2. Did you begin with a good topic sentence? 3. Afterwards, did you include some clear primary supports (P.S.)/subtopics? 4. Finally, does each P.S. area have effective specific supports to help show? (Remember you don’t need to add concluding comments for body paragraphs in an essay; add conclusion sentences only for self-contained, individual paragraphs.)
Use effective sentence-length variations (whereby you have short, medium and long sen-
tences intermixed) or effective word choice/order which helps the rhythmic flow of your sen-
tences.
Have you eliminated errors in the four technical areas such as
Grammar errors (Gr)?
Conclusion
Does your concluding para-graph include the four parts which make up an effective
conclusion? 1.Do you begin with a conclud-ing transition? 2. Did you follow the transition with a restatement of your the-sis? 2.Then do you summarize or list each topic sentence area cov-ered in your essay? 3.Finally, do you have an effec-tive ending comment? (Note: tie ending into the title/intro para-graph & include overall results.)
Use conciseness to enhance the impact of your writings (have the subject do the action and eliminate unnecessary word-ings.) Use effective “sound” techniques (alliteration, asso-nance and consonance) and
“figurative” language (simile, metaphor and personification,
and analogy).
Have you eliminated errors in the four technical areas such as
Sentence Fragments (Fr)?
Appendix 7-2 At-Home Religion