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EE 3014: Engineers in society

Professor Y.C. Chan

PhD, FIEEE, FHKIE, FIEE, CEng ,

Chair Professor of Electronic Engineering,

City University of Hong Kong

Director, EPA Centre.

The Impact of RoHS, WEEE, EuP and REACH

on the supply chain for

GREEN MANUFACTURING

REDUCING TOXICS


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EE 3014: Engineers in society2


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E-waste treatment in () Guiyu, () Guangdong Green Peace China

Recycling of Electrical and Electronic

Components (EEE)

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WEEE, RoHS, EuP and REACH

How to decrease the usage of hazardous substances (HS)

Recycling of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE)

Energy saving EuP

Reducing the toxic materials

Outline

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Green manufacturing is defined as the design, processing and

commercial use of materials processes and products, which are

economical and sustainable while minimizing pollution and risk

to human health and the environment.

Green Manufacturing refers to a set of multidisciplinaryapproaches aimed at reducing:

1. Energy consumption

2. Material usage/toxics

The issues on Green Manufacturing Processes include :

What is Green Manufacturing?

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Process Design Types & Wastes

Process Impacts

Plant Issues

Input-Output Analysis

Supply Chain Issues

Product Design Life Cycles

Materials

Assembly & Disassembly

Quality function deployment (QFD)

Design for Desirables (DFx)

System Issues & Industrial Ecology

System Modeling

Life Cycle Analysis

Risk Assessment and Management

Decision Making

Future Steps

RawMaterials

Manufacturing

Packaging

Maintenance

Disposal andrecycle

What is Green Manufacturing?

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Environmental

Natural Resource useEnvironmental Management

Pollution Prevention

(Air, Water, Land, Waste)

EconomicProfit

Cost Savings

Economic Growth

Research &

Development

The Three Spheres of Sustainability

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Customers are environment conscious.

Environmental protection is a top agenda for everyone.

Reasons for environmental care

running out of fossil fuel supply (energy crisis)

global warming

depletion of the ozone layer

loss of trees and forest

Green manufacturing is a challenge for today but as Business

opportunities for tomorrow.

Need for Green Manufacturing

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Establishing electronic waste management.

ROHS, WEEE, REACH, etc.

Promoting green manufacturing design technology and proper energy saving

technology.

(Design for environment DfE), EuP, etc.

Standardizing and developing the collection and recycling industry,

strengthening the e-waste management.

Educating the public and disseminating information on e-waste problems.

Measures for Prevention of the

Environmental Pollution Cause by E Wastes

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European Union Directive -2002/95/EC- on the Restriction Of the use of certain Hazardous Substances (RoHS) in

electrical and electronic equipment (EEE).Effective July 1, 2006, requires restricting or prohibiting the use of the following substances in electrical and electronic

equipment in covered EEE:

1. Lead (Pb) - found in cables and terminations, solders, PCB coatings.

- Overexposure to lead can damage blood-forming, nervous, urinary and reproductive systems.

2. Cadmium (Cd) - used in rechargeable batteries (NiCd), plastic stabilizers, electroplating.

- cancer-causing agent especially prostate and kidney cancer in humans (carcinogen).

- toxic to the respiratory system (destroy epithelium layer).

- high exposure results in severe bronchial and pulmonary irritation.

- hamper the development and function of immune system, reproductive organs and nervous system.

3. Mercury (Hg) - used in dental fillings, batteries. In electronics industry, thermal indicators, fluorescent lamp.

- Very small amount of Hg can do a significant damage to the environment. For example, 1gm of Hg per year is enough to

contaminate all the fish in lake with a surface area of 8 hectares.

4. Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) - Used in dyes, pigments, alloys, catalysis, plating and tanning, screws, nuts.

- Cr(VI) is a known human carcinogen, Cr(VI) is also a respiratory tract irritant.

- Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+ ) exists in alkaline, strongly oxidizing environments.

- Trivalent chromium (Cr3+ ) exists in moderately oxidizing and reduced environments.

5. Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) & Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)

-Used as flame retardants in plastics TV / Display Cabinets, PCB epoxy resin, Wire / cable insulation and connectors.

- It will react and form polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDD) and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDF) after its

reaction to put down fire. Both are carcinogenic elements.

Restriction of Hazardous Substances

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Lead:

- in the glass of cathode ray tubes, electronic components, fluorescent tubes.

- in certain steel (


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Measures for Administration of the Pollution Control of Electronic Information Products .

() Issued: Feb. 28, 2006 Effective: March 1, 2007.

The Measures, regarded as Chinese RoHS, will regulate all production and distribution activities for

Electronic Information Products (EIPs) in China, as well as the import of EIPs to China. They specify

hazardous substances in EIPs and place requirements and obligations on the manufacturers and

importers.

Applicable scope:

Electronic information products (EIP), including: Radio and television products, Computer products, Household electronic products etc.

Regulated substances:

TS (Toxic Substance) and HS (Hazardous Substance) shall refer to the substances similar to EU RoHS

contained in electronic information products of10 Categories as explained in the Priority Products

Catalog.

Key Proposed Elements: Environmentally friendly materials and design (Article 9, 10).

Labeling (Article 13).

Environment-friendly use period (Article 11).

Obligation for dealers / sellers (Article 15).

China RoHS

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Federal limited activity

States led by CA, MA, ME, NY, WA, VT, NJ, SF.

Increasingly regional in approach.

Enforcement is ad hoc and public.

No judicial resolution and hence have an uncertain precedent.

California RoHS: Senate Bill 20: Electronic Waste Recycling Act of 2003

Senate Bill 50*: Emergency Amendment to SB 20

Restricts the use of lead, mercury, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium, not flame retardants.

Covered electronic devices are restricted.

Covered electronic devices is a Video display devices containing a 4 screen measured diagonallyand fit in following categories like Cathode ray tubes, Computer monitors containing CRTs,

Laptop computers with LCDs, LCD containing desktop monitors, Cathode ray tube containing

devices (CRT devices), TVs containing CRTs, TVs containing LCD screens, Plasma TVs, DVD

Players.

U.S.A

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Enforcement Regulation of the Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law.

Product categories are similar to EU RoHS.

Law for the Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources.

The objectives of the law are summarized and are sometimes referred to as Design for

Environment (DfE).

Rationalize use of raw materials: Depending upon the industry being regulated, this could

mean adopting small or lightweight parts and materials, reducing amount of generated by-

products, and/or improving production yields.

Use recyclable resources & reusable parts: Depending upon the industry being

regulated, this could mean using recycled materials & used parts in products, using raw

materials that can be recycled, designing products to facilitate disassembly for recycling,

labeling products to facilitate sorted collection, operating voluntary take-back of usedproducts, and/or processing discarded products for reuse.

Promote long term use of products: Depending upon the industry being regulated, this

could mean making parts of durable materials, designing products that can be repaired or

upgraded, and/or using universal parts to facilitate repair.

Japan

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Source: Philips Medical

Systems

Green Manufacturing

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Green Manufacturing

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Green Manufacturing

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European Union Directive -2002/96/EC- on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE).

o Promote re-use, recycling and recovery of electronic waste to reduce quantities of such waste

o Improve environmental performance of producers, distributors and consumers)

Register of Producers

If you are a producer then you will have to register with the Environment Agency.

Declaration of types of products sold, weights and b2c / b2b split.

Marking and information. (Articles 10, 11 and 12)

Collection arrangements. (Article 5)

Retailer or final user can take back depending on the written agreement between them.

In-store collection, collection points.

Producers to pay for recover and recycling of both historic and new WEEE

A visible fee can be charged on the sale of products.

Treatment after recovery and recycling. (Article 6)

Product design. (Article 4)

Producer allocation and financing. (Article 8 and 9) and penalties.

Waste Electrical and Electronic

Equipments (WEEE)

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Dependent on electric currents or electromagnetic fields to work and generate, transfer and measure fields.

Voltage rating


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Administrative Regulations on the Recycling and treatment of Waste and Used household Electronic Products and

Electronic Products. ()Regulations on Recycling and Disposal of Waste and Used Household Electrical Appliances.

Applicable scope

The scope of China WEEE is broad that it covers household electrical and electronic products.

Currently, the products categories listed in China WEEE include: 1.Air conditioners; 2.Computers; 3.Refrigerators;

4.Televisions; 5.Washing machines

Funding Mechanism: National special funds to subsidize WEEE

National special funds to subsidize WEEE recycling and disposal will be established.

Producers Responsibility:

Producers of electrical and electronic products shall Design products that favor recovery and reuse, select non- or low

hazardous and toxic substances, and provide information on major material composition in the product manual.

Conduct WEEE treatment on their own or consign it to qualified treatment entities.

Provide to Provincial relevant authorities with information on product category, quantity that produced, sold and exported.

Collection:

Dealers and post-sale service organizations are liable to the collection, and deliver the collected products to qualified

treatment organizations.

WEEE Treatment Companies shall be qualified by relevant authorities at provincial level, and undertake testing, repair,

labeling, and disposal of covered WEEE and sell the used products for resale. Reused

WEEE must meet certain security and performance standards (Article 13).

China WEEE

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Electronic waste recycling has already been embodied in some related laws and regulations in

ChinaCleaner Product ion Promo t ion Law.

() Is sued : June 29 , 2002 Effec t ive: Jan uar y 1, 2003 .Article 20:

When products and packaging are designed, their influences on mankind and natural environments during

their life-cycle must be considered and priority accorded to selecting toxin-free, nonhazardous, easily

degraded and easily recycled options.

Article 27:

If any product or package is listed in the compulsory recycling directory, enterprises engaged in their

production or sale shall recycle the discarded product or used packaging. (translated by NDRC)

Law of the People 's Republ ic of China on the Prevent ion and Contro l of Enviro nmental Pol lut ion by

Solid Waste.

() Is sued : Dec em ber 29, 2004 Effec t ive: Apri l 1, 2005.Article 5: producers are responsible for prevention and treatment of their own solid waste.

Article 18

requests that the design of products and packages must be complied with the national clean production

related regulation, and that the companies which produce, sell or import the products and packages that

are listed in the compulsory recycling directory, must take back their products and packages in compliance

with the related regulation.

EEE Recycling and Related Legislation in

China

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Doormat - Lakeland Limited

(made from recycled rubber)

Leather Bound Journal Natural

History Museum

(made from reclaimed leather & recycled

paper)

Rain Saver - Blackwall (Even Greener)

(Made from recycled plastic)

Coasters - Cutouts

(made from recycled circuit boards)

Caddies - CAT

(Made from recycled plastic)

Chair - Blue Marmalade Ltd.

(made from recyclable plastic)

Green Recycling

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Green concept in design

- Resource saving

- Utilize Green production process

- Selection of proper tools and equipment

- Recyclable constructions

- Choice of components non-toxic, recyclable

- Minimize the number of components

- Vendor selection

Green manufacturing process :

Lead-Free Soldering for electronics

No Clean PCB Assembly

Reduce Emission of Pollutants

Use of environment-friendly chemicals

Use the lead-free solders to manufacture the products and dont allow any intentionally added Pb in the

products, then the products can be defined as lead-free products!

Packaging Materials Disposal and Environment-friendly

No release of toxic substances in product life

End of Life Treatment Recycling of Components, Collection of equipment

Use of Biodegradable materials

Greener Production Management:

Component compliance

Materials control

Vendor commitment and monitoring

Process control

Tools and equipment selection

Storage management

Packing materials

JEDEC < 0.2wt%Pb (Joint Electron Device Eng. Council)

JEIDA < 0.1wt%Pb (Jap. Elec Ind. Development Ass.)

EUELVD < 0.1wt%Pb (EU End of Life Vehicles Directive)

Green Production and Process

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Some landmarks in the companys green product development

Source: Canon, Japan.

Green Designs

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Age of Plastics

The worldwide production of synthetic plastics reaches 260 billion pounds/year (50 lbs/person/per year).

Approximately 30% of the plastics produced used for packaging.

Plastics and Environment

Feedstock's for most synthetic polymers are petroleum (crude oil), natural gas and coal-natural

resources that have taken millions of years to be formed and are nonrenewable.

Recycling of Plastics

Plastic drink containers to make up every pound of toys can help to keep at least ten out of the dump.

Utilization of recycled materials in product design enhance the recyclability of components at the end of

useful life

Alternatives in Material Selection

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Bio-based/biodegradable Plastics

Bio-plastics

Petroleum based synthetic biodegradable plastic

Biopolymer: Life Cycle

Biopolymers are naturally recycled by biological processes.

Performance polymers (e.g., PLA) from annually renewable

resources (corn, plants, milk byproducts)

With proper structure, biopolymers can be decomposed and

recycled

Applicable to extrusion, thermoforming, and blow molding

packaging solutions.

Major Advantages with Biopolymers

Renewable (sustainable)

Biodegradable

Biocompatible

Environmental friendlySource: R. A. Gross and B. Kalra, Science, V.297, p.803

(2002).

Alternatives in Material Selection

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On July 6, 2005, the European Parliament issued a directive establishing a

framework for the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-using products.

On establishing a framework for the setting of Eco-design requirements for Energy-

Using Products and amending Council Directive 92/42/EEC

Currently covers Boilers, fridges/freezers and ballasts for fluorescent lights

Very wide scope all products with an energy source, except for forms of transport.

The initial focus will be on electric motor systems, HVAC equipment, water

heaters, domestic appliances, consumer electronics, office equipment, and

lighting except forall means of transportation. Over time, expand to include all

energy-using products.

Those which represent a significant volume of sales and trade more than 200,000

units a year within the EU.

Energy Using Products (EUP)

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Boilers and combo boilers

Water heaters

PCs and monitors

Imaging equipment

Consumer electronics (TVs)

Stand-by losses

Battery chargers and external

power supplies

Office lighting

Public lighting

Residential room conditioning

Electric motors, water pumps

Commercial fridges and freezers

Domestic refrigerators and freezers

Domestic dishwashers and washers

Solid fuel small combustion

installations

Vacuum cleaners

Laundry dryers

Complex set-top boxes

Domestic lighting

Full List of Product Group

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EnergyEfficient Solutions for Electronics

Vitesse's Ethernet devices help consumers save up to 80% of unnecessaryenergyconsumption

EnergyAdvantage 25WT8

Lowest energyconsuming4ft T8

LowerEnergyCost

Easyto Experience:

Change existing 32w T8

Save 25% energy, instantly!

No ballast change required!

Advanced:

Low Mercury- Betterfor the environment

Exceeds LEED requirements

Source: Vitesse Ethernet Solutions,

US.

Source: Philips Electronics.

Green Energy Saving

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REACH stands forRegistration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction ofChemicals adopted in December

2006.

REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 and Directive 2006/121/EC amending Directive 67/548/EEC were

published in the official Journal on 30 December 2006.

Enterprises which manufacture or import more than one tonne of a chemical substance per yearwill be

required to register it in a central database administered by the new EU Chemicals Agency.

Registration:

Around 30000 estimated substances produced or imported into the EU at >1 tonne /year has to be registered.

Registration deadlines for substances produced or imported to EU:-

First year of entry into force (1 June 2007) to year 3: Substances of greater hazard which are produced or

imported to EU at the rate > 1000 tonnes and CMR (carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction )> 1

tonnes have to be registered along with relevant testing documents.

From year 3 to year 6: Substances produced or imported to EU at rate of 100 tonnes 1000 tonnes have

to be registered .

From year 6 to year 11: Substances produced or imported to EU at rate of < 100 tonnes will be registered.

A non phase-in substance is a completely new substance that has neither been used nor registered in

the market before the entry of force of REACH.

What is REACH?

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Evaluation:

Will require the submission of additional data could be substantial.

Prioritization criteria to take account of Tonnage.

Hazard and exposure.

Potential risk to human health or the environment.

Dossiers for substances with volumes >100 tonnes will be subjected to an evaluation by the

relevant national authorities.

Where an authorities believes that the risk of using a substances is expected to be highe.g. due to the structure of the substance, they can carry out a more detailed assessment.

Authorization:

Substances of high concern must be authorized for use at an EU or national level, e.g.

CMRs(carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction), PBTs(persistent, bioaccumulative

and toxic), vPvBs ( very persistent and very bioaccumulative), POPs(persistent organic

pollutants) endocrine disruptors

Authorization of specific uses

Development of a data file and preparation of a risk assessment

Can obtain a conditional authorization on socio- economic grounds

Definition of REACH

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Impact on Industries:

To comply with the regulations, we need to invest in:

Control the Wastage of resources develop systems to monitor.

Monitoring the supply of materials.

New production equipments and process technologies, e.g. lead-free soldering.

Quality and reliability enhancement.

Testing of components.

Best Management practice and Enterprise resource planning (ERP) upgrade

Summary

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Positive impact of green manufacturing

Testing ground to competitors on the basis of knowledge, technologies,

investment and management.

Higher quality of products in the market.

Greater market share due to better product image

Cost reduction on a long term basis by controlling process, energy and

resources

Global companies partnership among green suppliers and manufacturers

only.

Enhance company name and image by way of better products.

Healthy and competitively clean working environment.

Summary

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