Yao herbal medicinal market during the Dragon Boat ...
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RESEARCH Open Access
Yao herbal medicinal market during theDragon Boat Festival in Jianghua County,ChinaBinsheng Luo1,2, Yujing Liu3, Bo Liu1,2, Sizhao Liu1,2, Beixi Zhang1,2, Linghan Zhang1,2, Chunrui Lin4, Yan Liu4,Edward J. Kennelly2,5, Zhiyong Guo1,2 and Chunlin Long1,2,6*
Abstract
Background: The traditional medicinal markets held during the Dragon Boat Festival are common and importantin China’s countryside. In Jianghua, a Yao autonomous county in Hunan Province in China, the medicinal marketalso plays an important role for the application, conservation, and communication of traditional Yao medicinalknowledge.
Methods: During the Dragon Boat Festival in 2016 and 2017, ethnobotanical surveys and inventories wereconducted in the medicinal market of Jianghua County, and voucher plant specimens were collected, identified,and deposited in a herbarium. Quantitative analysis included measurement of frequency of occurrence for speciesin the marketplace and the relative importance index for the number of uses for a given species.
Results: A total of 306 plant species (249 genera, 113 families) and their related information about the medicinalmarket were collected. Some major findings include the following: (1) Using the whole plant as medicine is morecommon than other medicinal plant parts; (2) treating rheumatism and clearing inner heat are the most frequentmedicinal uses; and (3) taking a medicinal bath is the most frequent modality to administer the traditional medicine.The frequency of occurrence and the relative importance index of some medicinal plants were analyzed, as well as thedemographics and the number of stalls and the status of traditional Yao medicinal knowledge in Jianghua. Based onthe investigation, suggestions were proposed for better protecting the medicinal market and preserving traditionalmedicinal knowledge in Jianghua County.
Conclusion: The medicinal market during the Dragon Boat Festival in Jianghua County possesses an important culturalvalue and helps to conserve the traditional Yao medicinal knowledge. The medicinal plants sold at the market showedgreat diversity and unique local characteristics. The medicinal market is facing some challenges in such a rapidlydeveloping era. Cultivation of young healers and maintaining the local biodiversity might be the key solutions for thedevelopment of local medicinal market and local Yao medicinal knowledge.
Keywords: Dragon Boat Festival, Yao ethnic group, Jianghua County, Traditional knowledge, Conservation
* Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry ofEducation, Beijing 100081, China2College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China,Beijing 100081, ChinaFull list of author information is available at the end of the article
© The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, andreproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link tothe Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0260-5
BackgroundThe Dragon Boat Festival, occurring on the fifth day ofthe fifth month in the Chinese lunar calendar, is one ofthe most famous traditional festivals in China. People eatzongzi (a special food made from sticky rice and other in-gredients), drink realgar wine, and race dragon boats tocelebrate this festival all over the country. However, inJianghua, a county with the largest population of Yaopeople in China [1], the Dragon Boat Festival is a specialopportunity for the local people to trade medicinal plantsin a large market. It has become the most important trad-ition in Jianghua. During this festival, the Yao villagersbring medicinal plants collected recently to the market.They share and exchange the experiences of identifying,harvesting, and applying their medicinal plants with eachother and with consumers. This unique medicinal markethas already become a great platform for different peopleto communicate with and learn from each other [2]. Thisspontaneous traditional activity is also making vital contri-butions to the sustainable conservation, transmission, andexpansion of related traditional knowledge [3].The Yao is an ancient ethnic group, and one of the 55 of-
ficially recognized minority groups of the Chinese govern-ment. The largest populations of Yao live in the mountainsand high ranges of southern China and practiceslash-and-burn agriculture and hunt [4, 5]. Based on thelong-term practice, the Yao people depend on local plantresources to prevent and treat diseases. They have devel-oped their own traditional medicine system, as well asdistinct customs to promote health. For example, they useAcorus calamus, Artemisia argyi, and realgar to keep pestsand pathogens away [4]. Our previous investigation(unpublished) indicated that in traditional culture of theYao ethnic group, the Dragon Boat Festival is believed to bethe birthday of the so-called Medicinal Lord. The effect ofmedicinal plants during this festival is believed to be thebest by local people. Thus, the medicinal market hasbecome the biggest and the most popular event on theDragon Boat Festival in Jianghua.In recent years, more scientists have studied natural
herbal medicine to determine their efficacy and potentiallydevelop validated new drugs and health care products [5,6]. As a natural treasury of traditional medicinal knowledge,the markets selling herbal drugs possess great potential fornew drug discovery [7]. Using the Web of Science withsearch term “medicinal market and China”, only fourEnglish-language research papers can be found [8–11].As a cultural phenomenon in China, several Chinese-lan-
guage papers have reported different medicinal marketsduring the Dragon Boat Festival, such as the investigationsin Jingxi County [2, 12], Yongzhou City [13], and Gong-cheng County [14]. These studies showed the species diver-sity of medicinal plants and their medicinal parts, medicinalpurposes, modalities, and other information [2, 12–14].
Much of the traditional knowledge is in danger of beinglost, so these local medicinal plant resources need to beprotected [2, 12–14]. In Jianghua, the medicinal market inthe Dragon Boat Festival is relatively large in scale, but verylittle scientific research has been carried out [15, 16].Nowadays, as much traditional knowledge is in danger
of disappearing, the traditional knowledge associated withthe Jianghua medicinal marketplace should be preserved.Therefore, an ethnobotanical research focused on Jian-ghua medicinal market was conducted at the Dragon BoatFestival in 2016 and 2017. This study evaluates the statusof the Jianghua medicinal market and analyzes the rela-tionship among this medicinal market, local community,and local natural environment. Based on the study results,some suggestions are included for local communities toprotect this medicinal market. Furthermore, this studymay provide valuable clues for future development andalso give comprehensive and scientific guidance for localpeople to consume the medicinal herbs in a safer manner.
MethodsStudy siteJianghua Yao Autonomous County belongs to HunanProvince and is located close to the border area of Guang-dong Province, Guangxi Region, and Hunan Province inSouth China (Fig. 1). This area has a rich biodiversity,plentiful rainfall, and a mild temperature due to thelow-latitude subtropical monsoon climate [17]. The popu-lation of Jianghua County is predominated by Yao peoplewho account for more than half of the county’s popula-tion. Other ethnic groups like Zhuang, Han, and Miaoalso live there but have smaller populations [17]. Ourprevious investigation showed that the medicinal marketdistributes on Changzhen Street and its branches. Themarket starts 2 days before the Dragon Boat Festival andit grows to its largest on the festival day.
Ethnobotanical data collection and statistical analysisAn ethnobotanical method was mainly used for this study.At the local market, each stall and vendor was investigated,and relevant information was recorded for all of the medi-cinal plants in trade. The chosen informants were vendors,buyers, and folk healers as well as other old knowledgeablepeople. Key informant interview was comprised of semi-structured interview and free listing based on the informantconsensus. By means of different interview methods, com-prehensive information about the medicinal plants in themarket for further analysis was obtained.Quantitative analysis was used to reveal the taxonomic
characters and diversity of the modalities, using parts andmedicinal uses of the medicinal herbs. The medicinal mar-ket opened around the Dragon Boat Festival which is onlyabout 3 days each year. We intensively collected informa-tion from the medicinal market (269 stalls), and the
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 2 of 25
methods including pairwise comparison and rank orderingare almost impossible even they are much more robust.Instead, the frequency of the occurrence and the relative im-portance (RI) index of the medicinal herbs were employed.RI was originally proposed by Bennet et al. in 2000
[18]. This index is used to evaluate the degree of devel-opment and utilization of certain plant species. The for-mula of RI is as below [19]:
RI ¼ NUTþNT
NUT is the number of categories used for a certain spe-cies divided by the number of all categories, and NT is thenumber of types of uses of a specific species divided by thenumber of all use types. During this study, NUT wasequated as the number of types of therapeutic modalities(NM) of a given species divided by the number of all mo-dalities [19]. Thus, RI is the sum of the NM and NT as thefollowing formula:
RI ¼ NMþNT
The number of the vendors, the gender, and the agecomposition of the vendors were also analyzed.Voucher specimens of medicinal plants were collected
with assistance from the local people in the market, villagesnearby, and local ecosystems. They were identified by bo-tanical experts, Profs. Chunlin Long, Chunrui Lin, and Yan
Liu and Dr. Bo Liu. All specimens of medicinal plants col-lected in Jianghua were deposited in the College of Life andEnvironmental Sciences, Minzu University of China. Theinformation compiled includes the following: vernacularnames, scientific names, taxonomic status, using parts, me-dicinal uses, modalities, and voucher numbers of all medi-cinal plants collected in Jianghua. All the medicinal plantsand related information are shown in Table 1.
Results and discussionDiversity and characteristics of medicinal plantsBy conducting field surveys at the Dragon Boat Festivalmarketplace in Jianghua in 2016 and 2017, 306 species be-longing to 249 genera and 113 families were recorded andidentified (Table 1). The taxonomic statistics clearly dem-onstrate the plant species biodiversity present in this Yaocommunity market. The plant family with the most spe-cies represented was Asteraceae (23 species). Fabaceae(Leguminosae) was the second most common plant familywith 15 species while Primulaceae and Lamiaceae werethe third and fourth largest plant families with 11 and 10species, respectively. Regarding plant genera, most of gen-era had three or fewer species represented, except for thegenera Artemisia and Ardisia (Table 1). Seven species ofArdisia were found in the marketplace, while five speciesof Artemisia were present. The genus Ardisia, which con-tains a large number of medicinal species, has more than
Fig. 1 The location of Jianghua County, Hunan Province, China
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 3 of 25
Table
1Inventoryof
med
icinalplantstraded
intheJiang
huamed
icinalmarket
Scientificname
Family
name
Localn
ame
Purposes
Usage
Partused
Vouche
rnu
mbe
rRI value
Gym
nosperma
Cunn
ingh
amialanceolata
(Lam
b.)Hoo
k.Taxodiaceae
Con
gLiang
Skin
disease
Med
icinalbath
JH-114
2
Juniperuschinensis
L.Cup
ressaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,skin
disease
Med
icinalbath
Branch,leaf
JH-043
4
Ceph
alotaxus
fortun
eiHoo
k.Cep
halotaxaceae
Treatin
gcancer,treatingrheumatism
Med
icinalbath
Branch,leaf
JH-159
3
Gnetum
parvi+281:286folium
(Warb.)W.C.Cheng
Gne
taceae
Skin
disease
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-181
3
Ang
iospermae
Illicium
verum
Hoo
k.f.
Schisand
raceae
Nou
rishing
,relieving
pain
Spices
Fruit
JH-027
3
Kadsuracoccinea
(Lem
.)A.C
.Sm.
Schisand
raceae
DaZu
anRelieving
pain,treatingrheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation
Med
icinalbath,
makingtin
cture
Root,stem
JH-070
5
Kadsuralong
ipedun
culata
Fine
t&Gagne
p.Schisand
raceae
Xiao
Zuan
GuFeng
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation
Med
icinalbath
Root,stem
JH-165
3
HouttuyniacordataThun
b.Saururaceae
GeLe
Tao
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
treatin
grespiratory
disease,
treatin
ghe
atstroke
Food
,herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Root,leaf
JH-089
6
Saururus
chinensis
(Lou
r.)Baill.
Saururaceae
YiBaiLiang
Bai
Treatin
ggyno
pathy,skin
disease
Herbaltea,foo
d,med
icinalbath,
stew
ing
Who
leplant
JH-061
6
Piperbetle
L.Pipe
raceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
diminishing
inflammation,skin
disease,treatin
gcold
Decoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Stem
,leaf
JH-029
6
Asarum
sagittarioides
C.F.Liang
Aristolochiaceae
Shan
CiG
uTreatin
gsnakebite,treatingrheumatism,relieving
pain,
traumaticinjury
Med
icinalbath,
decoction
Who
leplant
JH-277
6
Fissistigmaoldh
amii
(Hem
sl.)Merr.
Ann
onaceae
XiangTeng
Treatin
grheumatism,relieving
pain,stren
gthe
ning
muscles
andbo
nes
Med
icinalbath
Root,stem
JH-180
4
Fissistigmapolyan
thum
(Hoo
k.f.&Thom
s.)Merr.
Ann
onaceae
XieDiFen
gTreatin
grheumatism
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-298
3
Cinn
amom
umcamph
ora
(L.)Presl
Lauraceae
ZhangShu
YeTreatin
grheumatism,expellingparasite
Med
icinalbath
JH-208
3
Cinn
amom
umglan
duliferum
(Wall.)Meisn.
Lauraceae
Treatin
grheumatism
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Bark,roo
tJH-088
3
Cinn
amom
umwilson
iiGam
ble
Lauraceae
Gui
ShuPi
Treatin
grheumatism,treatingarthritis
Med
icinalbath,
food
Bark
JH-077
4
Lind
eraglauca
(Sieb.
etZu
cc.)
Blum
eLauraceae
JiaSiFeng
Treatin
grheumatism,d
etoxifying,
relaxing
tend
onsand
activatingcollaterals
Med
icinalbath
Branch,leaf
JH-233
4
Litsea
cubeba
(Lou
r.)Pers.
Lauraceae
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,relieving
pain,treatinggastrointestinaldisease
Food
(fruit,bu
d)Who
leplant,
fruit,bu
dJH-153
5
Chloranthu
sfortun
ei(A.G
ray)Solm
sChloranthaceae
SiJiFeng
Treatin
grheumatism,treatingcold,d
etoxifying,
relieving
coug
hMed
icinalbath,
decoction
Who
leplant
JH-055
6
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 4 of 25
Table
1Inventoryof
med
icinalplantstraded
intheJiang
huamed
icinalmarket(Con
tinued)
Scientificname
Family
name
Localn
ame
Purposes
Usage
Partused
Vouche
rnu
mbe
rRI value
Sarcan
draglabra
(Thu
nb.)Nakai
Chloranthaceae
JiuJie
Cha
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,he
atclearin
gandde
toxifying
Leaf:med
icinal
bath;roo
t:making
tincture
Who
leplant
JH-096
5
Acorus
calamus
var.
angustatus
Besser
Acoraceae
YanChang
PuSkin
disease,treatin
gcold
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-202
4
Acorus
calamus
L.Acoraceae
ShaJiang
Nou
rishing
Med
icinalbath,
food
Rhizom
eJH-221
3
Arisa
emadecipiensScho
ttAraceae
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation
Med
icinalbath
Root,stem
JH-295
3
Pothos
chinensis
(Raf.)Merr.
Araceae
Treatin
grheumatism
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-185
3
Potamogeton
lucens
L.Po
tamog
eton
aceae
Treatin
ginfantile
malnu
trition
Food
Who
leplant
JH-184
2
Dioscorea
oppositaThun
b.Dioscoreaceae
Nou
rishing
,elim
inatingph
legm
Food
Tube
rJH-275
3
Taccaplan
taginea
(Hance)Drenth
Dioscoreaceae
XiaZi
Cao
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
elim
inatinginflammation,
stop
ping
bleeding
Herbaltea,foo
d,med
icinalbath
Rhizom
eJH-011
5
Stem
onatuberosa
Lour.
Stem
onaceae
Treatin
grespiratory
disease,expe
lling
parasite
Decoctio
nTube
rJH-281
3
Paris
polyph
ylla
Sm.
Melanthiaceae
DuJiaoLian
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
relieving
coug
hExternaluse,
decoction
Rhizom
eJH-260
4
Disp
orum
canton
iense
(Lou
r.)Merr.
Colchicaceae
YaoBian
Zhu
Relieving
coug
h,prom
otingdige
stion
Decoctio
nRh
izom
eJH-214
2
SmilaxchinaL.
Smilacaceae
Niu
WeiCai
Treatin
grheumatism,d
etoxifying,
prom
otingbloo
dcirculation
Root:foo
d(stewing
with
chicken);leaf:
med
icinalbath
Rhizom
eJH-246
5
SmilaxripariaA.D
C.
Smilacaceae
DaShen
gJin
Treatin
grheumatism,relieving
coug
hMed
icinalbath
Root,rhizome
JH-097
3
Aletris
spicata(Thu
nb.)
Franch.
Liliaceae
JinXian
Diao
BaiM
iNou
rishing
,relieving
coug
h,expe
lling
parasite
Decoctio
n,food
Who
leplant
JH-178
5
Anem
arrhenaasph
odeloides
Bung
eLiliaceae
FenTiao
Cai
Treatin
ggastrointestinaldisease,treatin
ggyno
pathy
Decoctio
nRh
izom
eJH-113
3
Aspidistra
elatiorBlum
eLiliaceae
WuGon
gGen
Nou
rishing
,promotingbloo
dcirculation,relieving
coug
hDecoctio
nRh
izom
eJH-174
4
Aspidistra
retusa
K.Y.
Lang
etS.Z.Huang
Liliaceae
Guo
Shan
WuGon
gNou
rishing
,promotingbloo
dcirculation,relieving
coug
hDecoctio
nRh
izom
eJH-130
4
Liriope
muscari(Decne
.)L.H.Bailey
Liliaceae
Nou
rishing
Decoctio
nTube
rJH-271
2
Oph
iopogonbodinieriH
.Lév.
Liliaceae
JiuCaiMai
Don
gHeatclearin
gDecoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Tube
rJH-069
3
Oph
iopogonjaponicus
(Thu
nb.)KerGaw
l.Liliaceae
QingPi
Cao
Nou
rishing
Herbaltea
Tube
rJH-217
2
Reineckiacarnea
Liliaceae
Heatclearin
g,relieving
coug
hDecoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-251
3
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 5 of 25
Table
1Inventoryof
med
icinalplantstraded
intheJiang
huamed
icinalmarket(Con
tinued)
Scientificname
Family
name
Localn
ame
Purposes
Usage
Partused
Vouche
rnu
mbe
rRI value
(And
rews)Ku
nth
Bulbophyllum
odoratissimum
(J.E.Smith
)Lindl.
Orchidaceae
ShiX
ianTao
Treatin
grespiratory
disease,treatin
gin
fantile
malnu
trition
,relaxingtend
onsandactivatingcollaterals,
elim
inatinginflammation
Herbaltea
Who
leplant
JH-264
5
Bulbophyllum
pectinatum
Fine
tOrchidaceae
ShiShanTao
Traumaticinjury,treatingrespiratory
disease,relieving
coug
hDecoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-041
4
Dendrobium
catena
tum
Lind
l.Orchidaceae
Relieving
stom
achache
Herbaltea
Stem
JH-265
2
Dendrobium
nobileLind
l.Orchidaceae
Treatin
gdiabetes,improvingeyesight,n
ourishing
,promoting
gastrointestinalfunctio
nsHerbaltea
Stem
JH-101
5
Galeolalindleyan
a(Hoo
k.f.&Thom
son)
Rchb
.f.Orchidaceae
ZouMaFeng
Treatin
grheumatism,relieving
headache
Decoctio
n,makingtin
cture
Who
leplant
JH-058
4
LuisiamorseiRolfe
Orchidaceae
DiaoLan
Treatin
grheumatism,treatingrespiratory
disease,treatin
gcold,
treatin
gcancer
Decoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-133
5
Pholidotachinensis
Lind
l.Orchidaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
treatin
ginfantile
malnu
trition
Food
(stewing
with
meat)
Pseudo
bulb
JH-146
3
Spiranthessin
ensis
(Pers.)
Ames
Orchidaceae
Nou
rishing
,detoxifying
Herbaltea
Who
leplant
JH-122
3
Gladiolus
×gand
avensis
Iridaceae
Dim
inishing
inflammation,traumaticinjury,heatclearin
gandde
toxifying
Externaluse
Rhizom
eJH-040
4
IrisconfusaSealy
Iridaceae
Dim
inishing
inflammation,treatin
ginfantile
malnu
trition
,treatin
grespiratory
disease
Med
icinalbath
Rhizom
eJH-193
4
Dianella
ensifolia(L.)DC.
Aspho
delaceae
Detoxifying,
prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,relieving
pain
Externaluse
Who
leplant
JH-282
4
Hem
erocallis
citrinaBaroni
Aspho
delaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
nourishing
Food
(stewing
with
meat,flower),
decoction(ro
ot)
Root,flower
JH-090
4
Curculigoorchioides
Gaertn.
Amaryllidaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,nou
rishing
,stren
gthe
ning
muscles
andbo
nes
Med
icinalbath
Rhizom
eJH-213
4
Polygona
tum
sibiricum
F.Delaroche
Asparagaceae
Nou
rishing
Decoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Rhizom
eJH-236
3
Murdann
iakeisa
k(Hassk.)
Hand.-M
azz.
Com
melinaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
indu
cing
diuresis,treating
snakebite
Decoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-093
4
Bulbophyllum
odoratissimum
(Sm.)Lind
l.ex
Wall.
Musaceae
Treatin
ghe
artdisease
Herbaltea
Flow
erJH-006
2
Alpiniachinensis
(Retz.)R
oscoe
Zing
iberaceae
JianGan
Feng
Treatin
grheumatism
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-196
2
Alpiniagalang
a(L.)Willd.
Zing
iberaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,nou
rishing
Med
icinalbath
Fruit,rhizom
eJH-046
3
Alpiniajaponica
(Thu
nb.)Miq.
Zing
iberaceae
Huang
Qi
Treatin
grheumatism,nou
rishing
,relieving
pain
Med
icinalbath
Root,stem
JH-138
4
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 6 of 25
Table
1Inventoryof
med
icinalplantstraded
intheJiang
huamed
icinalmarket(Con
tinued)
Scientificname
Family
name
Localn
ame
Purposes
Usage
Partused
Vouche
rnu
mbe
rRI value
Amom
umvillosum
Lour.
Zing
iberaceae
JingGan
Feng
Treatin
grheumatism,nou
rishing
Med
icinalbath,
makingtin
cture
Fruit
JH-195
4
Curcum
along
aL.
Zing
iberaceae
Relieving
pain,treatinggyno
pathy,indu
cing
diapho
resis
Spices:stewing
with
chicken
Rhizom
eJH-128
4
Typh
aorientalisC.Presl
Typh
aceae
Shui
LaZh
uNou
rishing
Med
icinalbath
Flow
erJH-134
2
Juncus
effususL.
Juncaceae
Shui
Den
gXin
Heatclearin
g,indu
cing
diuresis,treatingrespiratory
disease,
relieving
coug
h,Herbaltea
Stem
pith
JH-262
5
Imperata
cylindrica(L.)Raeusch.
Poaceae
Heatclearin
g,stop
ping
bleeding
,ind
ucingdiuresis
Decoctio
n,externaluse
Root
5
Loph
atherum
gracile
Bron
gn.
Poaceae
Heatclearin
g,relieving
coug
h,indu
cing
diuresis
Herbaltea
Root
JH-243
4
Penn
isetum
alopecuroides
(L.)Spreng
.Po
aceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
relieving
coug
hHerbaltea
Who
leplant
JH-106
3
Saccha
rum
spon
taneum
L.Po
aceae
SiMao
Cao
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
treatin
gcold,relieving
coug
hDecoctio
nRh
izom
e,stem
JH-276
4
Eomecon
chiona
ntha
Hance
Papaveraceae
XueSanQi
Prom
otingbloo
dcirculation
Decoctio
nRo
ot,rhizome
JH-219
2
Macleayacordata(W
illd.)R.Br.
Papaveraceae
YeXia
Shuang
Skin
disease
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-253
3
Akebiatrifoliata
(Thu
nb.)Ko
idz.
Lardizabalaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,ind
ucingdiuresis,treatinggyno
pathy,
relaxing
tend
onsandactivatingcollaterals
Makingtin
cture,
med
icinalbath
Root,stem,
fruit
JH-296
6
Sargentodoxa
cuneata(Oliv.)
Rehd
eret
E.H.W
ilson
Lardizabalaceae
Huo
Xue
Feng
Treatin
ggastrointestinaldisease,he
atclearin
gandde
toxifying,
prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,treatin
grheumatism
Makingtin
cture,
med
icinalbath
Root,stem
JH-161
6
Stepha
niaceph
alan
thaHayata
Men
ispe
rmaceae
SeiD
ong
Treatin
ginno
minateinflammatory
Decoctio
nTube
rJH-168
2
Stepha
niakw
angsiensis
H.S.Lo
Men
ispe
rmaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,
relieving
pain
Decoctio
nTube
rJH-053
4
Tino
sporasagittata(Oliv.)
Gagne
p.Men
ispe
rmaceae
QingTeng
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
diminishing
inflammation,
relieving
pain,relieving
sore
throat
Decoctio
nTube
rJH-231
5
Berberisjuliana
eC.K.Schne
id.
Berberidaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
diminishing
inflammation,
sterilizatio
nMed
icinalbath
Root
JH-247
4
Dysosmaversipellis
(Hance)M.
Che
ngBerberidaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
prom
otingbloo
dcirculation
Decoctio
nRh
izom
eJH-235
3
Epimedium
brevicornu
Maxim
.Berberidaceae
Nou
rishing
,skindisease
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-294
3
Mah
oniafortun
ei(Lindl.)Fedd
eBerberidaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying
Decoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Root,stem
JH-241
3
Nan
dina
domesticaThun
b.Berberidaceae
Heatclearin
g,treatin
grheumatism
Med
icinalbath
Root,stem
JH-072
3
Acon
itum
gymna
ndrum
Maxim
.Ranu
nculaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,traum
aticinjury
Externaluse,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-163
4
Clem
atishenryiOliv.
Ranu
nculaceae
DiLei
Traumaticinjury,red
ucingph
legm
,relieving
pain,relieving
coug
hHerbaltea,
makingtin
cture
Root,leaf
JH-026
6
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 7 of 25
Table
1Inventoryof
med
icinalplantstraded
intheJiang
huamed
icinalmarket(Con
tinued)
Scientificname
Family
name
Localn
ame
Purposes
Usage
Partused
Vouche
rnu
mbe
rRI value
Clem
atisun
cina
taChamp.
exBenth.
Ranu
nculaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,rhe
umaticarthritis,stopp
ingbleeding
,toothache,relaxing
tend
onsandactivatingcollaterals
Root:m
aking
tincture;de
coction
Root,leaf
JH-155
7
Liquidam
barform
osan
aHance
Alting
iaceae
LuLu
Tong
Relaxing
tend
onsandactivatingcollaterals
Med
icinalbath
Fruit
JH-167
2
Semiliquidam
barcathayensis
H.T.C
hang
Alting
iaceae
BanFeng
He
Treatin
grheumatism,relaxingtend
onsandactivating
collaterals,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,po
stpartum
recovery,
skin
disease
Med
icinalbath,
decoction,
Bark,roo
tJH-284
7
Loropetalum
chinense
(R.Br.)
Oliv.
Ham
amelidaceae
Prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,leaf:stopp
ingbleeding
,traumaticinjury
Med
icinalbath,
externaluse
Root,leaf
JH-103
5
Astilbe
rivularisBu
ch.-H
am.
exD.Don
Saxifragaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,relieving
pain,treatinggastrointestinaldisease
Herbaltea
Rhizom
eJH-032
5
Hylotelephium
erythrostictum
(Miq.)H.O
hba
Crassulaceae
Traumaticinjury,treatinginno
minateinflammatory,
treatin
grheumatism
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-126
4
Kalancho
epinn
atum
(Lam
.)Oken
Crassulaceae
Traumaticinjury,treatinginno
minateinflammation
Med
icinalbath
Leaf
JH-300
3
Sedum
emargina
tum
Migo
Crassulaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
traumaticinjury,stopp
ing
bleeding
,hep
atitis
Decoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-123
5
Sedum
kamtschaticum
Fisch.
Crassulaceae
LuoDi
Shen
gGen
Treatin
ginno
minateinflammation,traumaticinjury,
prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,stop
ping
bleeding
Decoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-242
5
Ampelopsisgrossedentata
(Hand.-M
azz.)W.T.W
ang
Vitaceae
Tian
Cha
Treatin
grespiratory
disease,he
atclearin
gandde
toxifying,
treatin
ghype
rten
sion
Herbaltea
Tend
erstem
,leaf
JH-120
4
Cayratiajaponica
(Thu
nb.)
Gagne
p.Vitaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
indu
cing
diuresis,treating
snakebite
Decoctio
n,externaluse
Who
leplant
JH-108
5
Partheno
cissus
tricuspidata
(Siebo
ld&Zu
cc.)Planch.
Vitaceae
DaFeng
Teng
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Root,stem,
fruit
JH-266
4
Bauh
iniacham
pion
ii(Ben
th.)
Benth.
Fabaceae
JiuLong
Zuan
Treatin
grheumatism,relaxingtend
onsandactivating
collaterals,relieving
pain
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Stem
JH-285
5
Calleryaspeciosa
(Champ.
exBenth.)Scho
tFabaceae
TuRenShen
Nou
rishing
,heatclearin
g,activatingcollaterals
Decoctio
nRo
otJH-269
4
Cassiatora
L.Fabaceae
Improvingeyesight,ind
ucingdiuresis,treating
gastrointestinaldisease
Food
,med
icinalbath
Seed
JH-240
5
Desmodium
multiflorum
DC.
Fabaceae
EMaHuang
Heatclearin
g,treatin
ginfantile
malnu
trition
Herbaltea
Flow
er,
branch
JH-144
3
Entada
phaseoloides
(L.)Merr.
Fabaceae
Niu
GuFeng
Treatin
grheumatism,nou
rishing
,promoting
bloo
dcirculation
Decoctio
nRattan
JH-143
4
Flem
ingiaph
ilippinensis
Merr.
etRo
lfeFabaceae
DiaoMa
Zhuang
Nou
rishing
Decoctio
nRo
otJH-012
2
Gleditsiasin
ensis
Lam.
Fabaceae
Skin
disease,elim
inatingph
legm
,ind
ucingdiuresis,expelling
parasite
Burnt,he
rbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Pod,
seed
,shoo
tthorn
JH-256
7
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 8 of 25
Table
1Inventoryof
med
icinalplantstraded
intheJiang
huamed
icinalmarket(Con
tinued)
Scientificname
Family
name
Localn
ame
Purposes
Usage
Partused
Vouche
rnu
mbe
rRI value
Indigofera
decora
Lind
l.var.
icha
ngensis
(Craib)Y.Y.Fang
&C.Z.Zhe
ng
Fabaceae
YeJueMing
Treatin
ghigh
fever
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Root
JH-080
3
Kummerow
iastriata
(Thu
nb.)
Schind
l.Fabaceae
Hon
gCha
ZiHeatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,
treatin
ggastrointestinaldisease
Med
icinalbath,
decoction
Who
leplant
JH-290
5
Lespedezacuneata(Dum
.Cou
rs.)G.D
onFabaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
improvingeyesight,treatinginfantile
malnu
trition
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-292
5
Millettia
dielsia
naHarms
Fabaceae
Xue
Feng
Treatin
grheumatism,relaxingtend
onsand
activatingcollaterals
Med
icinalbath
Stem
JH-036
3
Ohw
iacaudata(Thu
nb.)
H.Ohashi
Fabaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
treatin
grheumatism,
skin
disease
Med
icinalbath
Root,w
hole
plant
JH-274
4
Pithecellobium
clypearia
(Jack)Benth.
Fabaceae
ZaoGaZi
Treatin
grheumatism,skindisease
Med
icinalbath
Fruit
JH-110
3
Soph
oratonkinensis
Gagne
p.Fabaceae
TaoMaZh
uaHeatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
diminishing
inflammation,
relieving
pain,
Food
(stewingwith
meat),
med
icinalbath
Root
JH-124
5
Spatho
lobussuberectus
Dun
nFabaceae
JiuCen
gFeng
Prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,treatin
grheumatism
Food
(stewingsoup
),med
icinalbath
Stem
JH-054
4
Fagopyrum
acutatum
(Leh
m.)Mansf.ex
K.Ham
mer
Polygo
naceae
TieLeng
Jiao
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,
treatin
gcalculus
Externaluse,
decoction
Root,rhizome
JH-230
5
PolygalafallaxHem
sl.
Polygalaceae
Huang
JiGon
gNou
rishing
Food
(stewing
with
chicken)
Root
JH-031
2
Polygalajaponica
Hou
tt.
Polygalaceae
Resolvingph
legm
,heatclearin
gandde
toxifying
Herbaltea,
stew
ingsoup
Who
leplant
JH-037
4
Polygalatenu
ifolia
Willd.
Polygalaceae
Nou
rishing
,resolving
phlegm
,stren
gthe
ning
muscles
andbo
nes
Decoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Bark
JH-191
5
Polygonu
mhydropiperL.
Polygo
naceae
Liao
ZiCao
Treatin
grheumatism,d
etoxifying,
expe
lling
parasite,
elim
inatinginflammation
Med
icinalbath,
makingtin
cture
Who
leplant
JH-199
6
Polygonu
mperfoliatum
L.Po
lygo
naceae
SheBu
Guo
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
indu
cing
diuresis,treating
veno
mou
ssnakebite
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-084
4
Reynoutriamultiflora
(Thu
nb.)Molde
nke
Polygo
naceae
Nou
rishing
Decoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Tube
rJH-192
3
Rumex
acetosaL.
Polygo
naceae
Yang
TiGen
Skin
disease,he
atclearin
gandde
toxifying
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-044
3
Rumex
nepalensisSpreng
.Po
lygo
naceae
TuDaHuang
Relieving
pain,stopp
ingbleeding
Med
icinalbath
Root,leaf
JH-218
3
Agrim
oniapilosa
Lede
b.Ro
saceae
SaYao
Treatin
ggastrointestinaldisease,diminishing
inflammation,
stop
ping
bleeding
,treatinghe
atstroke
Med
icinalbath,
med
icine,he
rbaltea
Who
leplant
JH-098
7
Geum
aleppicum
Jacq.
Rosaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,heatclearin
g,relieving
pain
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-100
5
Potentilladiscolor
Bung
eRo
saceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
stop
ping
bleeding
,treating
Decoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-190
4
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 9 of 25
Table
1Inventoryof
med
icinalplantstraded
intheJiang
huamed
icinalmarket(Con
tinued)
Scientificname
Family
name
Localn
ame
Purposes
Usage
Partused
Vouche
rnu
mbe
rRI value
diabetes
Sang
uisorbaofficinalisL.
Rosaceae
XiGua
Xiang
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
stop
ping
bleeding
,relieving
pain
Decoctio
n,food
(stewingwith
water)
Root
JH-209
5
Fran
gulacrenata
(Siebo
ld&Zu
cc.)Miq.
Rham
naceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
expe
lling
parasite
Decoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-071
3
Rham
nusglobosaBu
nge
Rham
naceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
expe
lling
parasite
Decoctio
nFruit
JH-273
3
Sageretia
thea
(Osbeck)
M.C
.Joh
nst.
Rham
naceae
Dao
Ding
Feng
Elim
inatingph
legm
,skindisease,treatin
grheumatism
Decoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Aerialp
art
JH-198
5
Zelkovaserra
ta(Thu
nb.)Makino
Ulm
aceae
ShaLang
Shu
Treatin
ggastrointestinaldisease,skin
disease
Med
icinalbath
Bark,leaf
JH-014
3
Hum
ulus
scan
dens
(Lou
r.)Merr.
Cannabaceae
PiJiu
Hua
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
indu
cing
diuresis
Decoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-226
4
Ficuspumila
L.Moraceae
HeiPi
Feng
Nou
rishing
,treatingrheumatism
Herbaltea
Fruit
JH-002
3
Boehmerianivea(L.)Gaudich.
Urticaceae
Heatclearin
g,indu
cing
diuresis,stopp
ingbleeding
,no
urishing
Med
icinalbath,
decoction
Rhizom
e,leaf
JH-291
6
Parietaria
micrantha
Lede
b.Urticaceae
ShiQ
ianCao
Heatclearin
g,prom
otingdige
stHerbaltea
Who
leplant
JH-099
3
PileacavalerieiH
.Lév.
Urticaceae
AiJiaoCha
Relieving
coug
h,de
toxifying,
heat
clearin
gandde
toxifying,
relieving
pain
Herbaltea
Who
leplant
JH-194
3
Hem
sleya
macrosperma
C.Y.W
uCucurbitaceae
Shan
WuGui
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
treatin
ggastrointestinaldisease
Decoctio
nTube
rJH-283
3
Thladian
thadubiaBu
nge
Cucurbitaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,
relieving
coug
hDecoctio
nFruit,root
JH-187
4
Begoniacathayan
aHem
sl.
Bego
niaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,skin
disease,
traumaticinjury
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-015
5
Begoniafim
bristipulaHance
Bego
niaceae
SanXu
eZi
Treatin
gtraumaticinjury,relieving
coug
hExternaluse,
decoction
Corm
JH-063
4
CelastrusorbiculatusThun
b.Celastraceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
treatin
grheumatism
Med
icinalbath,
decoction
Fruit
JH-287
4
CelastruswilfordiiH
ook.f.
Celastraceae
Nan
She
Feng
Treatin
grheumatism
Med
icinalbath,
decoction
Who
leplant
JH-118
3
Euon
ymus
fortun
ei(Turcz.)
Hand.-M
azz.
Celastraceae
LuoShiTen
gRelaxing
tend
onsandactivatingcollaterals
Herbaltea,foo
d(m
akingsoup
)Stem
,leaf
JH-066
3
Hypericum
japonicum
Thun
b.Clusiaceae
Gua
ZiCao
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifyingprom
otingbloo
dcirculation,
treatin
ggastrointestinaldisease
Decoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-189
3
Hypericum
mon
ogynum
L.Clusiaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,relieving
coug
h,treatin
gstom
achache,
treatin
gtraumaticinjury
Herbaltea
Root
JH-140
5
Hypericum
sampson
iiHance
Clusiaceae
Treatin
ggyno
pathy,he
atclearin
gandde
toxifying,
relaxing
tend
ons
Herbaltea,
Who
leplant
JH-131
5
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 10 of 25
Table
1Inventoryof
med
icinalplantstraded
intheJiang
huamed
icinalmarket(Con
tinued)
Scientificname
Family
name
Localn
ame
Purposes
Usage
Partused
Vouche
rnu
mbe
rRI value
andactivatingcollaterals
med
icinalbath
ViolainconspicuaBlum
eViolaceae
LiTouCao
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,
traumaticinjury
Herbaltea
Who
leplant
JH-252
4
Croton
cong
estusLour.
Salicaceae
Treatin
grheumatism
Med
icinalbath,
fruit:food
Branch,leaf
JH-013
3
Bischo
fiapolycarpa
(H.Lév.)Airy
Shaw
Euph
orbiaceae
Stop
ping
bleeding
Med
icinalbath
Root,b
ark
JH-087
2
Glochidionpuberum
(L.)Hutch.
Euph
orbiaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
treatin
ggastrointestinal
disease,prom
otingbloo
dcirculation
Decoctio
nRo
otJH-091
4
Phyllanthu
surinariaL.
Phyllanthaceae
NiQ
iuCao
Improvingeyesight,heatclearin
g,prom
otingdige
stsystem
Decoctio
nWho
leplant,
root
JH-083
4
Combretum
indicum
(L.)DeFilipp
sCom
bretaceae
Prom
otingdige
st,expellingparasite
Food
Seed
JH-224
3
Lythrum
salicariaL.
Lythraceae
Hon
gSiCao
Treatin
ginfantile
malnu
trition
,stopp
ingbleeding
Decoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-148
3
Rotalarotund
ifolia
(Buch.
-Ham
.exRo
xb.)Ko
ehne
Lythraceae
Heatclearin
g,traumaticinjury,treatingsnakebite,
skin
disease
Decoctio
n,externaluse,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-272
7
Melastomadodecand
rum
Lour.
Melastomataceae
DiY
angmei
Treatin
ggastrointestinaldisease
Decoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-263
2
Mem
ecylon
scutellatum
(Lou
r.)Hoo
k.&Arn
Melastomataceae
Treatin
ghe
artdisease
Decoctio
nFlow
erJH-157
2
Osbeckiastellata
Buch.-
Ham
.exKerGaw
l.Melastomataceae
Dim
inishing
inflammation,treatin
ggastrointestinaldisease,
heat
clearin
g,stop
ping
bleeding
Decoctio
n,food
(stewingwith
meat)
Who
leplant,
root
JH-115
6
Stachyurus
chinensis
Franch.
Stachyuraceae
Treatin
ggyno
pathy,he
atclearin
g,urinarytractinfection,
indu
cing
diuresis
Decoctio
nStem
pith
JH-068
5
Acerpictum
Thun
b.Anacardiaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,
traumaticinjury
Decoctio
n,external
use,med
icinalbath
Stem
,leaf
JH-021
5
Rhus
chinensis
Mill.
Anacardiaceae
PenBai
Skin
disease
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Root,leaf
JH-258
3
Acronychiapedunculata
(L.)Miq.
Rutaceae
LaJiang
YeDetoxifying
Med
icinalbath
Root,leaf,
fruit
JH-052
2
Atalan
tiabuxifolia
(Poir.)
Oliv.
Rutaceae
LeiG
ongLe
Treatin
gcold,treatingrheumatism,treatingrespiratory
disease,treatin
ggastrointestinaldisease,traumaticinjury
Med
icinalbath
Root,leaf
JH-067
6
Citrus
trifoliata
L.Ru
taceae
Skin
disease
Med
icinalbath
Branches
and
leaves
JH-171
2
Toddaliaasiatica(L.)Lam.
Rutaceae
ZouXu
eFeng
Treatin
grheumatism,relieving
pain,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation
Med
icinalbath
Root,leaf
JH-249
4
Zantho
xylum
ailantho
ides
Sieb
old&Zu
cc.
Rutaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,relaxingtend
onsandactivating
collaterals
Makingsoup
Who
leplant
JH-279
3
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 11 of 25
Table
1Inventoryof
med
icinalplantstraded
intheJiang
huamed
icinalmarket(Con
tinued)
Scientificname
Family
name
Localn
ame
Purposes
Usage
Partused
Vouche
rnu
mbe
rRI value
Zantho
xylum
armatum
DC.
Rutaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,relaxingtend
onsandactivating
collaterals
Food
Who
leplant,
fruit
JH-259
3
Zantho
xylum
austrosin
ense
Huang
Rutaceae
Man
Shan
Xiang
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation
Med
icinalbath,
externaluse,
decoction
Fruit
JH-304
5
MeliaazedarachL.
Meliaceae
Expe
lling
parasite,skindisease
Decoctio
n,externaluse
Root,b
ark
JH-232
4
Sida
acutaBu
rm.f.
Malvaceae
Dim
inishing
inflammation,sterilizatio
nMed
icinalbath
Root,leaf
JH-207
3
Wikstroem
iaindica
(L.)C.
A.M
ey.
Thym
elaeaceae
TieGuShan
Skin
disease
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-129
2
Rorippa
indica
(L.)Hiern
Brassicaceae
MiG
ong
Stop
ping
bleeding
,traum
aticinjury,relieving
coug
h,skin
disease
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-092
6
Balano
phoraha
rland
iiHoo
k.f.
Balano
phoraceae
Traumaticinjury,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,treatin
ggyno
pathydisease
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-132
4
Taxilluschinensis
(DC.)
Danser
Loranthaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,nou
rishing
,stren
gthe
ning
muscles
andbo
nes,miscarriage
preven
tion
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-079
5
Viscum
articulatum
Burm
.f.Loranthaceae
Pang
XieJiao
Treatin
grheumatism,treatingrespiratory
disease,prom
oting
bloo
dcirculation
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Branch,leaf
JH-211
5
Viscum
diospyrosicola
Hayata
Loranthaceae
TaoJiShen
gTreatin
grheumatism,heatclearin
g,diminishing
inflammation,
relaxing
tend
ons
Decoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-111
6
Viscum
liquidambaricolaHayata
Loranthaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,relaxingtend
onsandactivating
collaterals,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,relieving
coug
hDecoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Branch,leaf
JH-107
6
Ceratostigmawillmottianu
mStapf
Plum
baginaceae
Treatin
ggyno
pathy,treatin
grheumatism,treatingrespiratory
disease
Med
icinalbath
Branches
and
leaves,roo
tJH-261
4
Plum
bago
zeylan
icaL.
Plum
baginaceae
BaiZ
iCao
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,expe
lling
parasite,d
etoxifying
Externaluse,
makingtin
cture
Who
leplant,
root
JH-065
6
Plum
bago
zeylan
icaL.
Plum
baginaceae
Men
gLao
Hu
Treatin
grheumatism,d
etoxifying,
prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,skin
disease
Med
icinalbath
Root,leaf
JH-175
4
Drosera
peltata
Thun
b.Droseraceae
DiM
ingZh
uTraumaticinjury,d
etoxifying
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-064
3
Achyranthesaspera
L.Amaranthaceae
BaiN
iuXi
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
treatin
grheumatism,
nourishing
,relieving
pain
Decoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-267
6
Achyranthesbidentata
Blum
eAmaranthaceae
TuNiu
XiNou
rishing
Decoctio
nRo
otJH-050
2
Achyrantheslong
ifolia
(Makino)
Makino
Amaranthaceae
Hon
gNiu
XiProm
otingbloo
dcirculation,indu
cing
diuresis
Food
Root
JH-227
3
Aervasang
uino
lenta(L.)Blum
eAmaranthaceae
Relieving
coug
h,traumaticinjury,stren
gthe
ning
muscles
andbo
nes,treatin
gdysentery,no
urishing
Med
icinalbath,
food
Root,flower
JH-078
7
Amaran
thus
spinosus
L.Amaranthaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-200
2
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 12 of 25
Table
1Inventoryof
med
icinalplantstraded
intheJiang
huamed
icinalmarket(Con
tinued)
Scientificname
Family
name
Localn
ame
Purposes
Usage
Partused
Vouche
rnu
mbe
rRI value
Phytolacca
acinosaRo
xb.
Phytolaccaceae
Traumaticinjury,skindisease
Root:externalu
se;
tend
erleaf
and
stem
:foo
d
Root
JH-112
4
Basella
alba
L.Basellaceae
Teng
SaQi
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
skin
disease
Decoctio
n,externaluse
Leaf,w
hole
plant
JH-119
4
Portulacaoleracea
L.Po
rtulacaceae
Gua
ZiCai
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
elim
inatingph
legm
Med
icinalbath,
herbaltea
Who
leplant
JH-007
4
Talinum
paniculatum
(Jacq.)Gaertn.
Portulacaceae
TuRenShen
Nou
rishing
,ind
ucingsaliva,de
toxifying
Food
Tube
rJH-301
4
Ardisia
affinisHem
sl.
Prim
ulaceae
Xiao
AiD
iCha
Prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,traumaticinjury
Decoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Root
JH-095
4
Ardisia
corymbifera
Mez
Prim
ulaceae
Traumaticinjury,treatingrheumatism
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-028
3
Ardisia
crenataSimsvar.
bicolor(E.W
alker)C.Y.W
u&C.C
hen
Prim
ulaceae
Zhen
Zhu
GaiLiang
San
Treatin
gtraumaticinjury,treatingrheumatism,treating
respiratory
disease
Food
,med
icinal
bath,herbaltea
Who
leplant
JH-254
6
Ardisia
cymosaBlum
ePrim
ulaceae
Prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,he
atclearin
g,diminishing
inflammation,stop
ping
bleeding
Decoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-001
5
Ardisia
gigantifolia
Stapf
Prim
ulaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,relieving
pain
Externaluse,
med
icinalbath
Rhizom
e,who
leplant
JH-170
5
Ardisia
japonica
(Thu
nb.)Blum
ePrim
ulaceae
XueFeng
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,skin
disease,treatin
gcold,relieving
coug
hHerbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant,
root
JH-121
7
Ardisia
pusillaA.D
C.
Prim
ulaceae
Relieving
pain,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,treatin
ggyno
pathy,treatin
gsnakebite,skindisease
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-225
6
Embelia
laeta(L.)Mez
Prim
ulaceae
ZhuanGuo
Hon
gTreatin
grheumatism
Med
icinalbath,
stew
ingsoup
Who
leplant
JH-048
3
Embelia
rudisHand.-M
azz.
Prim
ulaceae
Gou
She
Feng
Treatin
grheumatism,skindisease
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-004
4
Lysim
achiabarystachys
Bung
ePrim
ulaceae
Skin
disease,stop
ping
bleeding
Med
icinalbath,
externaluse
Who
leplant
JH-210
4
Plan
tago
asiaticaL.
Prim
ulaceae
MaGuaiC
aoHeatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
indu
cing
diuresis,elim
inating
phlegm
Herbaltea
Who
leplant
JH-018
4
Camellia
sinensis
(L.)Ku
ntze
Theaceae
Heatclearin
g,indu
cing
diuresis,relieving
coug
h,treatin
ghe
atstroke
Med
icinalbath,
herbaltea
Tend
erleaf
JH-020
6
Symplocos
paniculata
Miq.
Symplocaceae
Heatclearin
g,treatin
grheumatism
Med
icinalbath,
decoction
Stem
andleaf
JH-305
4
Gaultherialeucocarpa
var.
yunn
anensis
(Franch.)T
.Z.
Hsu
&R.C.Fang
Ericaceae
XiaShan
Hu
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,relaxing
tend
onsandactivatingcollaterals
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-082
4
EucommiaulmoidesOliv.
Eucommiaceae
Nou
rishing
,stren
gthe
ning
muscles
andbo
nes,miscarriage
preven
tion
Med
icinalbath
Bark
JH-205
4
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 13 of 25
Table
1Inventoryof
med
icinalplantstraded
intheJiang
huamed
icinalmarket(Con
tinued)
Scientificname
Family
name
Localn
ame
Purposes
Usage
Partused
Vouche
rnu
mbe
rRI value
Ceph
alan
thus
subspino
sns
(Roxb.)Ridsd.
etBakh.f.
Rubiaceae
Skin
disease
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-125
3
Dam
nacanthu
sgiganteus
(Makino)
Nakai
Rubiaceae
XiuHua
Zhen
Nou
rishing
,stopp
ingbleeding
Herbaltea,
decoction
Who
leplant
JH-302
4
Dam
nacanthu
sindicus
C.F.G
aertn.
Rubiaceae
XiuHua
Zhen
Treatin
ginfantile
malnu
trition
,nou
rishing
,relieving
pain,
treatin
gcold,treatinghe
patitis
Herbaltea,foo
d(m
akingsoup
)Who
leplant
JH-234
7
Hedyotis
auriculariaL.
Rubiaceae
Huang
Shao
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
treatin
ggastrointestinal
disease,relieving
coug
h,treatin
gcold,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,skin
disease,snakebite
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Leaf
JH-206
9
Paederiascan
dens
(Lou
r.)Merr.
Rubiaceae
JiShiTen
gTreatin
grheumatism,p
romotingdige
st,heatclearin
gandde
toxifying
Med
icinalbath,
herbaltea,de
coction
Who
leplant
JH-074
6
Serissa
serissoides
(DC.)
Druce
Rubiaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
relaxing
tend
onsandactivatingcollaterals
Decoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-051
5
Uncariarhynchophylla
(Miq.)
Miq.exHavil.
Rubiaceae
Ying
Zhao
Feng
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation
Med
icinalbath
Branch,leaf
JH-038
3
Adenium
obesum
(Forssk.)
Roem
.&Schu
lt.Apo
cynaceae
Treatin
ggastrointestinaldisease,treatin
ggyno
pathy
Externaluse
Flow
erJH-268
3
Anodendron
affine(Hoo
k.&Arn.)Druce
Apo
cynaceae
Treatin
grheumatism
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-158
2
Cyna
nchu
mauriculatum
Royleex
Wight
Apo
cynaceae
Niu
PiDon
gSkin
disease
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-176
3
Cyna
nchu
mpaniculatum
(Bun
ge)Kitag.
Apo
cynaceae
XuChang
Qin
Heatclearin
g,diminishing
inflammation,relieving
coug
hHerbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-278
5
Dischidiaaustralis
Tsiang
etP.T.Li
Apo
cynaceae
Treatin
grespiratory
disease,skin
disease,diminishing
inflammation,treatin
garthritis
Herbaltea
Who
leplant
JH-127
5
Dischidiachinensis
Champ.
exBenth.
Apo
cynaceae
ShiX
inZi
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
redu
cing
phlegm
,treating
infantile
malnu
trition
Food
(stewingwith
meat)
Who
leplant
JH-139
4
Marsdeniasin
ensis
Hem
sl.
Apo
cynaceae
JiuNiu
Teng
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,
treatin
ghe
atstroke
Decoctio
nStem
JH-151
4
Trachelospermum
jasm
inoides
(Lindl.)Lem.
Apo
cynaceae
Guo
Qiang
Feng
Treatin
grheumatism
Decoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-045
3
ArgyreiaacutaLour.
Con
volvulaceae
Skin
disease
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-177
2
Cuscutachinensis
Lam.
Con
volvulaceae
Nou
rishing
Herbaltea,foo
dSeed
JH-286
3
Dicho
ndra
repens
J.R.
Forst.&G.Forst.
Con
volvulaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
expe
lling
parasite
Decoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-270
3
Petrocodon
dealbatus
var.dealbatus
Gesne
riaceae
BeiFen
gFei
Yang
Relieving
coug
hDecoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-237
2
Buddlejalindleyan
aFortun
eScroph
ulariaceae
Yang
WeiBa
Skin
disease,treatin
gskin
itch
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-086
3
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 14 of 25
Table
1Inventoryof
med
icinalplantstraded
intheJiang
huamed
icinalmarket(Con
tinued)
Scientificname
Family
name
Localn
ame
Purposes
Usage
Partused
Vouche
rnu
mbe
rRI value
Andrograph
ispaniculata
(Burm.f.)Nees
Acanthaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
elim
inatinginflammation
Herbaltea
Who
leplant
JH-141
3
Campsisgran
diflora
(Thu
nb.)
K.Schu
m.
Bign
oniaceae
Hon
gHua
Dao
Shui
Lian
Traumaticinjury
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-034
3
Raderm
achera
sinica
(Hance)Hem
sl.
Bign
oniaceae
Heatclearin
g,treatin
gveno
mou
ssnakebite,sterilization
Externaluse(leaf),
med
icinalbath
Root,leaf,
fruit,branch
JH-009
5
Callicarpapedunculata
R.Br.
Verben
aceae
Skin
disease
Med
icinalbath
Stem
,leaf
JH-160
2
Clerodendrum
chinense
(Osbeck)Mabb.
Verben
aceae
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,relieving
pain,heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
improvingdige
stion
Herbaltea
Root,leaf,
who
leplant
JH-164
6
VerbenaofficinalisL.
Verben
aceae
TieMaBian
Treatin
grheumatism,treatingveno
mou
ssnakebite,heat
clearin
g,prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,elim
inating
inflammation
Decoctio
n,external
use,med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-135
8
Vitexnegund
oL.
Verben
aceae
Huang
JinZi
Nou
rishing
,relieving
coug
h,redu
cing
phlegm
Med
icinalbath,foo
d(stewingwith
meat)
Who
leplant
JH-248
5
Clerodendrum
cyrtophyllum
Turcz.
Lamiaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
treatin
grheumatism
Decoctio
n,med
icinal
bath
Root,leaf
JH-142
4
Leon
urus
japonicusHou
tt.
Lamiaceae
Hon
gHua
Ai
Heatclearin
gHerbaltea,m
edicinal
bath,m
akingsoup
Who
leplant
JH-075
3
LycopuslucidusTurcz.ex
Benth.
Lamiaceae
Treatin
grheumatism
Decoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-033
2
Menthacana
densisL.
Lamiaceae
Treatin
gcold,skindisease
Food
(stewing
with
meat),
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-117
4
Moslachinensis
Maxim
.Lamiaceae
Xiao
YeSuo
Cao
Preven
tinghe
atstroke,m
osqu
itoes
repe
lling
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-019
4
Perillafru
tescens(L.)Britton
Lamiaceae
Detoxifying,
treatin
grespiratory
disease,treatin
gcold,
invigo
ratin
gstom
ach
Med
icinalbath,
food
(stir-fry)
Stem
,leaf,
fruit
JH-023
5
Pogostem
onauricularius(L.)
Hassk.
Lamiaceae
Yejiwei
Heatclearin
g,cleaning
thewou
ndDecoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-239
3
Prun
ellavulgarisL.
Lamiaceae
Improvingeyesight,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation
Herbaltea
Fruitcluster,
flower
JH-179
3
Scutellaria
barbataD.D
onLamiaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
indu
cing
diuresis,
treatin
gcold
Decoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-042
3
Stachysgeobom
bycisC.Y.W
uLamiaceae
Detoxifying,
treatin
ggastrointestinaldisease,traumaticinjury,
skin
disease
Food
Who
leplant,
rhizom
eJH-228
4
Codono
psisjavanica
(Blume)
Hoo
k.f.&Thom
son
Cam
panu
laceae
NaiShen
Treatin
ggastrointestinaldisease,no
urishing
,relieving
coug
h,treatin
ggyno
pathy,treatin
ginfantile
malnu
trition
Food
(stewing
with
meat)
Root
JH-154
6
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 15 of 25
Table
1Inventoryof
med
icinalplantstraded
intheJiang
huamed
icinalmarket(Con
tinued)
Scientificname
Family
name
Localn
ame
Purposes
Usage
Partused
Vouche
rnu
mbe
rRI value
Codono
psislanceolata
(Siebo
ld&Zu
cc.)Benth.&Hoo
k.f.
exTrautv.
Cam
panu
laceae
Yang
RuTonic
Food
(coo
king
with
meat)
2
Ilexasprella
(Hoo
k.&Arn.)
Champ.
exBenth.var.asprella
Aqu
ifoliaceae
Che
ngXing
Shu
Prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,clearin
ghe
atHerbaltea,
decoction,
med
icinalbath
Leaf,roo
tJH-303
5
Ilexchinensis
Sims
Aqu
ifoliaceae
Sterilizatio
n,prom
otingbloo
dcirculation
Leaf:m
edicinalbath;
seed
:makingtin
cture,
decoction;bark:
decoction
Bark,leaf,
root,seed
JH-182
6
Achilleamillefolium
L.Asteraceae
Suan
Ming
Cao
Treatin
grheumatism,traum
aticinjury,treatinggyno
pathy,
snakebite
Externaluse,
decoction,
med
icinalbath
Leaf,flower
JH-016
7
Ageratum
conyzoides
L.Asteraceae
BaiH
uaCao
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
diminishing
inflammation,
stop
ping
bleeding
Externaluse
Who
leplant
JH-257
4
Artemisiaan
nuaL.
Asteraceae
QingHao
Treatin
gmalaria,skindisease
Med
icinalbath
Branches
and
leaves
JH-238
3
ArtemisiaargyiH
.Lév.&
Vaniot
Asteraceae
YeAi
Skin
disease,treatin
ggyno
pathy
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-005
4
Artemisiacapillaris
Thun
b.Asteraceae
Treatin
ggastrointestinaldisease,diminishing
inflammation
Med
icinalbath,
decoction
Tend
ershoo
t,tend
erleaf
JH-062
4
ArtemisiadubiaWall.ex
Bess.
Asteraceae
Treatin
grheumatism,heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
diminishing
inflammation,expe
lling
parasite
Decoctio
n,external
use,med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-156
7
Artemisiaprinceps
Pamp.
Asteraceae
Treatin
grheumatism,nou
rishing
,treatinggyno
pathy,
diminishing
inflammation,stop
ping
bleeding
Decoctio
nLeaf
JH-245
6
Asterindicusvar.indicus
(L.)Sch.-Bip.
Asteraceae
JiYo
uCai
Heatclearin
g,relieving
coug
hHerbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-188
4
Astertataricus
L.f.
Asteraceae
JiYo
uCha
Heatclearin
gHerbaltea
Root
JH-003
2
Centipedaminima(L.)A.
Braun&Asch.
Asteraceae
EBu
ShiC
aoTreatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,
elim
inatinginflammation
Decoctio
n,external
use,med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-162
6
Cirsium
japonicum
(Thu
nb.)
Fisch.ex
DC.
Asteraceae
Shan
LuoBo
Nou
rishing
,treatinggyno
pathy,prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,
stop
ping
bleeding
,elim
inatinginflammation
Decoctio
n,external
use,med
icinalbath
Who
leplant,
root
JH-215
8
Eupatorium
chinense
L.Asteraceae
Treatin
grheumatism
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-150
2
Farfu
gium
japonicum
(L.)Kitam.
Asteraceae
Treatin
ggyno
pathy,traumaticinjury,relieving
coug
hDecoctio
n,external
use,med
icinalbath
Root
JH-280
6
Gerbera
anan
dria(L.)Sch.-Bip.
Asteraceae
PuDiLing
Treatin
ghe
patitis
Decoctio
n,Who
leplant
JH-255
2
Gerbera
piloselloides
(L.)Cass.
Asteraceae
PuDiG
enHeatclearin
g,diminishing
inflammation,treatin
ginfantile
malnu
trition
Decoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-223
5
Glebion
islavand
ulifolium
(Fisch.
Asteraceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying
Herbaltea,
Who
leplant
JH-166
3
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 16 of 25
Table
1Inventoryof
med
icinalplantstraded
intheJiang
huamed
icinalmarket(Con
tinued)
Scientificname
Family
name
Localn
ame
Purposes
Usage
Partused
Vouche
rnu
mbe
rRI value
exTrautv.)Ling
&Shih
med
icinalbath
Glebion
ismorifolium
(Ram
at.)Tzne
l.Asteraceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
treatin
grheumatism,
improvingeyesight
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Flow
erJH-047
5
Grang
eamaderaspatana
(L.)Po
ir.Asteraceae
Gua
ZiCao
Heatclearin
g,treatin
gincisedwou
ndExternaluse,
herbaltea
Who
leplant
JH-201
4
Gynurajaponica
(Thu
nb.)Juel
Asteraceae
Treatin
gdiabetes,treatinginfantile
malnu
trition
,traum
atic
injury
Decoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-137
4
Helianthu
san
nuus
L.Asteraceae
Treatin
grheumatism
Med
icinalbath
Flow
erJH-152
2
Inulacappa(Buch.-Ham
.ex
D.Don
)DC.
Asteraceae
BaiM
ian
Feng
Treatin
grheumatism,relieving
pain,relieving
coug
h,treatin
gcold,elim
inatingph
legm
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-169
6
Inulajaponica
Thun
b.Asteraceae
Treatin
ginfantile
malnu
trition
Decoctio
nRo
ot,leaf,
flower
JH-172
2
Senecioscan
dens
Buch.-
Ham
.exD.D
onAsteraceae
JiuLiGuang
Skin
disease,im
provingeyesight,heatclearin
gand
detoxifying
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-076
5
Viburnum
odoratissimum
Ker
Gaw
l.Ado
xaceae
JianGuFeng
Treatin
grheumaticarthritis,traum
aticinjury
Herbaltea,foo
d,med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-035
4
Lonicera
acum
inataWall.
Caprifoliaceae
Yinhu
aSkin
disease
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-186
2
Lonicera
confusa(Sweet)DC.
Caprifoliaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying
Decoctio
nFlow
er,stem,
leaf
JH-149
2
Lonicera
hypoglauca
Miq.
Caprifoliaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
prom
otingbloo
dcirculation
Med
icinalbath
Flow
erbu
d,stem
JH-022
3
Lonicera
japonica
Thun
b.Caprifoliaceae
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
prom
otingbloo
dcirculation
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Stem
JH-085
4
Lonicera
reticulataChamp.
Caprifoliaceae
Yinhu
aSkin
disease
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-104
2
Pittosporum
glabratum
Lind
l.Pittospo
raceae
TieLiangSan
Treatin
gsteamingbo
neHerbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Seed
,skin
JH-173
3
Dendropan
axdentigerus
(Harms)Merr.
Araliaceae
YinYang
Feng
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
treatin
grheumatism,skin
disease,relieving
pain
Med
icinalbath
Root,b
ark
JH-293
5
Eleutherococcusno
diflorus
(Dun
n)S.Y.Hu
Araliaceae
WuGuGou
Nou
rishing
Food
(stewing
with
chicken
andsoybean)
Root
JH-145
2
Eleutherococcussenticosus
(Rup
r.&Maxim
.)Maxim
.Araliaceae
WuJia
PiNou
rishing
Med
icinalbath
Leaf,roo
tbark,stem
JH-288
2
Gam
blea
ciliata
var.evodiifolia
(Franch.)C.B.Shang
,Low
ry&Frod
in
Araliaceae
WuZh
aoFeng
Treatin
grheumatism
Decoct,
med
icinalbath
Rhizom
eJH-102
3
Hederasin
ensis
(Tob
ler)
Hand.-M
azz.
Araliaceae
SanJiao
Feng
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
treatin
grheumatism,
nourishing
,relieving
pain
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-010
5
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 17 of 25
Table
1Inventoryof
med
icinalplantstraded
intheJiang
huamed
icinalmarket(Con
tinued)
Scientificname
Family
name
Localn
ame
Purposes
Usage
Partused
Vouche
rnu
mbe
rRI value
Heteropan
axfra
gran
s(Roxb.)Seem
.Araliaceae
YaJiaoFeng
Treatin
grheumatism
Herbaltea,foo
d(m
akingsoup
)Bark,stem
pith
JH-220
3
Kalopana
xseptem
lobus
(Thu
nb.)Ko
idz
Araliaceae
Shan
KuDi
Feng
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,relieving
pain,traum
aticinjury
Med
icinalbath
Bark,stem
JH-094
5
Pana
xjaponicus(T.N
ees)
C.A
.Mey.
Araliaceae
Nou
rishing
,elim
inatingph
legm
,stopp
ingbleeding
,relieving
pain
Decoctio
nRh
izom
eJH-244
5
Scheffleraheptaphylla
(L.)Frod
inAraliaceae
YaJiaoFeng
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
treatin
grheumatism,skin
disease,relaxing
tend
onsandactivatingcollaterals
Decoctio
nLeaf,b
ark
JH-081
5
Bupleurum
chinense
DC.
Apiaceae
TuChaiH
uDim
inishing
inflammation,he
atclearin
g,treatin
gcold,
treatin
gfever
Herbaltea
Root
JH-030
5
Cryptotaeniajaponica
Hassk.
Apiaceae
Shui
Qin
Cai
Prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,skin
disease,treatin
grespiratory
disease
Food
,med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-203
5
Hydrocotylesib
thorpioidesLam.
Apiaceae
Heatclearin
g,prom
otingdige
st,treatinginfantile
malnu
trition
Food
,herbaltea,
makingsoup
Who
leplant
JH-060
6
Peucedan
umguan
gxiense
R.H.Shan&M.L.She
hApiaceae
Treatin
gcold,treatingrheumatism
Decoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Root
JH-024
4
Saniculachinensis
Bung
eApiaceae
Shan
Qin
Cai
Relieving
coug
h,treatin
ggastrointestinaldisease,he
atclearin
g,diminishing
inflammation
Herbaltea
Who
leplant
JH-025
5
Pinu
smassonian
aLamb.
Pinaceae
Treatin
grheumatism,relaxingtend
onsandactivatingcollaterals
Med
icinalbath
Branches
and
leaves
JH-212
3
Pteridop
hyta
Huperziaserrata(Thu
nb.)Trevis
Hup
erziaceae
QianCen
gTa
Prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,stop
ping
bleeding
,relieving
pain,treatingsenilede
men
tia,traum
aticinjury
Externaluse
Who
leplant
JH-049
6
Dipha
siastrum
complan
atum
(L.)Holub
Lycopo
diaceae
Song
JinCao
Traumaticinjury,treatingrheumatism
Med
icinalbath,
decoction
Who
leplant
JH-297
4
Lycopodium
japonicum
Thun
b.Lycopo
diaceae
Shen
gJin
Cao
Treatin
grheumatism,relaxingtend
onsandactivating
collaterals
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-136
3
Phlegm
ariurusfargesii
(Herter)Ching
Lycopo
diaceae
Traumaticinjury,treatingrheumatism
Med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-039
3
Equisetum
arvenseL.
Equisetaceae
JieJie
Cao
Stop
ping
bleeding
Decoctio
n,externaluse
Who
leplant
JH-289
3
Equisetum
ramosissimum
subsp.
debile(Roxb.
exVauche
r)Hauke
Equisetaceae
Improvingeyesight,ind
ucingdiuresis
Decoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-197
4
Angiopteris
fokiensis
Hieron.
Ang
iopteridaceae
Xiao
MaTi
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
prom
otingbloo
dcirculation,
relieving
pain
Decoctio
n,externaluse
Rhizom
eJH-222
5
Lygodium
japonicum
(Thu
nb.)Sw
.Lygo
diaceae
TieXian
Cao
Indu
cing
diuresis,treatingcalculus,treatingrheumatism
Med
icinalbath;
decoction
Spore,who
leplant
JH-216
5
Lygodium
scan
dens
(L.)Sw
.Lygo
diaceae
Heatclearin
g,indu
cing
diuresis,relieving
pain
Spore:de
coction;
med
icinalbath
Spore,who
leplant
JH-204
6
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 18 of 25
Table
1Inventoryof
med
icinalplantstraded
intheJiang
huamed
icinalmarket(Con
tinued)
Scientificname
Family
name
Localn
ame
Purposes
Usage
Partused
Vouche
rnu
mbe
rRI value
Cibotium
barometz(L.)J.Sm
.Dickson
iaceae
JinGou
ZiStop
ping
bleeding
Externaluse
Hair
JH-299
2
Alsoph
ilaspinulosa(W
all.
exHoo
k.)Tryon
Cyatheaceae
Long
Gu
Feng
Treatin
grheumatism,p
romotingbloo
dcirculation,
streng
then
ingmuscles
andbo
nes
Med
icinalbath
Stem
JH-229
4
PterismultifidaPo
ir.Pteridaceae
Feng
Wei
Cao
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
traumaticinjury,treating
gastrointestinaldisease
Root:externalu
se;
food
;med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-008
6
Aleuritopteris
argentea
(Gmel.)
Fée
Sino
pteridaceae
Huo
Shao
Cao
Treatin
ggyno
pathy,no
urishing
,treatingem
pyrosis
Externaluse
Who
leplant
JH-250
4
Davallia
mariesii
T.Moo
reex
Baker
Davalliaceae
Traumaticinjury
Externaluse
Rhizom
eJH-073
2
Lepidogram
mitisdrym
oglossoides
(Baker)Ching
Polypo
diaceae
PaShan
Hu
Heatclearin
gandde
toxifying,
indu
cing
diuresis,stopp
ing
bleeding
Decoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-057
4
Lepidogram
mitisrostrata
(Bed
d.)Ching
Polypo
diaceae
BaoShuLian
Treatin
ginfantile
malnu
trition
,promotingdige
stMakingsoup
Who
leplant
JH-105
3
Lepisorusthun
bergianu
s(Kaulf.)Ching
Polypo
diaceae
Heatclearin
g,indu
cing
diuresis,relieving
coug
hDecoctio
nWho
leplant
JH-116
4
Microsorum
fortun
ei(T.M
oore)
Ching
Polypo
diaceae
QiX
ingJian
Treatin
grheumatism
Herbaltea,
med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-059
3
Pyrrosialingua(Thu
nb.)Farw
.Po
lypo
diaceae
Traumaticinjury
Med
icinalbath,
externaluse
Leaf
JH-056
3
Pseudodrynariacorona
ns(W
all.ex
Mett.)
Ching
Drynariaceae
BiShan
Hu
Treatin
grheumatism,nou
rishing
,relaxingtend
onsand
activatingcollaterals,traum
aticinjury
Decoctio
n,med
icinalbath
Rhizom
eJH-183
6
Lichen
es
Usnea
diffracta
Vain
Usneaceae
Song
JinTeng
Treatin
grheumatism
Herbaltea,
food
,med
icinalbath
Who
leplant
JH-147
4
Theorde
rof
plan
tspeciesin
thistableisfollowed
bytheAPG
IVsystem
,gym
nospermsclassificationsystem
(197
8),and
Qinrencha
ngfern
plan
tclassificationsystem
(197
8)
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 19 of 25
a 900-year history of clinical use in China. Some Ardisiaspecies are common ingredients of traditional Chinesemedicine formulas and Chinese folk medicines, includingall the Ardisia species identified in the Jianghua medicinalmarket.Compared to the previous study by Liu [15] 15 years ago,
the plant species number recorded in the current study hasalmost tripled, which indicates that the medicinal market inJianghua has grown considerably. This change seems to bein paradox to the loss of traditional knowledge under theimpact of rapid economic development. One of the reasonsfor the increase in plant diversity in the marketplace mightbe the improved transportation and living conditions in re-mote areas, which makes collection easier and helps to fa-cilitate communication among different ethnic people andthus enhances the marketplace experience. On the con-trary, elder informants (> 50 years old) could provide Yaonames (Table 1) to only 173 plant species (56%). The localpeople used Mandarin Chinese instead of the Yao languageto identify many of the medicinal plants in this survey. Thisphenomenon might partially reflect the gradual disappear-ance of the local medicine-associated knowledge. It couldalso be the result of merging of different medicinal culturefrom different groups of people. The Yao language, as aspoken language without traditional characters, can only bememorized and transmitted by humans; this might also ex-plain the loss of local Yao language which leads to the lackof Yao names of medicinal plants.
Plant parts used as medicineThe statistics of using parts of medicinal plants traded inthe market are summarized (Table 2). Using whole plants isthe most frequent method with 140 species, while usingroots is the second one with 67 species. Using plant leaves(48 species) and stems (33 species) are less common. Nor-mally, the local people traded leafed branches to use in me-dicinal baths according to our observations. The localpeople prefer to use fresh medicinal plants, and thus, theaerial parts of the plants were more abundant than roots inthe marketplace.Regarding the plant parts used with their modality cat-
egories, (1) medicinal baths are the most common modality
used by the Yao people which mostly use the leaves and thebranches; (2) the reasons for using root, fruit, and flowerswere quite diverse, including almost all modality categories;(3) most of the rhizomes were used for medicine, taking me-dicinal baths, or making herbal teas.Most of the seeds from six species in total are edible.
For example, the seeds of Ilex chinensis can be used forbrewing. The seeds of some species like Cuscuta chinen-sis, Gleditsia sinensis, and Pittosporum glabratum can beused to make tea. The seeds of Combretum indicum,Cuscuta chinensis, and Senna tora can be cooked withother ingredients into a dish.
Medicinal uses of plantsThe medicinal uses of plants traded in the market are alsovarious, with 27 types (Table 1). The top ten therapeuticmedicinal uses are listed in Table 3. These ten medicinaluses reflect the most frequent physical ailments closely at-tributed to local climate, environment, and the type ofwork [20].Most local Yao people living in humid and highland areas
are engaged in heavy physical work for a living throughoutthe year [15], and thus, it is not surprising that rheumatismis the number one disorder in local communities. Remark-ably, almost one third of the species (106) can be used totreat rheumatism. The cold and skin diseases are also com-mon ailments in such an environment. Herbal medicine forskin diseases and relieving cough are important and fre-quently used. According to traditional Yao medicinal the-ory, a cold and humid environment will cause the closureof pores. The heat inside the human body cannot be ex-creted out on time, and thus, the balance of yin and yangwill be broken and cause sickness. In order to solve thisproblem, local people use many different herbs to clearinner heat (33.7%) or detoxification (26.8%, relieving in-ternal heat or fever). Moreover, it is much easier to have in-juries when doing heavy physical work in mountainousenvironment. Herbal medicinal plants for treating
Table 2 The used parts of medicinal plants traded in themarket in Jianghua
Plant part Records Percentage Plant part Records Percentage
Root 67 21.9 Fruit 18 5.9
Stem(branches)
33 10.8 Seed 6 2.0
Leaf 48 15.7 Rhizome 27 8.8
Stem pith 3 1.0 Bark 14 4.6
Flower 14 4.6 Wholeplant
140 45.8
Table 3 The top ten medicinal uses of medicinal plants in theYao marketplace in Jianghua
Medicinaluses
Records Percentage Medicinaluses
Records Percentage
Treatingrheumatism
106 34.6 Nourishing 45 14.7
Clearing heat 103 33.7 Treatingtraumaticinjury
39 12.8
Detoxification 82 26.8 Relievingpain
33 10.8
Promotingbloodcirculation
57 18.6 Relievingcough
33 10.8
Treating skindiseases
45 14.7 Stoppingbleeding
26 8.5
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 20 of 25
traumatic injury, relieving pain, and stopping bleeding com-prise a large part of the medicinal market. Herbs for nour-ishing and promoting blood circulation also comprise alarge part of the market because they can effectively helplocal people to recover from injuries.Yao medicine is renowned for being good at treating
rheumatism and gynecological diseases [21]. One of ourformer studies found that red-headed Yao women like touse herbs like Aeschynanthus bracteatus, Celosia argen-tea, and Sabia fasciculata to make decoctions for medi-cinal baths so that they can return to farming work assoon as a week after giving birth [22]. Those herbs arebelieved to have very good anti-inflammatory and toniceffectiveness by local people. In the present study, nomedicinal plant was mentioned for postpartum recoveryor gynecological diseases by local people. Most of theherbs for nourishment or pain relief like Amomum villo-sum, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Vitex negundo, andSaururus chinensis are regarded to be good for womenaccording to local people.
Modalities of medicinal plantsEight categories of modalities of medicinal plants about themarket were recorded. About 60% of plant species wereused for medicinal baths, making it the most common trad-itional medicinal modality. Medicinal baths are a character-istic custom for the Yao ethnic group. When having amedicinal bath, the skin, as the largest human organ, canbe fully exposed to the medicinal bath water so that certainmedicinally useful molecules can be absorbed that way [23,24]. The heat of the water can also stimulate the blood ca-pillaries and lymph vessels to expand and promote bloodcirculation and metabolism [23, 24]. There are many aro-matic plants used in medicinal baths like Gaultheria leuco-carpa var. yunnanensis. The heat of the bath water canaccelerate the volatile molecules to evaporate from medi-cinal plants, which can be absorbed by breathing and alsostrengthen the effectiveness of medicine [4].Based on our investigation, one or more species of medi-
cinal plants are typically immersed in hot water for bathing.The Yao people do not have settled formulas and preciseamounts of medicinal plants for these baths. They usuallyput the plants with similar pharmacological efficacy to-gether to enhance their effects. These Yao formulas havenot been well studied scientifically, and side effects are notwell documented. Therefore, further phytochemical,pharmacological, and clinical tests are needed to determinethe safety and efficacy of these traditional practices [4].Besides medicinal baths, other modality categories of
medicinal plants include decoctions, teas, food and spices,tinctures, crushed or burnt, and externally applied. Decoc-tions are the second most common modality category(Table 4) with 106 species (34.6%). It is also one of themost common ways that traditional Chinese medicines
are used. People usually use water to decoct the medicinalplant for a long time and finally take the decoction to treatcertain illnesses. Making herbal tea and cooking is thethird (79 spp., 25.8%) and fourth (44 spp., 14.4%) process-ing methods, respectively. It is noteworthy that the greatmajority of medicinal plants for food are used for infantmalnutrition. More than 10% of the medicinal species areexternally applied which is mostly for treating traumaticinjuries. Local people usually crush these herbs and puton the wound to stop bleeding, diminish inflammation, re-lieve pain, and accelerate recovery.Seeds of Gleditsia sinensis can be used incinerated
to treat skin diseases like itching (it can also be usedby decoction and medicinal bath). Several studiesrevealed that the chemical constituents extracted fromGleditsia sinensis showed good anti-bacterial, anti-al-lergy, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative bioac-tivities [25–27]. The incineration process is unique:the local people typically use a flame to burn the Gle-ditsia sinensis seeds. Then, they hold a steel knife andmake sure the blade is on the top of both the flameand the seeds to collect the soot, and it will be scrapedoff the blade and painted on the afflicted part of thepatient. Besides the Yao people in Hunan Province, theDong people in Guangxi Region also use this incinerationmethod to treat illnesses. According to our previous studyon the medicinal market in Guangxi Province (unpub-lished), the Dong people use the same method to incineratecertain poisonous plants like the root of Alangium chinense,the whole herb of Macleaya cordata, and the root of Trip-terygium wilfordii. This method is thought to detoxify thesepoisonous plants, according to some Dong practitioners.
Frequency of occurrence and RI index of some medicinalplantsThe frequency of occurrence of each medicinal herb wasrecorded. This frequency signifies how many stalls sold aparticular medicinal plant species. Some plant specieswere more frequently found than others (Fig. 2). Mostspecies are used for clearing the inner heat and treatingrheumatism. These results (Fig. 2) suggest that (1) theplants are widely distributed in local habitats and may berelatively easier to access; (2) the plants may have com-paratively better effectiveness than the others so that they
Table 4 The modality of medicinal plants in the market inJianghua
Modality Records Percentage Modality Records Percentage
Medicinalbath
179 58.5 Externaluse
36 11.8
Decoction 106 34.6 Tincture 11 3.6
Tea 79 25.8 Spice 2 –
Food 44 14.4 Burnt 1 –
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 21 of 25
are more popular among local communities; and (3) innerheat and rheumatism are common problems for localpeople confirming the result from Table 3. High demandsfor those herbs and their effectiveness might be the majorreasons leading to the high frequency of occurrence aboutthe medicinal market.The relative importance index is used to reflect the
comprehensive utilization value [19]. The species withRI index greater than 0.4 are listed in Table 5. The mo-dality types of these species are more various than other
species. Most of them are edible and may be cooked asfood and made into herbal tea or medicinal tincture.This character of being both edible and therapeutic indi-cated that these plants (Table 5) might be safer tohumans with fewer side effects. Another reason for therelatively high RI index is that those species are easilyacquired in local habitats and thereby make them more.The species themselves are locally widespread. For ex-ample, Hedyotis auricularia, Cirsium japonicum, andVerbena officinalis can be easily found on the roadsides
Fig. 2 The frequency of occurrence of some medicinal plants in Jianghua County
Table 5 The medicinal plants with higher RI
Name Medicinal effectiveness type Modalities RI
Cirsium japonicum (Thunb.) Fisch. ex DC. Nourishing, treating gynopathy, promoting bloodcirculation, stopping bleeding, eliminating inflammation
Decoction, external use,medicinal bath
0.49
Verbena officinalis L. Treating rheumatism, treating venomous snake bite, heatclearing, promoting blood circulation,eliminating inflammation
Decoction, external use,medicinal bath
0.49
Achillea millefolium L. Treating rheumatism, traumatic injury, treating gynopathy,snake bite
External use; decoctionwater; medicinal bath
0.47
Rotala rotundifolia (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.)Koehne
Heat clearing, traumatic injury, treating snake bite, skin disease Decoction, external use,medicinal bath
0.47
Pterospermum heterophyllum Hance Treating rheumatism, relaxing tendons and activating collaterals,relieving pain, treating arthritis,
Herbal tea, medicinal bath,food (stew with chicken)
0.47
Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb Treating gastrointestinal disease, diminishing inflammation,stopping bleeding, treating heatstroke
Medicinal bath, medicine,herbal tea
0.47
Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Bess. Treating rheumatism, heat clearing and detoxifying,diminishing inflammation, expelling parasite
Decoction, external use,medicinal bath
0.47
Hedyotis auricularia L. Heat clearing and detoxifying, treating gastrointestinaldisease, relieving cough, treating cold, promoting bloodcirculation, skin disease, snake bite
Herbal tea, medicinal bath 0.40
Achillea millefolium L. Treating rheumatism, traumatic injury, treating gynopathy, snakebite
External use, decoctionwater, medicinal bath
0.47
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 22 of 25
and in the fields. Gleditsia sinensis, Damnacanthus indi-cus, and Ardisia japonica often appear in both wild andhome gardens according to our observations. Accordingto our interviews, almost everyone, including both ven-dors and local residents, can distinguish these species(Table 5). These species listed in Table 5 have high valuein use with good potential for future development.
Demographics of vendorsMost vendors are Yao mountain people, and they can ac-cess many wild medicinal plants easily. However, in mostcases, only elder vendors can speak the Yao language whilethe younger generation only speaks Mandarin Chinese orother local dialects because of the education and culturalfusion brought by the rapidly changing society and vigorousconstruction in the rural area. The age and gender of ven-dors have been recorded and analyzed (Table 6). The agerange for vendors was 22–83 years old. The number ofvendors older than 50 years old accounts for about 70%among all vendors. Those between 50 and 59 are the mostwith 90 (32.6%) people. The age composition for all ven-dors is slightly aging, but there are still many younger ven-dors, especially in 30–49 years old. Vendors younger than30 years old are only 12 people (4.4%). This age compos-ition reflects the succession problem of local traditionalknowledge of Yao medicinal plants.As for the gender structure of the vendors, the number
of men and women older than 50 years old is about equal.But under 50 years old, the number of men is twice thenumber of women. It is probably because that women dedi-cate themselves to housework, childcare, keeping livestock,and farmyard management while the men more commonlycollect wild medicinal herbs in the high mountains. The in-terviews with the young vendors also showed that collect-ing the wild medicinal plants and selling them wereconsidered only a temporary job. Much of the work collect-ing plants is done by the older generation and sold by theyoungers who have other steady jobs. It was also found thatthe medicinal plants sold by elder vendors generallyshowed more botanical diversity but were gathered in rela-tively smaller amounts, while the plants sold by youngervendors were less diverse botanically but in larger amounts.These differences indicated that elder vendors master moretraditional medicinal knowledge than younger vendors
while younger vendors have more energy to search largerareas to collect larger amounts of wild medicinal plants. Allthese research findings suggest that the local traditional Yaomedicine-associated knowledge is gradually decreasing.The medicinal market in the Dragon Boat Festival in Jian-
ghua is in a relatively large-scale venue with 269 stalls orvendors according to our investigations. Such a big trad-itional medicinal market appears at present time withwell-developed Western medicine indicating that localpeople have a rich traditional knowledge of herbal medicineand depend upon it. However, most of the medicinal plantsare not expensive, and the profit margin is slim. The factthat the vendors are still willing to come even if it is hardto collect the plants and time consuming suggests that theybelieve this is not only just for obtaining income but alsofollowing their tradition and even a way to celebrate thebirthday of the Yao Medicinal Lord. As for the buyers, al-most everyone in each age group knows a lot about medi-cinal plants. It demonstrates that the traditional knowledgeof medicinal plants is widespread in the Yao community.The speed of the disappearance of related traditional know-ledge gets much slower which is closely due to the medi-cinal markets in festival days which have played a great roleof knowledge sharing in local community.
Conservation of Yao medicinal knowledgeThe traditional knowledge of Yao medicine is apparentlydecreasing. For instance, local people only have medicinalbaths on the important festivals including the DragonBoat Festival, the Double Ninth Festival, and the PanwangFestival nowadays. But they used to take a medicinal bathonce a day in the past, according to local people. Less fre-quent practices will partially make it harder to keep suchknowledge. The demographics of vendors and the incom-plete vernacular names of medicinal plants also reflectedthis truth on other aspects. Even though a modern writingsystem of Yao language has been created, most of the Yaopeople in Jianghua still prefer spoken tradition since theyreceive Mandarin education beginning in primary school.The lack of a widely adopted writing system of the Yaolanguage is a vulnerability for knowledge transfer [28].As for the conservation of Jianghua traditional medi-
cinal knowledge, the biggest challenge is apparently theshortage of professional personnel. One problem is thatthe Yao youth do not know enough about traditional Yaomedicine and they are not confident about it [16]. By theimpact of modern Western medicine, some local peopleprefer to use faster and more precise methods instead oftheir own traditional practices [29]. In addition, althoughthe old masters of Yao medicine are dying out, the youngpeople are not willing to study it or make it as a livelihoodbecause it is not enough for feeding the family [15]. Now-adays, the Chinese government has recognized ethnomed-icine and published a series of policies to support their
Table 6 The demographics of vendors
20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 70–79 > 80 Total
A M W M W M W M W M W M W M W
B 8 4 20 8 24 14 44 46 16 28 32 32 0 2 276
C 12 28 36 90 44 64 2 276
D 4.35 10.14 13.04 32.61 15.94 23.19 0.73 100%
A ganders, B number of people, C number of people in different age groups,D percentages
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 23 of 25
protection and development after the foundation of thewhole country [30, 31]. However, it is still urgent to culti-vate more professional talents in the field of ethnomedi-cine by issuing more preferential policies and funds. It isnecessary and helpful to normalize Yao doctors, tosystemize the Yao medicinal theory, and to publish accom-panying textbooks as well as other academic books.The conservation of local medicinal plant resources is
also quite important especially the conservation of rareand endangered plant species. The maintaining of the bio-diversity is the material insurance for the development ofrelative traditional knowledge. Some endangered plantspecies were observed being traded about the Jianghuamedicinal market like Cibotium barometz, Alsophila spi-nulosa, Dendrobium officinale, and Semiliquidambarcathayensis [32]. The stem and bark area of Semiliqui-dambar cathayensis is a very popular and effective trad-itional medicine for rheumatism locally. According to oursurveys, the trading volume of Semiliquidambar cath-ayensis stem is large, and this plant material was all col-lected from the wild. Large-scale collection of plantresources will damage the local biodiversity and finallyaffect the stability of the local ecosystem.The medicinal market in the Dragon Boat Festival in
Jianghua County is a significant cultural event. Using itsfame to develop tourism and attract businesses and in-vestment may bring considerable money, but extremecare must be taken not to do any harm to local biodiver-sity and cultural diversity [33, 34].In such a beneficial environment with the support by
the government, it is an opportunity for local govern-ment agencies to improve better development of the me-dicinal market. Based on this investigation and others,the local government should consider protecting and de-veloping the medicinal market to provide a better envir-onment for vendors and buyers. The training of youngpersonnel will strongly support the sustainable develop-ment of Yao medicine. In the meanwhile, the local gov-ernment can also support the practitioners to exploitrelated by-products and apply for patents, even combin-ing with poverty alleviation. Additionally, the local bio-diversity and biological resources especially someendangered species should be protected by issuing con-servation regulations or laws and by popularizing thegreen and sustainable awareness among local people.
ConclusionThe herbal medicinal market is an important trad-itional activity celebrating the Dragon Boat Festival inJianghua County, China. The formation and develop-ment of this special market is not only closely involvedwith local social history, but also local natural envir-onment. As an herb trading site, this market plays an
important role in the local community for medicinalknowledge exchange and heritage.The result of our study showed the rich taxonomic di-
versity of medicinal plants and the diversity of their medi-cinal parts, medicinal uses, and modality categories. Basedon our investigations, 306 species (belonging to 113 fam-ilies and 249 genera) were recorded. The taxonomic distri-bution of those medicinal herbs clearly demonstrates thetaxonomic diversity of the marketplaces. The whole plantshave been used most frequently. Treating rheumatism andclearing inner heat are the most frequent symptoms ad-dressed by these local healers. Medicinal baths are a spe-cial tradition in Jianghua County and account for themost common modality of the medicinal herbs. It is im-portant to use modern scientific methods to verify thesafety and efficacy of these traditional practices.Although our analysis of the vendors reflected the pre-
dicament of losing traditional knowledge, some results arestill promising like the species richness at the medicinalmarket, the local popularity of medicinal plant use, andthe positive attitude to the traditional Yao medicine bylocal youths. These positive phenomena are associatedwith the medicinal market in some level, and it might pro-vide a valuable reference for other places to sustainablydevelop local traditional medicine. The cultivation of rele-vant talents and maintaining the local biodiversity may beviable solutions to further develop traditional Yao medi-cine in Jianghua. Based on this investigation, and takingmodern Yao culture into consideration, some proposalsfor improved construction, the protection of the medicinalmarket on the Dragon Boat Festival, and the traditionalmedicinal knowledge have been made.
AcknowledgementsWe are very grateful to the local people in Jianghua County, Hunan Province,who have provided valuable information about the medicinal plants inthe medicinal market.
FundingThis work was supported by the Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (MinzuUniversity of China) of the Ministry of Education of China (KLEM-ZZ201806),National Natural Science Foundation of China (31870316, 31761143001, and31161140345), Minzu University of China (Collaborative Innovation Center forEthnic Minority Development and YLDXXK201819), and Ministry of Educationof China and State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of China(B08044).
Availability of data and materialsAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this publishedarticle and its supplementary information files.
Authors’ contributionsLCL conceived of and designed the study. LCL, LYJ, LB, LBS, LSZ, ZBX, LCR,LY, and GZY conducted data collection. LBS and ZLH integrated theinventory and its analysis. LCL, LCR, LY, and LB identified the plants. LBS andLYJ wrote the manuscript. EJK edited the English and provided helpfulcomments as well. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participateNot applicable.
Luo et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:61 Page 24 of 25
Consent for publicationNot applicable.
Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s NoteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims inpublished maps and institutional affiliations.
Author details1Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry ofEducation, Beijing 100081, China. 2College of Life and EnvironmentalSciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China. 3Key Laboratory ofModern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education,Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China. 4Guangxi Institute ofBotany, Guangxi Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006,China. 5Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York 10468,USA. 6Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming650201, China.
Received: 9 May 2018 Accepted: 12 September 2018
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