Www.cdc.gov | Contact CDC at: 1-800-CDC-INFO or The findings and conclusions in this report are...
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www.cdc.gov | Contact CDC at: 1-800-CDC-INFO or www.cdc.gov/info The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influences of Preparedness Knowledge and Beliefs on Household Disaster Preparedness Tracy N. Thomas, MSc, MPH; Michelle Leander-Griffith, MPH; Victoria Harp; and Joan P. Cioffi, PhD Office Of Public Health Preparedness and Response, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia RESULTS Ready CDC Participant Demographics (n=439) Aged ≥45 years (63%) Female (64%) Part of a couple, unmarried or married (73%) BACKGROUND Despite efforts by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and other organizations to educate U.S. residents on becoming prepared, growth in specific preparedness behaviors has been limited (FEMA, 2012). In 2012, only 52% of U.S. residents surveyed by FEMA reported having supplies for a disaster (FEMA, 2012), a decline from 57% who reported having such supplies in 2009 (FEMA, 2009). It is believed that knowledge influences behavior, and that attitudes and beliefs, which are correlated with knowledge, might also influence behavior (4). Understanding the influences of knowledge and beliefs on household disaster preparedness might provide an opportunity to inform messages promoting household preparedness. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine influences of knowledge and beliefs on personal and household disaster preparedness. METHODS Covariates Outcomes Master’s degree or higher (67%) Owned their home (85%) No disaster deployment experience (54%) Abbreviations: CPR= cardiopulmonary resuscitation. NOAA=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; SE=Standard Error; * Logistic regression estimates are adjusted for gender and disaster deployment experience. † Participant classified as having Sufficient knowledge if reported awareness of all of the following: need to assemble an emergency kit, need to develop a written household disaster plan, disasters likely to occur in county of residence, meaning of outdoor warning sirens in county of residence, where to sign-up for free CPR and first-aid training; otherwise, classified as Less sufficient knowledge. Significant differences are determined by p<0.050, shown in bold. CONCLUSIONS What are the implications for public health practice? Public information campaigns and education programs focusing on increasing perceptions of self-efficacy and the mitigating effects of preparedness behaviors and encouraging social connectedness might improve household preparedness. Understanding how knowledge and beliefs are related to household preparedness might inform the design and imple mentation of more effective emergency preparedness messaging and risk communication strategies, resulting in increased disaster household preparedness behaviors. What is added by this work? Among CDC employees participating in the Ready CDC household preparedness behavioral intervention, reported household and community preparedness behaviors, including having an emergency kit and encouraging neighbors to be personally prepared, were higher among participants with advanced preparedness knowledge than among participants with basic preparedness knowledge. Belief in the ability to prepare for a disaster by assembling an emergency kit and developing a written disaster plan and belief that preparing mitigates the harmful effects of a disaster were more correlated with personal preparedness adoption behaviors than was the perception of being at risk for experiencing a disaster. Preparedness messaging and campaigns might be less effective if preparedness knowledge and self-efficacy and preparedness beliefs are not addressed. TABLE 2. Preparednessbeliefsand reported m easuresofhousehold preparednessam ong public health staff─ R eady C D C ,2013-2014 H ousehold PreparednessM easures Risk perception beliefs* ___________________________ Preparednessbeliefs † ___________________________ Self-efficacy beliefs § ___________________________ Less Strong N =225 % (SE) Strong N =214 % (SE) P-value Less Strong N=62/101 ¶ % (SE) Strong N=372/332 ¶ % (SE) P-value Less Strong N=63/95** % (SE) Strong N=369/339** % (SE) P-value Em ergency K itPreparedness Possession orm aintenance ofan assem bled em ergency ki t Possession ofspecific kititem s: 3-day watersupply 3-day food supply Copiesofpersonaldocuments Flashlightorhead lam p 7-day supply ofm edications Fam ily and em ergency contactinform ation NO A A battery-powered orhand-crank radio M ulti-purpose tool Cash Whistle Extra batteries Em ergency blanket First-aid kit Sanitation and personalhygiene item s Cellphone with chargers M ap(s)ofarea H ousehold D isaster Plan Preparedness Possession orm aintenance ofa written disasterplan Ifhave plan,practiced the written disasterplan C om m unity Planning Preparedness Receive em ergency alertnotificationsfrom county Encourage friendsand neighborsto be personally prepared Personally and/orsom eone in household trained in CPR Personally and/orsom eone in household trained in FirstAid 21 (3.0) 41 (3.0) 55 (3.0) 59 (3.0) 87 (2.0) 65 (3.0) 54 (3.0) 44 (3.0) 64 (3.0) 43 (3.0) 32 (3.0) 62 (3.0) 48 (3.0) 64 (3.0) 66 (3.0) 81 (3.0) 23 (3.0) 5 (1.0) 90 (9.0) 46 (3.0) 44 (3.0) 70 (3.0) 67 (3.0) 30 (3.0) 42 (3.0) 54 (3.0) 50 (3.0) 88 (2.0) 63 (3.0) 57 (3.0) 48 (3.0) 63 (3.0) 39 (3.0) 32 (3.0) 68 (3.0) 49 (3.0) 67 (3.0) 62 (3.0) 79 (3.0) 27 (3.0) 7 (2.0) 56 (12.0) 49 (4.0) 51 (3.0) 78 (3.0) 68 (3.0) 0.041 0.957 0.923 0.070 0.602 0.621 0.558 0.387 0.767 0.413 0.964 0.192 0.824 0.474 0.375 0.617 0.336 0.264 0.097 0.508 0.168 0.068 0.751 14 (4.0) 32 (6.0) 49 (7.0) 47 (6.0) 87 (4.0) 62 (6.0) 51 (7.0) 39 (7.0) 63 (6.0) 33 (6.0) 34 (6.0) 61 (6.0) 44 (6.0) 60 (6.0) 69 (6.0) 79 (5.0) 14 (4.0) 1 (1.0) 50 (24.0) N/A N/A N/A N/A 26 (2.0) 43 (3.0) 56 (3.0) 56 (3.0) 88 (2.0) 65 (3.0) 56 (3.0) 48 (3.0) 65 (3.0) 43 (3.0) 31 (3.0) 66 (3.0) 50 (3.0) 67 (3.0) 64 (3.0) 81 (2.0) 25 (2.0) 8 (1.0) 72 (9.0) N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.048 0.109 0.339 0.185 0.791 0.650 0.480 0.248 0.742 0.169 0.667 0.431 0.406 0.280 0.486 0.764 0.057 0.042 <0.0001 N/A N/A N/A N/A 8 (3.0) 18 (5.0) 29 (6.0) 45 (6.0) 69 (6.0) 53 (6.0) 44 (6.0) 28 (6.0) 46 (6.0) 28 (6.0) 20 (5.0) 48 (6.0) 32 (6.0) 55 (6.0) 56 (6.0) 70 (6.0) 12 (4.0) 0 (2.0) --- N/A N/A N/A N/A 29 (2.0) 46 (3.0) 59 (3.0) 56 (3.0) 91 (1.0) 65 (3.0) 57 (3.0) 50 (3.0) 68 (2.0) 44 (3.0) 35 (3.0) 69 (2.0) 53 (3.0) 67 (2.0) 66 (2.0) 82 (2.0) 27 (2.0) 8 (1.0) --- N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.001 0.001 <0.001 0.085 <0.001 0.070 0.046 0.002 0.002 0.020 0.024 0.003 0.004 0.066 0.130 0.022 0.017 <0.001 --- N/A N/A N/A N/A Abbreviations: CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation; NOAA = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; SE = standard error. * Participants classified as having strong risk perception beliefs if reported on a 7-point Likert scale “somewhat agree,” “agree,” or “strongly agree” to 1) believing they are at risk for experiencing a disaster and 2) a potential disaster is likely serious; otherwise, classified as having weak beliefs. Logistic regression estimates given are unadjusted. † Participants classified as having strong preparedness beliefs reported on a 7-point Likert scale “somewhat agree,” “agree,” or “strongly agree” believing that assembling a kit/having a written emergency plan will mitigate the harmful effects of a disaster; otherwise, classified as having weak beliefs. Assessed reported measures of kit preparedness by kit preparedness beliefs; estimates adjusted for age and education. Assessed family disaster plan preparedness by plan preparedness beliefs; estimates unadjusted. § Participants classified as having strong self-efficacy beliefs reported on a 7-point Likert scale “somewhat agree,” “agree,” or “strongly agree” believing they are easily able to assemble an emergency kit/develop a written emergency plan; otherwise, classified as having weak beliefs. Assessed reported measures of kit preparedness by kit self-efficacy beliefs; estimates adjusted for having older adults aged >65 years in home. Assessed disaster plan preparedness by disaster plan self-efficacy beliefs; estimates unadjusted. ¶ Weak beliefs: kit preparedness belief, n = 62 and plan preparedness belief, n = 101; strong beliefs: kit preparedness belief, n = 372 and plan preparedness belief, n = 332. ** Weak beliefs: kit self-efficacy belief, n = 63 and plan self-efficacy belief, n = 95; strong beliefs: kit self-efficacy belief, n = 369 and plan self-efficacy belief, n = 339. Significant differences are defined by p<0.050, shown in bold. TA BLE 1. Preparednessknow ledge and reported m easuresofhousehold preparednessam ong CD C staff — Ready CDC, 2013–2015* Household preparednessm easures Preparednessknow ledge level † Basic (n = 316) % (SE) Advanced (n = 123) % (SE) p-value Em ergency kitpreparedness Possession orm aintenance ofan assem bled em ergency kit 17 (2.0) 44 (1.0) <0.001 Possession ofspecifickititem s 3-dayw atersupply 37 (3.0) 53 (5.0) 0.003 3-dayfood supply 49 (3.0) 70 (4.0) 0.001 Copiesofpersonal docum ents 50 (3.0) 69 (4.0) 0.001 Flashlightorhead lam p 85 (2.0) 98 (1.0) 0.002 7-daysupplyofmedications 62 (3.0) 70 (4.0) 0.114 Fam ilyand em ergency contactinform ation 51 (3.0) 66 (4.0) 0.006 NOAA battery-pow ered orhand-crank radio 41 (3.0) 63 (5.0) 0.003 M ultipurpose tool 58 (3.0) 83 (4.0) <0.001 Cash 37 (3.0) 52 (4.0) 0.005 Whistle 27 (3.0) 45 (5.0) 0.001 Extra batteries 60 (3.0) 84 (3.0) <0.001 Em ergencyblanket 42 (3.0) 67 (5.0) <0.001 Firstaid kit 59 (3.0) 84 (3.0) <0.001 Sanitation and personal hygiene item s 58 (3.0) 79 (4.0) 0.001 Cell phone w ith chargers 78 (2.0) 91 (3.0) 0.004 M ap(s)ofarea 22 (2.0) 30 (4.0) 0.069 Household disasterplan preparedness Possession orm aintenance ofa w ritten disasterplan 4 (1.0) 9 (3.0) 0.06 Ifhave plan, practiced the w ritten disasterplan 54 (14.0) 85 (11.0) 0.13 Com m unity planning preparedness Receive em ergencyalertnotificationsfrom county 41 (3.0) 63 (5.0) 0.002 Encourage friendsand neighborsto be personally prepared 40 (3.0) 65 (5.0) <0.001 Personally and/orsom eone in household trained in CPR 71 (3.0) 84 (3.0) 0.008 Personally and/orsom eone in household trained in firstaid 64 (3.0) 81 (4.0) 0.002
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Transcript of Www.cdc.gov | Contact CDC at: 1-800-CDC-INFO or The findings and conclusions in this report are...
www.cdc.gov | Contact CDC at: 1-800-CDC-INFO or www.cdc.gov/infoThe findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Influences of Preparedness Knowledge and Beliefs on Household Disaster PreparednessTracy N. Thomas, MSc, MPH; Michelle Leander-Griffith, MPH; Victoria Harp; and Joan P. Cioffi, PhD
Office Of Public Health Preparedness and Response, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
RESULTSReady CDC Participant Demographics (n=439)Aged ≥45 years (63%)Female (64%)Part of a couple, unmarried or married (73%)
BACKGROUND
Despite efforts by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and other organizations to educate U.S. residents on becoming prepared, growth in specific preparedness behaviors has been limited (FEMA, 2012). In 2012, only 52% of U.S. residents surveyed by FEMA reported having supplies for a disaster (FEMA, 2012), a decline from 57% who reported having such supplies in 2009 (FEMA, 2009).
It is believed that knowledge influences behavior, and that attitudes and beliefs, which are correlated with knowledge, might also influence behavior (4). Understanding the influences of knowledge and beliefs on household disaster preparedness might provide an opportunity to inform messages promoting household preparedness.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study is to determine influences of knowledge and beliefs on personal and household disaster preparedness.
METHODSCovariates
Outcomes
Master’s degree or higher (67%)Owned their home (85%)No disaster deployment experience (54%)
TABLE 1. Preparedness knowledge and reported measures of household preparedness among CDC staff — Ready CDC, 2013–2015* Household preparedness measures Preparedness knowledge level†
Basic (n = 316) % (SE)
Advanced (n = 123) % (SE)
p-value
Emergency kit preparedness Possession or maintenance of an assembled emergency kit 17 (2.0) 44 (1.0) <0.001 Possession of specific kit items 3-day water supply 37 (3.0) 53 (5.0) 0.003 3-day food supply 49 (3.0) 70 (4.0) 0.001 Copies of personal documents 50 (3.0) 69 (4.0) 0.001 Flashlight or head lamp 85 (2.0) 98 (1.0) 0.002 7-day supply of medications 62 (3.0) 70 (4.0) 0.114 Family and emergency contact information 51 (3.0) 66 (4.0) 0.006 NOAA battery-powered or hand-crank radio 41 (3.0) 63 (5.0) 0.003 Multipurpose tool 58 (3.0) 83 (4.0) <0.001 Cash 37 (3.0) 52 (4.0) 0.005 Whistle 27 (3.0) 45 (5.0) 0.001 Extra batteries 60 (3.0) 84 (3.0) <0.001 Emergency blanket 42 (3.0) 67 (5.0) <0.001 First aid kit 59 (3.0) 84 (3.0) <0.001 Sanitation and personal hygiene items 58 (3.0) 79 (4.0) 0.001 Cell phone with chargers 78 (2.0) 91 (3.0) 0.004 Map(s) of area 22 (2.0) 30 (4.0) 0.069 Household disaster plan preparedness Possession or maintenance of a written disaster plan 4 (1.0) 9 (3.0) 0.06 If have plan, practiced the written disaster plan 54 (14.0) 85 (11.0) 0.13 Community planning preparedness Receive emergency alert notifications from county 41 (3.0) 63 (5.0) 0.002 Encourage friends and neighbors to be personally prepared 40 (3.0) 65 (5.0) <0.001 Personally and/or someone in household trained in CPR 71 (3.0) 84 (3.0) 0.008 Personally and/or someone in household trained in first aid 64 (3.0) 81 (4.0) 0.002
Abbreviations: CPR= cardiopulmonary resuscitation. NOAA=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;SE=Standard Error; * Logistic regression estimates are adjusted for gender and disaster deployment experience. † Participant classified as having Sufficient knowledge if reported awareness of all of the following: need to assemble an emergency kit, need to develop a written household disaster plan, disasters likely to occur in county of residence, meaning of outdoor warning sirens in county of residence, where to sign-up for free CPR and first-aid training; otherwise, classified as Less sufficient knowledge. Significant differences are determined by p<0.050, shown in bold.
CONCLUSIONS
What are the implications for public health practice? Public information campaigns and education programs focusing on increasing perceptions of self-efficacy and the mitigating effects of preparedness behaviors and encouraging social connectedness might improve household preparedness. Understanding how knowledge and beliefs are related to household preparedness might inform the design and imple mentation of more effective emergency preparedness messag ing and risk communication strategies, resulting in increased disaster household preparedness behaviors.
What is added by this work? Among CDC employees participating in the Ready CDC household preparedness behavioral intervention, reported household and community preparedness behaviors, including having an emergency kit and encouraging neighbors to be personally prepared, were higher among participants with advanced preparedness knowledge than among participants with basic preparedness knowledge. Belief in the ability to prepare for a disaster by assembling an emergency kit and developing a written disaster plan and belief that preparing mitigates the harmful effects of a disaster were more correlated with personal preparedness adoption behaviors than was the perception of being at risk for experiencing a disaster. Preparedness messaging and campaigns might be less effective if preparedness knowledge and self-efficacy and preparedness beliefs are not addressed.
TABLE 2. Preparedness beliefs and reported measures of household preparedness among public health staff ─ Ready CDC, 2013-2014
Household Preparedness Measures
Risk perception beliefs*
___________________________
Preparedness beliefs†
___________________________
Self-efficacy beliefs§
___________________________
Less Strong N=225
% (SE)
Strong
N=214
% (SE)
P-value Less Strong
N=62/101¶
% (SE)
Strong N=372/332¶
% (SE)
P-value Less Strong
N=63/95**
% (SE)
Strong N=369/339**
% (SE)
P-value
Emergency Kit Preparedness Possession or maintenance of an assembled emergency kit
Possession of specific kit items: 3-day water supply 3-day food supply
Copies of personal documents
Flashlight or head lamp
7-day supply of medications
Family and emergency contact information
NOAA battery-powered or hand-crank radio Multi-purpose tool Cash Whistle
Extra batteries
Emergency blanket
First-aid kit
Sanitation and personal hygiene items
Cell phone with chargers
Map(s) of area
Household Disaster Plan Preparedness Possession or maintenance of a written disaster plan
If have plan, practiced the written disaster plan Community Planning Preparedness Receive emergency alert notifications from county Encourage friends and neighbors to be personally prepared
Personally and/or someone in household trained in CPR
Personally and/or someone in household trained in First Aid
21 (3.0)
41 (3.0) 55 (3.0) 59 (3.0) 87 (2.0) 65 (3.0) 54 (3.0) 44 (3.0) 64 (3.0) 43 (3.0) 32 (3.0) 62 (3.0) 48 (3.0) 64 (3.0) 66 (3.0) 81 (3.0) 23 (3.0)
5 (1.0) 90 (9.0)
46 (3.0) 44 (3.0) 70 (3.0) 67 (3.0)
30 (3.0)
42 (3.0) 54 (3.0) 50 (3.0) 88 (2.0) 63 (3.0) 57 (3.0) 48 (3.0) 63 (3.0) 39 (3.0) 32 (3.0) 68 (3.0) 49 (3.0) 67 (3.0) 62 (3.0) 79 (3.0) 27 (3.0)
7 (2.0) 56 (12.0)
49 (4.0) 51 (3.0) 78 (3.0) 68 (3.0)
0.041
0.957 0.923 0.070 0.602 0.621 0.558 0.387 0.767 0.413 0.964 0.192 0.824 0.474 0.375 0.617 0.336
0.264 0.097
0.508 0.168 0.068 0.751
14 (4.0)
32 (6.0) 49 (7.0) 47 (6.0) 87 (4.0) 62 (6.0) 51 (7.0) 39 (7.0) 63 (6.0) 33 (6.0) 34 (6.0) 61 (6.0) 44 (6.0) 60 (6.0) 69 (6.0) 79 (5.0) 14 (4.0)
1 (1.0) 50 (24.0)
N/A N/A N/A N/A
26 (2.0)
43 (3.0) 56 (3.0) 56 (3.0) 88 (2.0) 65 (3.0) 56 (3.0) 48 (3.0) 65 (3.0) 43 (3.0) 31 (3.0) 66 (3.0) 50 (3.0) 67 (3.0) 64 (3.0) 81 (2.0) 25 (2.0)
8 (1.0) 72 (9.0)
N/A N/A N/A N/A
0.048
0.109 0.339 0.185 0.791 0.650 0.480 0.248 0.742 0.169 0.667 0.431 0.406 0.280 0.486 0.764 0.057
0.042 <0.0001
N/A N/A N/A N/A
8 (3.0)
18 (5.0) 29 (6.0) 45 (6.0) 69 (6.0) 53 (6.0) 44 (6.0) 28 (6.0) 46 (6.0) 28 (6.0) 20 (5.0) 48 (6.0) 32 (6.0) 55 (6.0) 56 (6.0) 70 (6.0) 12 (4.0)
0 (2.0) ---
N/A N/A N/A N/A
29 (2.0)
46 (3.0) 59 (3.0) 56 (3.0) 91 (1.0) 65 (3.0) 57 (3.0) 50 (3.0) 68 (2.0) 44 (3.0) 35 (3.0) 69 (2.0) 53 (3.0) 67 (2.0) 66 (2.0) 82 (2.0) 27 (2.0)
8 (1.0) ---
N/A N/A N/A N/A
0.001
0.001
<0.001 0.085
<0.001 0.070 0.046 0.002 0.002 0.020 0.024 0.003 0.004 0.066 0.130 0.022 0.017
<0.001 ---
N/A N/A N/A N/A
Abbreviations: CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation; NOAA = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; SE = standard error.* Participants classified as having strong risk perception beliefs if reported on a 7-point Likert scale “somewhat agree,” “agree,” or “strongly agree” to 1) believing they are at risk for experiencing a disaster and 2) a potential disaster is likely serious; otherwise, classified as having weak beliefs. Logistic regression estimates given are unadjusted.† Participants classified as having strong preparedness beliefs reported on a 7-point Likert scale “somewhat agree,” “agree,” or “strongly agree” believing that assembling a kit/having a written emergency plan will mitigate the harmful effects of a disaster; otherwise, classified as having weak beliefs. Assessed reported measures of kit preparedness by kit preparedness beliefs; estimates adjusted for age and education. Assessed family disaster plan preparedness by plan preparedness beliefs; estimates unadjusted.§ Participants classified as having strong self-efficacy beliefs reported on a 7-point Likert scale “somewhat agree,” “agree,” or “strongly agree” believing they are easily able to assemble an emergency kit/develop a written emergency plan; otherwise, classified as having weak beliefs. Assessed reported measures of kit preparedness by kit self-efficacy beliefs; estimates adjusted for having older adults aged >65 years in home. Assessed disaster plan preparedness by disaster plan self-efficacy beliefs; estimates unadjusted.¶ Weak beliefs: kit preparedness belief, n = 62 and plan preparedness belief, n = 101; strong beliefs: kit preparedness belief, n = 372 and plan preparedness belief, n = 332. ** Weak beliefs: kit self-efficacy belief, n = 63 and plan self-efficacy belief, n = 95; strong beliefs: kit self-efficacy belief, n = 369 and plan self-efficacy belief, n = 339. Significant differences are defined by p<0.050, shown in bold.
