WW1 and Interwar period (135_143)

8/3/2019 WW1 and Interwar period (135_143)

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The Great

WarWorld

WarI


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The Outbreak of War 28 June 1914-

shot dead ofArchduke FranzFerdinand, heir

to the Austro-Hungarianthrone (while

travelling in anopen-topped car)


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Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria


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Gavrilo Prinzip, a Bosnian Serb citizen of

Austria-Hungary and member of the

Young Bosnia killed him.


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Gavrilo Prinzip


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The political objective of the

assassination was to break Austria-Hungary's south-Slav provinces off sothey could be combined into a Greater

Serbia or a Yugoslavia.


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The assassins belonged to the movement

called Young Bosnia (or Black Hand).

Serbian military officers stood behind the

attack.


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Gavrilo Prinzip said during his trial that

"I am a Yugoslav nationalist and I believe inunification of all South Slavs in whatever

form of state and that it be free of Austria"


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But

Prinzip confessed thatthe guns were given by

agents of the Serb

Goverment. This theory is nowadays

support by all the

historians. Austria-Hungary

acusses Serbia of the

assasination.


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On 23 July 1914, an ultimatum was sentto Serbia with ten demands.

Some were extreme.

Serbia rejected the sixth demand


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25th July, supported by Russia, The Serbgoverment rejected Austrian Police to

investigate the murder in the Serb territory.


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AH 10 points ultimatum

S refuses it

R mobilises troops to help S


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G declares war on F. Schlieffen Plan

Belgium neutral

B orders G to draw away G refuses

Britain declares war on G

AH declares war on R


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Diplomatic

relations are nowblocked.


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28 of July1914.

Begining of the

War


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Triple Alliance

Austria-Hungary

Bulgaria.

German Empire.

Otoman Empire.


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Casualties and Losses

Central Powers Military

Death:4.386.000Wounded: 8.388.000

Missing:3.629.000


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Allied (Triple Entente) France

Belgium

Great Britain

Italy

Russian Empire

USA

Servia

Japan

Rumania

Greece Portugal


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Casualties and Losses Military.Death:5.520.000

Wounded:12.831.000Missing:4.121.000


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Civil Casualties Germany 760.000

Austria-Hungary 300.000

Belgium 30.000 Great Britain 31.000

Bulgaria 275.000

France 40.000 Greece 132.000

Rumania 275.000

Russia 10.000.000

Serbia 650.000 Turkey 1.000.000


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Colonial french soldier and his

hygiene equipment


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German soldier and hishand grenade


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Winter Horseshoes


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French grenades and parachute-

bomb


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Periods of WW1


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Movements phase (1914)


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The Schlieffen Plan Prepared by Count von Schlieffen since 1905. Germans had to fight France and Russia

Two fronts at once


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It didnt work for 3 reasons Belgium refused to let

German army throughto attack France

G enter B by force

R was ready for warquicker than Gexpected

G sent valuabletroops to East


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Neither

armycould winin

Mons

Marne

Ypres


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Trench Warfare

1915-1917


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Stalemate (=deadlock) in the West This war was

different forthe generaland the

soldiers

Deadlock in

the trenches


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f


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New weapons had better for

defense than attack


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Trenchlinenowadays


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Verdun memorial

Th fi l b ttl diff t f t


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The final battles on different fronts

(1917-1918) At sea

In the air In the east of Europe

In the west of Europe


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At sea Navys blockades in

the North Sea and theBaltic were really

important in wearing

Germany down Blockades were more

important than all-out

battles


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Blockades

Royal Navypatrolled the NorthSea and the Baltic Tried to stop food

supplies Prevented German

ships from gettingout to open sea

Germans had the U-boats


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At first Germany was careful not to attack ships from

neutral countries or passenger ships


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So Britain started

shipping arms andammunition in

passenger ships


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Lusitania Was used to bring

over weapons in April1915

Germans torpedoed it

and 1000 civiliansdied


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Lusitanias piers in NY


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Arriving to NY

100 f th


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100 of the

1000 werefrom the USA

USA decidedto suport the

allies, andjoined the war

in 1917


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In the air UK used airships to help escort merchant

ships. G used them to attack British cities.


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Aeroplanes shot the airships easily.

By 1918 they could carry bombs andattack cities.


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In the east of Europe Allied plan: Hold G

army in the west,while R advanced

from the East

This would trap Gbetween enemies

Russian army was very brave but by 1917


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Russian army was very brave, but by 1917

they had lost 2 million men. Stalemate in the east too.


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BUT Russian advance was

a failure Not enough weapons

Soldiers waited death

partners or enemies Were not prepaired

for long campaign


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Poor organised

Inexperienced

Poor discipline


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In the west of Europe October revolution allowed G and AH to

transfer all their men to the west. USA joined the war cause U-Boats were

sinking their supply ships.


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German civilians were starving.

They rioted in the streets.


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Kaiser Wilhelm was

forced to abdicatebc an uprising.

G became a

Republic (armistice)


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The end of war

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty was signed atVersailles in January 1919


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Versailles in January 1919

From left to right, British PM David Lloyd George,italian PM Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, french PM

Georges Clemenceau, and finally President Woodrow

Wilson from United States.


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Signing in the hall


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Signing in the hall

Treaty of Versailles Signing, Hall


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of Mirrors

Mass demonstration in front of theReichstag against the Treaty of


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Reichstag against the Treaty of

Versailles


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F wanted a hard punishment to


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G Lloyd George: better not a bitter

punishment Versailles treaty embittered and

bankrupted G


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BRAT


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BRAT

Blame

Reparations Army

Territory

Blame


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Blame

Germany had to accept the BLAME for

starting the war

Reparations


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Reparations

Germany had to pay for reparations done

during the war-33 billion dollarsnowadays!!

Army


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Army

Forbidden submarines.

Navy of just 6 battleships. Army of just 100,000 men.

No troops in Rhineland. Strip of land 50 miles far away from

France.

Territories


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Territories

Lost inland.

Colonies given to France.

In 1918, Wilson laid down 14 points


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for a better world after WW1


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WW1 and Interwar period (135_143)

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